# data[].attributes.body
Legal Ethics Law and Legal Definition. Legal and ethical is the minimum standards of appropriate conduct inside the legal profession. Media ethics deals with specific ethical principles and standards in media, it includes film, broadcast media, theatre and print media. Media ethics involves promoting and defending values such as universal respect for law and legality. Ethics are very important in any form of media because they create guidelines for people in media to follow that it can help them feel outcasted or unequal. It makes everyone and treats everyone equally.

# data[].attributes.body
In the UK public service broadcasting refers to broadcasting intended for public benefit rather than to serve purely commercial interests. Ofcom requires that certain television and radio broadcasters fulfill certain requirements as part of their license to broadcast.

# data[].attributes.body
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is a British public service broadcaster. It is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. BBC is established under a Royal Charter. It operates under its agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The BBC is funded by an annual television license fee which is charged to all British households, organisations and companies. They can receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch up. The fee for the license fee is set by the British Government.

# data[].attributes.body
The BBC is regulated by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), the European Commission and Ofcom.

# data[].attributes.body
Office of Fair Trading was a not-for-profit government department of the UK. It was established by the Fair Trading Act 1973. Office of Fair Trading's goal was to make markets work well for consumers. It prohibited unfair practises such as rogue trading, cartels and scams.

# data[].attributes.body
European Commission is an institution of the European Union. It is responsible for proposing legislation and implementing decisions.

# data[].attributes.body
Office of Communications (Ofcom) is the UK government approved regulatory and the authority for broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the UK.

# data[].attributes.headline
What platforms do the BBC operate in and discuss BBC products:

# data[].attributes.subject
What platforms do the BBC operate in and discuss BBC products:

# data[].attributes.body
- They operate in short waves, AM, FM, digital satellite and cable channels. There news can be watched on TV and can be listened on radio. They have radio channels that play latest news news and songs or musics. They also have iPlayer, which is an online based streaming channel that can show previous shows or record missed shows. People can catch up with previous hows.
- BBC's main priority is to appeal and represent everyone. So there shows different nations, regions and communities to of the UK and rest of the world but mainly UK. There news channel BBC News is available in more than 200 countries. They show sports, news, music and much more things that appeals to and interests variety people.

# data[].attributes.body
Monopoly is a market structure characterised by a single seller. In a monopoly market, the seller faces no competition because they become a massive corporation that no one touch or catch. BBC was once a virtual monopoly in the industry. They would dominate the online side of it. They promoted other websites from the cross platforms and they would pay it from the license fee money.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is private ownership and who do private companies have to make money for?:

# data[].attributes.subject
What is private ownership and who do private companies have to make money for?:

# data[].attributes.body
Private ownership is where any media outlets financing is provided by an individuals or private groups. It is not owned by a government or a state-sponsored entity. Because of the private ownership, the financiers of private media have the right to dictate and choose what is broadcasting. Private Companies have to make the money back for investors. They make money for people who invested in the company.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is a Multinational / Conglomerate?:

# data[].attributes.subject
What is a Multinational / Conglomerate?:

# data[].attributes.body
- A multinational corporation has facilities in at least one country. These companies have offices or facilities in different countries. They usually have a head office where they coordinate global management. One example would be Adidas. They have stores in a lot of countries and that's why they are the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe and the second biggest in the world. In 2016, they had 1,757 concept stores and 902 factory stores worldwide. The Adidas head office is in Herzogenaurach, Germany.
- A conglomerate is the combination of two or more corporations engaged in different businesses that fall under one corporate group. One of the most popular conglomerate companies is 21st Century Fox. Their assets include the Fox Entertainment Group (owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio), Fox television network and Fox News Channel. They also have an approximately 39% stake in Sky plc. On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company (owns and operates ABC and ESPN) announced its intent to acquire 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion.

# data[].attributes.headline
Liberty Global’s takeover of Virgin Media:

# data[].attributes.subject
Liberty Global’s takeover of Virgin Media:

# data[].attributes.body
On 5 February 2013, Liberty Global announced they will be buying Virgin Media for approximately $23.3 billion (£15 billion) in a stock and cash merger. The deal was completed on 7 June 2013. That creates a conglomerate. It is an example of two companies merging and falling under one corporate group.

# data[].attributes.body
ITV have some rival TV channels that could be a threat to them. Like, BBC, Sky etc. These channels could be a big threat for the viewership. It will depend on quality programming they offer to the audience. If BBC's programming and views on it's news channels are better than ITV's it will draw in more audience. ITV is funded by television advertising revenue unlike BBC, ITV will show adverts. So that might be a problem for ITV because people might want to watch a channel like BBC which doesn't have any advertisements. Sky might be a threat with their quality shows that people might prefer over ITV.

