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Thesis revisions -- need focus and be direct so audience is notified right away
(see final draft for finalized thesis)

Thesis: In order to address the socio-emotional strains that transnational mothers and their families, specifically their children, undergo during the transnational experience, programs lead by the goal of supporting the personal needs of transnational families and of reconstructing traditional Filipino cultural views are crucial to effectively address the care issues present in the Philippines.

-       Claim: programs with the intention to support transnational families and restructuring of culture are needed to address care issues

-       Arguable? : can argue that transnational families shouldn’t be supported and should instead cease to exist (not change cultural views – instead follow and demand mothers to come home)

o   Can reword thesis to make more arguable

-       Reason that shows solution is best: not really. Just that the solutions are crucial to effectively addressing the issue

-       Revision (make more arguable and straightforward):

o   It is crucial for Filipino culture to adapt to the needs to transnational mothers and children and provide support for their situation (with government support programs and cultural revamps) in order to effectively address the realities of care issues and emotional strains present in Filipino transnational families. Programs that support the specific needs transnational mothers and their children are more effective in approaching the needs of these families and are more flexible with the present reality of the transnational mothering trend.

o   (This is redundant… FIX the revised thesis)

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Feedback on HCP: lack of urgency need look for something to grab audience

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What I want to cover:
- lost of outline/structure in revision

- still lack of urgency

- didn’t mention the actual problems until much later

- tied it back and rewrote to be more specific in paper

- difficulty with multimodality

- reason that topic itself has little statistical research related to points I want to make

- could have refined search somehow to be more effective in finding statistics and hard-evidence visuals

- realizing that research was not entirely based off of statistics, different for every topic at hand —> figured it out eventually after reviewing sources and revising HCP to see that visuals and case studies were better suited for my sociology-focused work

- lack of focus for paper —> is the solution for mothers or children? tie back

Evidence/Images to Use:

reflections and revision checkpoints: ie topic sentences

images in relation to topic/statistics

Guidelines:

Reflective Intro:

• multimodal

• in-text citations

• examples of own writing

• what you have learned as a writer

• what you think you have taken away

• portable skills learned

⁃ take with beyond course

⁃ critical thinking skills, reading, writing

⁃ how organize self, advocacy position, forms of advocacy (donate, join programs, on-ground work, distribute info)

⁃ integration of visuals and written text to make a compelling argument

⁃ —> show reflection upon work done, meld together multimodal pieces and works (visual and written)

⁃ direct evidence of own writing

ePortfolio

• how to organize sub pages

• prewriting materials, working drafts, etc

• CREATIVE method of org, user-friendly

• self-reflection on individual subpages, captions, reflect upon what was written, learned (mistakes, mishaps, honest picture)

⁃ what process was like

who you are as a writer

what you think is most valuable

what you’ve taken away from the course

what you plan to do with skills learned

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Terms: transnational families reconciliation
ILO database:

Work and Family: Towards new forms of reconciliation with social co-responsibility

Offering paternity leave → trend that is significant to cultural/social development

“Fathers, however, are not rushing to use this benefit and, on the contrary, sometimes feel fear or pressured to ignore it. This shows how important it is to promote cultural changes along with new regulations.”

Possibly push this into “A Hug from Daddy” (Denmark)

Not necessarily specific to transnational families, but childcare provisions are crucial for reconciliation

COSTS: for govt to provide care, it would require social investment → not guaranteed → most public sectors → expensive

Check the policies being proposed (based off of actual initiatives happening in Latin America)

Talks about implementing child care services for working parents, promoting/facilitating systems where society is accepting and promoting paternity leave and co-responsibilities

Mexico: Program to Guarantee Education to Migrant Day-Labourers’ Children

Improve quality of life of children so that their responsibilities in the absence of a migrant parent will not impair their educational success.

Offer protection and facilitate a program for reconciliation → FIND AN EXAMPLE if possible

Costa Rica: Significant Progress Toward Gender Equality

National policy for gender equality and equity: Raised public awareness and stressed importance of work and family reconciliation as a matter of public interest.

