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Ebola Virus Disease

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Ebola virus disease, known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare, severe, and fatal illness. The virus causes problems with how one's blood clots. It is known as a hemorrhagic fever virus because the clotting that the virus does leads to internal bleeding. The internal bleeding then leads to a fever. The average case fatality rate is around fifty percent; however, the rate has varied from twenty to ninety percent in past outbreaks.

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The Ebola virus disease was first discovered in 1976 when two outbreaks occurred in different parts of Central Africa around the same time. The first outbreak happened near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which gave the virus its name. The second outbreak occurred in South Sudan, which is 500 miles away. At first, public health officials assumed these two outbreaks were a one time thing; however, scientists later discovered that the outbreaks were caused by two genetically distinct viruses spreading to people in each area. The virus eventually died down in 1995 after knowing how to properly contain and prevent the virus; however, it flourished in 2014-2015 due to a contamination of fruits from bats.

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Scientists believe that the Ebola virus is maintained in the nature of bats.

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Scientists believe that the Ebola virus is maintained in the nature of bats.

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Scientists believe that the Ebola virus initially infected people through contact with an infected animal, such as a fruit bat. After that, the virus spread through contact from person to person. In dealing with food, the virus is not known to originate from food, unless the food is contaminated. The virus spreads through direct contact such as semen, contaminated objects with bodily fluids, and blood. However, the virus cannot spread unless the host of the virus has developed signs or symptoms first.

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Symptoms of the Ebola virus can appear as early as two days after contact with the virus. Throughout the course of days, the illness progresses from "dry" (fever, fatigue, and pains) to "wet" (diarrhea and vomiting) symptoms as the person becomes sicker. A few primary signs and symptoms are fever, aches and pains, weakness and fatigue, abdominal pain, unexplained hemorrhaging, diarrhea, and vomiting. Overall, recovery from Ebola depends on good clinical care and the patient's immune response. Studies show that people who survive Ebola produce antibodies that can be detected in blood after years of recovery. It provides some immunity to the type of Ebola that infected them.

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There are not many things that can be done to stop the Ebola virus. There are no antiviral drugs available to treat patients with the virus. However, there are some treatments that can sustain the virus. Some treatment involves using medication to support blood pressure, reduce vomiting and diarrhea, and to manage fever and pain. Another treatment is oxygen therapy which is used to maintain oxygen status of patients. Doctors also provide fluids and electrolytes through infusion into the vein.

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The Ebola virus is a very rare disease that has only occurred in the United States because of cases in other countries following person-to-person transmission. When trying to prevent Ebola, people are mainly encouraged to avoid any sort of contact. A few things to avoid are contact with blood and bodily fluids, unknown source of raw meat, contaminated items, and bats and nonhuman primates. Having good hand hygiene is also an important way to prevent spreading. The virus can enter the body through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth, which can easily happen by touching one's face with contaminated hands. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers, soap and water, and mild (0.05%) chlorine solution are all preferred methods to use.

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Avoiding general contact decreases your risk of spreading or getting Ebola.

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Avoiding general contact decreases your risk of spreading or getting Ebola.