# data[].attributes.body
Cross-media is a form of cross-promotion where companies can promote their products on variety of different platforms, so they offer extra appeals to the products they produce. This technique can be good for publishers because the marketing increases the advertisements profit from a singe advertiser. It's not in just films but in entertainment in general. From TV shows, books, comics, magazines, games etc. all these products do get promoted.

# data[].attributes.body
One great example for cross media would be Marvel Entertainment. They use their characters in multiple things. They use them in films, television shows, games, comics, books etc. In 2012 Marvel Studios released The Avengers. The film made over 1.5 billion dollars at the box office. Because the success of The Avengers, Marvel offsprings the show Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (My personal opinion on the show is that the show is terrible). That is one of the examples that Marvel Entertainment did. There were actors having a cameo on the show from the movies, like Samuel L. Jackson who starred as Nick Fury in a lot of Marvel movies, had a couple of cameos in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.. It brings a familiarity to the shows because the films are popular and are big hits.

# data[].attributes.body
Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury in The Avengers.

# data[].attributes.body
Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury from one of his cameos on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

# data[].attributes.body
Vertical Integration is where a company expands its business into different steps on the same production path. It is where a company controls more than one stage of the supply chain. Companies don't have to rely on suppliers. A company that's vertically integrated can can lower costs.

# data[].attributes.body
Target is an example for vertical integration. Target Corporation is the second largest discount store in the USA. They have their own store brands. They own the manufacturing, control the distribution and is the retailer. Because that action cuts out the middleman, they can offer a product at a much lower price.

# data[].attributes.body
Office of Communications (Ofcom) is the UK government approved regulatory broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the UK. They regulate the TV and radio sectors. They also protect the communications services in UK from scams.

# data[].attributes.body
There are 10 codes that broadcasters must stick to.
1.Protecting the under-eighteens: It is to ensure that people under eighteen are protected.
2.Harm and Offence: To ensure that it provides adequate protection for member of the public from harmful or offensive material.
3.Crime, Disorder, Hatred and Abuse: It is to ensure that material that might encourage and incite commission of crime or to lead to disorder isn't included in TV and radio services.
4.Religion: It is to ensure that religious programmes do not involve any abusive treatment of the religious views and beliefs. They make sure that broadcasters act responsibly and respect religious programming, views and beliefs.
5.Due Impartiality and Due Accuracy: They make sure that news, in any form, is presented with due impartiality and reported with due accuracy.
6.Elections and Referendums: This code is to ensure that special impartiality requirements in the Communications Act 2003 and other legislation that relates to broadcasting on elections and referendums are applied at the time of elections and referendums.
7.Fairness: It is to ensure that broadcasters avoid unfair treatment of individuals and organisations in programmes.
8.Privacy: It is to ensure that broadcasters avoid unwarranted infringement of privacy in programmes.
9.Commercial References on TV: It is to ensure that broadcasters has editorial independence and control over programming. That there is distinction between editorial content and advertising. That audiences are protected from the risk of financial harm and that unsuitable sponsorships are prevented.
10.Commercial Communications on Radio: It is to ensure that the transparency of commercial communications secure consumer protection.

# data[].attributes.body
The Broadcasting Act 1990 is a law of the British parliament. It was passed by UK parliament to create a legal framework on the electronic communication. The purpose of the act was change and reform the structure of British  broadcasting. Because of this act, TV and radio companies are now the broadcasters. Before the Broadcasting Act 1990 was made the regulators were the broadcasters.

# data[].attributes.body
Pirate radio is a radio station that broadcasts without a valid license. Such broadcasts are illegal because they aren't in accordance with FCC transmission requirements. There are currently an estimated 150 pirate radio stations in the UK. Most of these pirate radio stations operate in London. Radio 270 was a pirate radio station based in and serving Yorkshire and the North East of England from 1966 to 1967. Wonderful Radio London, aka Big L and Radio London, was a top 40 offshore commercial station that operated from 1964 to 1967. Radio Atlanta was an offshore pirate radio station that operated from 12 May 1964 to 2 July 1964. It was operating from a ship anchored in the North Sea.

# data[].attributes.body
The act was established by the Parliament of United Kingdom to prevent discrimination on the grounds of race. Things that are covered include discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, ethnic and nationality. BBC and other media companies employ people from diverse backgrounds, especially BBC. One of BBC's main priority is to appeal and represent everyone. So they would hire people from different backgrounds. It is important to give jobs and get people from diverse backgrounds working for media agencies or any other job because it creates a feeling that everyone is important and needed. It shows that everyone can come together and work together. No one is different. It is a very good thing what companies are doing but they also do this to not look racist because they don't employ people from diverse backgrounds. If they only employed and hired one race of people from the same place it will make people wondering why they aren't hiring other people. So it is very important to hire people everywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
Intellectual Property Law is a property right. It refers to products resulting from a person's creativity and ingenuity. The right can be protected under federal and state law. The right can be contracted, bought, sold or licensed. Intellectual Property relates to intangible property such as copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets.