(1) care as a social responsibility; (2) women’s right to quality paid work and job creation specifically for women; (3) the right to quality education and health care; (4) real respect for women’s rights and protection from all forms of violence; (5) women’s political participation to build democratic parity; and (6) strengthening the institutions responsible for achieving gender equality and equity.

Targets the lack of care alternatives women have for their children as they enter the workforce and supports them publicly through cultural shifts and govt policies

→ implementation: add to POEA to provide care support for OFW mothers to ensure positive outlooks in transnational family lives

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transnational families

solutions

programs

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Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development:

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TOPICS/Resources/214970-1288877981391/Migration&Development-Ratha-GFMD_2010a.pdf

Policy Recommendations:

??? all related to migrant rights and transitions --> not necessarily emotional well-being but can help provide a solution to migrant worker issues

OWWA http://www.owwa.gov.ph/?q=news-list-regional&page=4

http://m.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2016/11/22/owwa-davao-pushes-ban-ofws-leaving-toddlers-510862

The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), an attached agency of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), is the lead government agency tasked to protect and promote the welfare and well-being of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) and their dependents.

UN presentation on Addressing Children of transnational families

http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/Turin_Statements/UNICEF.pdf

Examines the impact of migration for work on children (pros and cons)

Emerging recommendations for transnational families: counseling, teachers as social workers,

“Promote discussions and share information on issues, trends and practices that will advance the agenda of women and children and a coherent approach among UN agencies and other stakeholders”

Legislations

The CRC - Committee on the Rights of the Child

ISSUE: not enough research or data on socio-ecomotional well being of transnational families

International Dialogue on Migration 2014 - MIGRATION AND FAMILIES Summary of discussions

"Family unity and the child’s right to reunification with parents, non-discrimination, equality of treatment, and non-refoulement are essential human rights that ought to be respected during the implementation of migration policies. More research on family migration is needed to analyze the impact of migration and the implications for the family unit. This will provide evidence for the development of migration laws and rights‐based policies that address protection concerns of families and children. "

"Legislation and policies addressing the rights, protection, support, and awareness of youth impacted by migration could benefit youth well-being and support them towards becoming key actors in their communities and societies. "

"A grass-root community approach is necessary to respond appropriately to the psychosocial needs of these family members."

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/family/docs/egm11/Traskpaper.pdf

Policy Recommendations:

Assisting Poor and Marginalized Groups:
Provision of Cash Benefits to Vulnerable Families through Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs).

Moving Towards Global Gender Equality:
Formal and informal educational programming that specifically addresses gender specific issues

Reducing the Void Created through Cuts in Social Services
Providing Educational and Health Services to Strengthen Families through Effective Partnerships with NGO’s.

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Week 4 Padlet: 1) Start collecting a few possible items you think might work for the Advocacy Project, the next composition, in which you will make an argument for a solution (or a few closely related solutions) to the problem you posed in the Historical Conversations Project.

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Week 4 Padlet: 1) Start collecting a few possible items you think might work for the Advocacy Project, the next composition, in which you will make an argument for a solution (or a few closely related solutions) to the problem you posed in the Historical Conversations Project.

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CMA: https://centerformigrantadvocacy.com/about-us/

directed at helping OFWs

seems like a large player in this situation

POEA: http://poea.gov.ph/programs/programs&services.html

govt organization responsible for organizing OFWs and their rights

News (2008): http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/119671/news/pdos-does-little-to-prepare-ofws-for-mental-stress-abroad

tells about failures of Pre-Deployment Orientation Seminar for OFWs (PDOS) to prep mental health

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Week 4 Padlet:  2) What did reading the New York Times piece this week suggest to you about what makes for an effective composition?   How did it use images and written citation?   Do you think it conveyed urgency?   What do you think was the most effective image (give the title of the image), and explain why it had such a strong impact on you as a reader.  Reflect on these questions and jot down a few notes in your Padlet in response.  

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Week 4 Padlet:  2) What did reading the New York Times piece this week suggest to you about what makes for an effective composition?   How did it use images and written citation?   Do you think it conveyed urgency?   What do you think was the most effective image (give the title of the image), and explain why it had such a strong impact on you as a reader.  Reflect on these questions and jot down a few notes in your Padlet in response.  

