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Explored the synthesis of amino acids from inorganic molecules.
Created what he thought was the world's first protocell out of proteinoids and water. Called  "microspheres". Believed in the process of abiogenesis─life spontaneously organized itself from the "primordial soup" Simple organic molecules existed during the time before life on Earth.
Suggested that his experiments possessed conditions that were similar to those of primordial Earth.
Demonstrated that it is possible to create protein-like structures from inorganic molecules.
Created microspheres that resembled bacterial cells ─ said they could be similar to the earliest forms of life or protocells.

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Conducted based on the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. Created laboratory conditions similar to the atmosphere of the early knowledge of early Earth. Miller-Urey was unsuccessful in that they were unable to produce organic materials. There is a likely chance that there were "products" of the early earth atmosphere that weren't accounted for and were missing.

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Early Earth's Atmosphere was an acidic (electron-adding) environment.
Organic molecules could be formed from simple molecules.
Primitive atmosphere was mostly methane, ammonia, and hydrogen
However, the sea surface shows that the early atmosphere was mainly Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide and was neither reducing nor oxidizing.

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                                                                                                                                                                                            Early Earth

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                                                                                                                                                                                            Early Earth

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The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

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Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.

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Hybrid Infertility
Hybrid Inviability
Hybrid Breakdown

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Habitat Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation

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When there are existing biological barriers that prevents two species from producing fertile offspring

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the building block of life. It consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine [Thymine and Adenine match : Guanine and Cytosine match]). Ribonucleic Acid is a Single Helix Nucleic Acid (DNA is a double helix). Like DNA, it has a sugar (in this case, ribose), a phosphate group, and all of the same nitrogenous bases except Thymine is replaced with Uracil (Adenine and Uracil match).

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Population bottlenecks occur when a population's size is reduced for at least one generation. Because genetic drift acts more quickly to reduce genetic variation in small populations, undergoing a bottleneck can reduce a population's genetic variation by a lot, even if the bottleneck doesn't last for very many generations. This is illustrated by the bags of marbles shown below, where, in generation 2, an unusually small draw creates a bottleneck.

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Those with Sickle Cell disease are Homozygous Recessive. However, carriers are Heterozygous and have immunity to malaria. This is a case of Heterozygous Advantage because the recessive trait (Homozygous Recessive) is bad ─ sickle cell disease ─ but Heterozygotes gain benefits ─ malaria immunity ─ of the trait.

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Heterozygous advantage is when a homozygous recessive trait is harmful while the recessive allele has a beneficial trait. Thus, the genotype with the recessive allele that is not homozygous ─ heterozygous ─ is preferred.

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Population size - 250
200 have the dominant allele
Therefore -
p = .8 (200)
q = .2 (50)
q^2 = .04 (10)
p^2 = .64 (160)
2pq = .32 (80)

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p + q = 1
p = Dominant Allele
q = Recessive Allele

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p^2 = Homozygous Dominant
2pq = Heterozygous
q^2 = Homozygous Recessive

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One of the biggest evidences we have for evolution is that most eukaryotic cells look similar to each other, and the same goes for prokaryotic cells.

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What traits should we look at when determining if two organisms are related?

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What traits should we look at when determining if two organisms are related?

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*Similarities in amino acids
*Homologous structures
*Physical traits (fur, lays eggs, warm-blooded, etc.)

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* Selection that is done due to the effects of survival of the fittest
* Very gradual in comparison to artificial selection
* Will only change a part of a population in a matter of millennia

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* Selection that is done due to the effects of human presence
* Very rapid in comparison to natural selection
* Can change an entire population in a matter of years

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Artificial Selection VS Natural Selection

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Artificial Selection VS Natural Selection

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Darwin and other scientists after him came to the solution that an organism's ability to pass on its genes was directly correlated to its fitness. As only the most fit organisms survive, this leads to an overall shift in the species as it loses some traits and gains other, and sometimes will result in a new species. This is the fundamental idea of evolution.

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Darwin described evolution as the way that all animal and plant species originated through natural selection. He proposed that all organisms shared a common ancestor.

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Darwin defined fitness as an individual's ability to contribute to the gene pool, as well as the extent of its contribution.