# data[].attributes.body
Copyright law gives creators of dramatic, literary, musical and artistic works the right to control the ways in which their material may be used. Copyright protection is limited to the expression of an idea. Protection is not offered to the idea itself but the work and the end result of the content. A copyright will last a lifetime.
It is important for TV channels to have originality in their shows. It makes the show unique in it's own way and it doesn't copy another show. It doesn't get compared to another show. If a show uses another shows intro song or the logo of the show, that channel can sue the other channel or the company for copyright.

# data[].attributes.body
Libel is a legal claim for false statements about a person that are printed, broadcasted or spoken. It is a defamation. It damages someone's good reputation or character. One example for libel is, in March 1960, the New York Times published an advertisement titled "Heed Their Rising Voices". It solicited donations for the defence of Martin Luther King Jr. The published ad described actions taken against civil right protesters. Some of the actions were described inaccurately.

# data[].attributes.body
- Ofcom has found that the BBC had broadcast nearly 200 documentaries provided at no cost with many of them being secretly funded by special interests. Ofcom said it "identified a number of practises which took place in the period under review that were at odds with the Code". They broke the editorial independence code.
- Fox News has broken impartiality rules on two counts with it's programmes Hannity and Tucker Carlson Tonight. Hannity was ruled to have breached the requirement for due impartiality during a segment focusing on the presidential executive order, which banned entry to USA from seven Muslim nations. Ofcom said "We found this programme breached our rules on due impartiality." and "The programme didn’t include a sufficiently wide range of views and any alternative opinions put forward during the discussion were dismissed by the presenter." Tucker Carlson Tonight was been found to have breached impartiality rules over a broadcast in which the reaction of the United Kingdom Government and UK authorities to the Manchester terror attack was brought into question. An Ofcom spokesman said "A discussion about the UK’s security policies did not include an adequate range of viewpoints". They broke the Due Impartiality Code.

# data[].attributes.headline
How women conform and deviate from the stereotype:

# data[].attributes.subject
How women conform and deviate from the stereotype:

# data[].attributes.body
The stereotypical women in film and TV is a sexually desirable person. People tend to get interested in a female character if the actress playing character is attractive. In films the most common type of female character is a damsel in distress. It is where an innocent women gets in dangerous situations, because of the villain, so the male hero of the film has to save her. But in the last 5 years this stereotypical representation of women is changing with films and TV shows giving us strong and independent female characters. It has got bigger with the release of Wonder Woman in 2017. It changed the whole film sector because it was the first female led superhero film where the character is strong and and has a meaning among the genre. She wasn't the stereotypical female character. The movie and the actress received high praises from the critics and the general moviegoers. It made a lot of money in the box office passing 800 million dollars. The success of the film offspringed other female lead films like, the rebooted Tomb Raider film, unlike the original two films that featured a stereotypical Lara Croft, this one is based more on the newer game where she is the complete opposite of stereotypical female character. Marvel also announced a female led film with Captain Marvel. More games and TV shows following in this path. But there is a down side to it. With more and more female characters chancing into action heroes who are strong and don't need men, people might get bored of this types of films or TV shows. It make the character the same as others and it might get boring for some people. Studios should be careful how they represent their female characters. They should find the perfect balance where the character isn't your stereotypical woman but still not the character that does everything by herself. There should be relatable aspects to the character.

# data[].attributes.headline
How men deviate and conform to the stereotype:

# data[].attributes.subject
How men deviate and conform to the stereotype:

# data[].attributes.body
'The Action Hero' is the most common stereotype for men in film and TV. The character would often be an ex military person or a spy. People might get bored of this type but the movies featuring a character like this sure does make money and it's popular among moviegoers. They usually get the girl at the end of the film or the show. At the moment Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson is the most popular and successful movie action star in the business. Before the Fast and Furious franchise people only knew him from his WWE era but after he got introduced in 5th film of the franchise he became an A list Hollywood star. Hi latest film Jumanji made more than 900 million dollars at the box office. So people still like that likeable action hero. Tom Cruise is another example in that category. But there is a another type of action heroes which are the silent ones like Clint Eastwoods characters and Daniel Craigs James Bond. They are silent and serious and they contain emotion but don't show it. Superheroes would be a great example. Most of the action heroes are white and a lot of people have a problem with this topic. People with different backgrounds want to see them and people like them represented in media. It looks like it is going in a good direction with the release of Black Panther. It was a game changing movie in the industry because it made more than 1.2 billion dollars and it was a commercial and a critical hit. I personally hope to see more diverse lead male characters in films and I think Black Panther was the beginning of this. The Academy Awards usually don't choose films with a typical Hollywood action hero in the lead. Except for Mad Max: Fury Road in 2016. They choose films that are realistic and grounded that appeals to everyone. Like last years Moonlight which featured a black person in the lead, that also gay, and featured a lot of black actors and actresses in it's cast. It won the best picture. So even though there are successful films and shows that feature diverse characters and people from different backgrounds, big Hollywood films still feature white male leads in most of their films. The diversity is a small part of this sector. TV is diverse than films. TV shows feature different background characters and actors a lot more than films at the moment.