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The piece helped me see that an effective composition provided not only hard facts and statistics of the problem, but also real-life stories to paint a better picture and evoke a sense of urgency for the problem. The images used evoked urgency and seriousness for the problem arising in the lives of manicurists and medial professionals involved with these women. The written citations clearly provided a solid, concrete sense of the issue.
The most effective image was 'Eugenia Colon holding an X-ray of her lungs from 2010. In the nail salon she owned in Brooklyn, she molded talon-like nails in a haze of acrylic powder, ignoring a persistent cough.' With a combination of medical seriousness and a grim-like undertone in her facial expression, this image clearly depicts the issue of the lack of medical attention and health regulations for manicurists.

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Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. “Mothering from a Distance: Emotions, Gender, and Intergenerational Relations in Filipino Transnational Families.” Feminist Studies, vol. 27, no. 2, 2001, pp. 361–390. www.jstor.org/stable/3178765.

1. This piece argues the emotional consequences female migrant workers and their transnational families in the Philippines are suffering from the export labor market because of the emotional strain and lack of government and social support.
2. The article primarily draws on interviews and research conducted either by the author herself or of other experts in the subject. The article also draws on the theories and ideas developed by other experts/researchers regarding the topic discussed. There are some references to statistics to help draw a clear picture for context, but in terms of the arguments made, interviews and theories provide the main support of the paper.
3. I think the interviews are the most effective evidences from this article. The content and argument of this piece focuses on the sociological aspects of Filipino transnational families, so the interviews provide a first-person account of the phenomena discussed and effectively describes the issues the author is making a point of.
4. I plan to integrate the arguments Parreñas makes to demonstrate the severity of the problems transnational Filipino families face as their mothers work abroad. Parreñas makes compelling arguments that are supported by her interviews, and I plan to utilize this in the HCP to show the results of research done on the subject.
5. Rhacel Parreñas is a Professor of Sociology and Gender Studies at USC. Her area of research includes labor, migration, gender issues, and transnational families. She has written and collaborated in discourse with a number of books and peer-reviewed articles. With her experience and expertise in sociological research on globalized labor and the Philippine family, she is a credible author in this field. Parreñas has a Ph.D. Comparative Ethnic Studies with a Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and Sexuality.

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Look into the ILO International Labour Organization for stats

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Look into the ILO International Labour Organization for stats

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http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/publication/wcms_535596.pdf

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socioeconomics?
There is insufficient support from government and society for the emotional consequences transnational mothers and their families go through as they participate in the global care chain

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Definition: “a series of personal links between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring”

a global care chain was seen to typically involve: “An older daughter from a poor family who cares for her siblings while her mother works as a nanny caring for the children of a migrating nanny who, in turn, cares for the child of a family in a rich country.”

see “Causes” for idea of what’s wrong and what can be addressed

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Concept & Definition

The term 'global care chain' was first used by Arlie Hochschild to refer to "a series of personal links between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring". Hochschild, A. R. (2000) "Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value" in Hutton, W. and Giddens, A. (eds) On The Edge: Living with Global Capitalism, London: Jonathan Cape, p. 131 This concept rephrases an earlier idea introduced by Rhacel Salazar Parrenas, which she called the international division of reproductive labor or the international transfer of caretaking. Rhacel Parrenas, "Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labor," Gender and Society 14:4 (August 2000), 560-580 Rhacel Parrenas, "The Global Servants: Filipina (Im)Migrant Domestic Workers in Rome and Los Angeles," Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley (1998). Hochschild first came across this idea when she read the dissertation of Parrenas, as she had been a member of her dissertation committee at UC Berkeley.

In this pioneering work, a global care chain was seen to typically involve: "An older daughter from a poor family who cares for her siblings while her mother works as a nanny caring for the children of a migrating nanny who, in turn, cares for the child of a family in a rich country."

