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the steps below explains how a vaccination work. Put the statements in the correct order

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is it ethical to be against vaccination ?

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is it ethical to be against vaccination ?

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Is it ethical to be against vaccination?

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Vaccination help to save the lives of 2.5 million children every year. It is one of the most useful and cost-effective public health measures and it is guided by the four principles of bioethics. Do you know what these principles consist of and what their implications are?

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The first vaccine was discovered in 1796 through the experiments of Dr. Edward Jenner, in which he immunised a child against smallpox. Since then, vaccines have demonstrated that they protect our health and that of our children. Their discovery is still one of the greatest of all medical advances. However, even if they are safe and effective, vaccines are not infallible and, in some very rare cases, they have brought some unwanted side effects.

Their benefits are much greater than the risks and the dangers we face when we suffer from a disease for which we have not been vaccinated. Nowadays, vaccination is a common practice by families to protect their children from common infectious diseases that could potentially be very dangerous.

In some countries, the most important vaccines are compulsory. In Spain there is freedom of choice. The decision depends on each citizen and trust is placed in people's sense of responsibility. Do you think the rules should be different in this country to protect public health?

This game has been updated and adapted by the Living Lab for Health within the educational programme Xplore Health, which is jointly promoted by IrsiCaixa and "la Caixa" Banking Foundation. The original Play Decide was developed by the University of the Italian Svizzera and it is available in Italian at this link:
https://playdecide.eu/it/playdecide-kits/1169

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The first vaccine was discovered in 1796 through the experiments of Dr. Edward Jenner, in which he immunised a child against smallpox. Since then, vaccines have demonstrated that they protect our health and that of our children. Their discovery is still one of the greatest of all medical advances.

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From vaccine discovery to current practices 

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From vaccine discovery to current practices 

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How do vaccines work? - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut

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vaccines : low trust in vaccination : a global crisis

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Public mistrust of vaccines means the world is taking a step backwards in the fight against deadly yet preventable infectious diseases, warn experts.

The Wellcome Trust analysis includes responses from more than 140,000 people in over 140 countries.

The World Health Organization lists vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 threats to global health.

The global survey reveals the number of people who say they have little confidence or trust in vaccination.

When asked if vaccines were safe:

79% "somewhat" or "strongly" agreed

7% somewhat or strongly disagreed

14% neither agreed nor disagreed

When asked if they believed vaccines worked:

84% agree either strongly or somewhat

5% either strongly or somewhat disagree

12% neither agreed nor disagreed

Why does it matter?

There is overwhelming scientific evidence that vaccination is the best defence against deadly and debilitating infections, such as measles.

Vaccines protect billions of people around the world. They have completely got rid of one disease - smallpox - and are bringing the world close to eliminating others, such as polio.

But some other diseases, such as measles, are making a resurgence and experts say people avoiding vaccines, fuelled by fear and misinformation, is one of the main causes.

Dr Ann Lindstrand, an expert in immunisation at the WHO, said the current situation was extremely serious.

"Vaccine hesitancy has the potential, at least in some places, to really hinder the very real progress the world has made in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases," she said.

"Any resurgence we see in these diseases are an unacceptable step backwards."

What about measles?

Countries that were close to eliminating measles have been seeing large outbreaks.

Data shows a rise in cases in almost every region of the world, with 30% more cases in 2017 than 2016.

A decision not to vaccinate, for whatever reason, poses a risk to others as well as the individual from being infected themselves.

If enough people are vaccinated, it stops the disease from spreading through a population - something experts call "herd immunity".

Imran Khan, from the Wellcome Trust, said: "We are really concerned at the moment because for measles, anything less than 95% coverage can lead to outbreaks and that is what we are seeing."

Where was trust low?

Some people living in several higher-income regions were among the least certain about vaccine safety.

In France - a country among several European ones now experiencing outbreaks of measles - one in three disagreed that vaccines were safe, according to the survey. That was the highest percentage for any country worldwide.

People in France were also among the most likely to disagree that vaccines were effective, at 19%, and to disagree that vaccines were important for children to have, at 10%.

The UK has yet to go this far but Health Secretary Matt Hancock has said he "won't rule out" the idea of introducing compulsory vaccinations if necessary.

In Northern America, and Southern and Northern Europe, just over 70% of people agreed that vaccines were safe.

The figure was as low as 59% in Western Europe, and 50% in Eastern Europe.

Where was trust high?

Most people in lower-income areas agreed vaccines were safe. The highest number was in South Asia, where 95% of people agreed, followed by Eastern Africa, where the figure was 92%.

Bangladesh and Rwanda had nearly universal agreement about the safety and effectiveness and have achieved very high immunisation rates despite many challenges in physically getting vaccines to people.

Rwanda became the world's first low-income country to provide young women universal access to the HPV vaccine that protects against cervical cancer.

Mr Khan said: "It shows what can be achieved with concerted effort to improve vaccine uptake."

What makes people sceptical?

In the survey, people with more trust in scientists, doctors and nurses tended to be more likely to agree that vaccines were safe. Conversely, those who had sought information about science, medicine or health recently appeared to be less likely to agree.

The Wellcome report does not explore all of the reasons behind low confidence but researchers say there are likely to be many factors involved.

Some of it may be complacency - if a disease has become less common, then the need to get immunised may feel less pressing when weighing the benefits against any possible risk.

All medicines, vaccines included, can have side-effects. But vaccines are thoroughly tested to check they are safe and effective.

The internet means beliefs and concerns about vaccines can be shared in an instant, spreading information that isn't necessarily based on fact.

In the UK, there has been misinformation circulating about the MMR jab and autism.

Dr Lindstrand said: "One of the most important interventions to counteract doubts and worries about vaccines is to have health workers really well trained and able and ready to recommend vaccinations based on scientific truth and to be able to respond correctly to questions and concerns that parents have and communities have."

Interactive tool produced by Becky Dale and Christine Jeavans; design by Debie Loizou; development by Scott Jarvis and Katia Artsenkova

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Vaccines: Low trust in vaccination 'a global crisis'

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Public mistrust of vaccines means the world is taking a step backwards in the fight against deadly yet preventable infectious diseases, warn experts. The Wellcome Trust analysis includes responses from more than 140,000 people in over 140 countries. The World Health Organization lists vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 threats to global health.

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See how high vaccination rates protect the unvaccinated.

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Explore the features of attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and conjugate vaccines.