# data[].attributes.body
Joanna Clare Yeates was a landscape architect from Hampshire, England. She went missing on 17 December 2010 in Bristol. Her body was discovered on 25 December 2010 in Failand, North Somerset. A post-mortem examination determined that she had been strangled. This murder inquiry was one of the largest police investigations ever undertaken in the Bristol area.The police initially suspected and arrested Christopher Jefferies on 30 December 2010 and held for three days. He was Joanna Clare Yeates' landlord and lived in a flat in the same building. On 20 January 2011, Vincent Tabak was arrested for the murder of Joanna Clare Yeates.
In an interview, Christopher Jefferies said "It seemed I was the only one who saw the person instinct told me still existed. Everyone else saw not Chris Jefferies, but the murderer of Jo Yeates." and he also said "The clothes I was given to wear, the DNA samples, the fingerprints and the photographs that were taken all seemed like attempts to impose an alien persona." With newspapers publishing inaccurate reports and damaging his public image he was getting hate from everywhere. Into early January multiple newspaper ran a series of articles about Jefferies that were inaccurate and defamatory.
On 29 July 2011, eight national newspapers have made public apologies to Christopher Jefferies for the allegations they made against him following the murder of Joanna Clare Yeates. The titles - Daily Mail, Daily Record, Daily Star, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror, The Sun and The Scotsman - have agreed to pay him for substantial libel damages, thought to total six figures.

# data[].attributes.body
Marvel operates in film, TV series, animation, print and video games. Disney owns Marvel Entertainment. The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment back in August 31, 2009. On December 31, 2009 Disney announced that they have bought Marvel for $4.24 billion. Marvel's headquarters are in New York City. They also operate in the United States and United Kingdom. Marvel is a huge cross-media company because they have films, TV shows, animations, video games and obviously comics. With the help of Disney, Marvel expanded their animations and films. The animation series air on the Disney XD and with the films we can see how much money they are making and how successful they are. There are spin-offs from the films and TV shows. It is important to be a cross-media because of how successful they become. And, it also makes the company popular. By making films, tv shows, video games, comics etc. it appeals to any audience. If people like films they would go watch the films and if people just stick to TV shows, video games they can stick to those platforms and enjoy themselves. All these platforms of entertainment would appeal to peoples interests and after watching, playing or reading they might be interested in other sections of Marvel. Marvel's main competitor is DC Entertainment. In films, TV shows, gaming and comics DC is really the only competitor to Marvel. Like Marvel, DC started their own shared film universe. But it's definitely isn't as successful as Marvel films. It is good for Marvel or DC to have competitors because if a company has no competition they will become lazy and there will be no creativity in the products. There will be no one to compete with. So, it is good to have competition. It keeps everything fresh and creative. On the other side it might be bad for a company because if two companies bring a popular film at the same time or relatively close to each other, apart from the fans, the general audience will only watch one film and that might affect the other company.

# data[].attributes.body
The population of Marvel fans on Facebook is 22 million. Most of them are men. In 2015 13.18% of the fans were Spanish speakers. 17 million of the fans are male, 4.4 million of the fans are female and 600,00 of the fans are unknown. Most of the fans are between the ages 22-25. And 18-21 year olds come second. 7.8 million of the fans are single, 5 million are married and 4.1 million are unspecified. 2.5 million of the fans are African-Americans and 560,00 of them are Asian-Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is the self-regulatory organisation  of the advertising industry in UK. The ASA is not funded by the British government. They are funded by a levy on the advertisement industry. It's code of advertising practice broadly reflects legislation in many instances.

# data[].attributes.body
This Heinz advert has been banned by the ASA for being dangerous for children to copy. The person in the advert plays the empty can off Heinz Beans like a drum. If children tried that at home they can cut themselves.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Http://ww.facebook.com/HeinzUK Can you #cansong? All you need is a can of Beanz, some tape and a little practice... If you want to play along you can learn the steps here: https://youtu.be/hCEnqIZEv8E

# data[].attributes.body
British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) is a non-governmental organisation. It was founded by the film industry in 1912. They are responsible for the national classification and censorship of films released in the United Kingdom. Unlike Ofcom and ASA, BBFC has to watch the film before giving any classification.