Thus, the global care chain is begun by a woman in a rich, developed country who, having entered the labour force, is unable to fulfil her "domestic duties". As Parrenas describes in her Gender and Society article, published in 2000, "... the migration and entrance into domestic work of Filipino women constitutes an international division of reproductive labor. This division of labor, which I name the international transfer of caretaking, refers to the three-tier transfer of reproductive labor among women in sending and receiving countries of migration. While class-privileged women purchase the low-wage services of migrant Filipina domestic workers, migrant Filipina domestic workers simultaneously purchase the even lower-wage services of poorer women left behind in the Philippines. In other words, migrant Filipina domestic workers hire poorer women in the Philippines to perform the reproductive labor that they are performing for wealthier women in receiving nations." The woman therefore employs another woman in order to take on the domestic workload. This other woman tends to be from a poorer household and is, more and more frequently, an international migrant.

This other woman also, in most cases, has dependent children in her home destination and therefore solicits the help of another woman, from an even poorer background, to substitute for her in her domestic duties. Gradually the chain continues and, as we go down it, the value ascribed to the labour decreases and often becomes unpaid at the end of the chain. Yeates, Nicola (2005), "Global Care Chains: a critical introduction", in Global Migration Perspectives, no. 44, p. 2

Many analysts speak of household internationalisation whereby this trade in domestic labour creates transnational networks between various households and families across the globe.

Typically receiving countries include the Gender Equality in the Gender Equality in the United States of America of America of America, Belgium , France , Germany , Greece , Italy , Luxembourg , Spain and Switzerland . The principal sending country is seen to be the Gender Equality in the Gender Equality in the Philippines. Others include Sri Lanka , Mexico and Central America to the US, Poland , Albania and Bulgaria to Greece, The the Dominican Republic , and Peru and Morocco to Spain.

The global care chain is a characteristic of an increasingly globalised world in which demand for migrant workers in developed countries as well as the supply of migrants from less developed countries continues to grow.

The underlying causes of this phenomenon include:

The entry of women into the labour force in the developed world, resulting in a reduced ability to attend to children and the elderly

A lack of family-friendly policies and childcare facilities at places of work makes the demand for at home childcarers higher

Changes in family structure

The "care deficit": A shortage of public care services in developed countries

Increasing longevity and size of the elderly population in developed countries

Growing prosperity in richer countries. Yeates, Nicola (2005), "Global Care Chains: a critical introduction", in Global Migration Perspectives, no. 44, p. 4

International domestic workers are presented with various personal and social benefits in developed countries. Their wages can be sent back in remittances, not only allowing for the improved opportunities for children left behind, but also often considerably contributing to national economic development. Indeed, for many countries, such as the Philippines, the income generated from overseas workers is key to national development.

Nevertheless, the phenomenon of the global care chain also has a potential destabilising effect on the family. Having one parent, or in many cases both, living abroad can have a detrimental effect on the well-being of children left behind although the improved education of children left behind, brought about by remittance gains, has been highlighted. Migration therefore seldom allows for a stable, united family. Scholars often refer to Filipino families as "transnationally-split" for example, For example, Piper, Nicola (2005), "Gender and Migration", Global Commission on International Migration and underline the increased probability of negative effects on children left behind in the case of an absentee mother.

The Feminisation of Migration

The international trade in domestic labour must be placed in the context of increased international migration in general and, particularly, of the feminisation of international migration. Now, as women migrate independently and, in many cases, become a household's principal income earner, scholars talk about the feminisation of migration. For example, Castles & Miller (2003), The Age of Migration, p.67 Domestic work is one of the largest sectors driving international female labour migration today United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2006). UNFPA State of World Population 2006, a Passage to Hope: Women and International Migration. New York. p.25 .

Dr Parvati Raghuram on global care chains:

Media:Parvati Raghuram Interview.mp3

References

See also

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The term 'global care chain' was first used by Arlie Hochschild to refer to "a series of personal links between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring". Hochschild, A. R. (2000) "Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value" in Hutton, W. and Giddens, A.

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Arlie Russell Hochschild - "The Nanny Chain"

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HCP

care chain

nanny chain

transnational mothering/motherhood

secondary caregiver