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Absolute location and Relative location

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Latitude vs. Longitude

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Grid System

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Rotation vs. Revolution

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Weather vs. Climate

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El Nino vs. La Nina

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Direct and Indirect Rays

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Elevation

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Biomes

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Convergent vs. Divergent vs. Transform

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Erosion vs Weathering vs. Deposition

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Ring of Fire

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Tectonic Plates

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Fault

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Subduction

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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

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Adaptation and Modification

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Sustainability

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Natural Hazard

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Seismograph vs. Richter Scale

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Cultural Diffusion

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Types of Governments

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Cultural Heath

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Cultural Components

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Developed vs. Developing
Nation vs. Newly Industrialized

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Push vs. Pull Factor

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Demographics

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Population Density

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Population Pyramid

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Standard of Living

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Cottage Industry vs. Commercial Industry

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4 Economic Activities

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Emigration/Immigration:
Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another. Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently.

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Urban vs. Rural vs. Suburb:
Suburban areas have a larger population than rural areas; however, urban areas have a larger population than both.

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Refugge:
a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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Census:
an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

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Dust Bowl:
an area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded, especially as a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice.

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New Orleans Levees:
The failure mechanism for the Industrial Canal (east side south and west side) was overtopping of levees and floodwalls by the storm surge.

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Homestead Act:
The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain,

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Transcontinental Railroad:
The First Transcontinental Railroad was built crossing the western half of America and it was pieced together between 1863 and 1869. It was 1,776 miles long and served for the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States to be connected by rail for the first time in history.

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Ellis Island vs. Angle Island:
From 1892 to 1954, over twelve million immigrants entered the United States through the portal of Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor.Angel Island Immigration Station was an immigration station located in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21, 1910 to November 5, 1940, where immigrants entering the United Stateswere detained and interrogated.

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Potato Famine:
Great Famine, also called Irish Potato Famine, Great Irish Famine, or Famine of 1845–49, famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845–49 when the potato crop failed in successive years.

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Rust Belt vs. Sun Belt:
parts of the northeastern and midwestern US that are characterized by declining industry, aging factories, and a falling population.a strip of territory receiving a high amount of sunshine, especially:

the southern US from California to Florida, noted for resort areas and for the movement of businesses and population into these states from the colder northern states.

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Amnesty:
an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses.

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Megalopolis:
a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex.

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Cajun:
a member of any of the largely self-contained communities in the bayou areas of southern Louisiana formed by descendants of French Canadians, speaking an archaic form of French.

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Creole:
a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

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Cattle Drive:
A cattle drive is the process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another, usually moved and herded by cowboys on horses.

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Bread Basket:
a part of a region that produces cereals for the rest of it.

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Blue Collar:
relating to manual work or workers, particularly in industry.

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Maritime:
connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.

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Bilateral Trade:
A bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two nations promoting trade and investment. The two countries will reduce or eliminate tariffs, import quotas, export restraints, and other trade barriers to encourage trade and investment.

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NAFTA:
The North American Free Trade Agreement is a treaty between Canada, Mexico and the United States. That makes NAFTA the world's largest free trade agreement. ... By eliminating tariffs, NAFTA increases investment opportunities.

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A cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America.

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a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas.

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These states are usually very centralized with their capital areas usually in the middle of their country.

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a region whose growth patterns are primarily affected by elevation.

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Nahuatl---a member of a group of peoples native to southern Mexico and Central America, including the Aztecs.
Quechua---a member of an American Indian people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.

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Aztec-a member of the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.

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Mestizo---a man/women of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian.
Mulatto---a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

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Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. The term hacienda is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size.

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a maquiladora or maquila is a sub-contractor, manufacturing operation, where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing

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The southern boundary was set by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which followed the Mexican boundaries between Alta California (to the north) and Baja California and Sonora (to the south).

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Although part of the Socialist International, it is now considered as a centrist party. Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD) – a left of center party. ... This party allied with the PAN to elect the first non-PRIpresident in almost seven decades.

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Tenochtitlan, originally known as México-Tenochtitlán, was a large Mexica city-state in what is now the center of Mexico City. Founded on June 20, 1325, the city was built on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico.

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Left wing is generally a more liberal and forward-moving ideology whereas right wing is more conservative and generally traditional. In the UK, Labour are leaning leftfrom centre and the Conservatives are leaning right from centre.

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Machu Picchu is an Incan citadel set high in the Andes Mountains in Peru, above the Urubamba River valley.

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A gaucho or gaúcho is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly.

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Tango is a partner dance which originated in the 1880s along the River Plate, the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe

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A favela, Brazilian Portuguese for slum, is a low-income historically informal urban area in Brazil.

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The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is a festival held every year before Lent and considered the biggest carnival in the world with two million people per day on the streets.

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Capoeira is an Afro-Brazilian martial art that combines elements of dance, acrobatics, and music.

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Samba is a free software re-implementation of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol, and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.

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Mixed ancestry of american Indian and European who speak Spanish, denied basic political, economics and social rights due to their mixed heritage.

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Caudillo vs la Junta (Mention Pinochet):

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Caudillo vs la Junta (Mention Pinochet):

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A caudillo was a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.
La Junta is the city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Otero County, Colorado, United States.

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Petróleos Mexicanos, which translates to Mexican Petroleum, but is trademarked and better known as Pemex, is the Mexican state-owned petroleum company, created in 1938 by nationalization or expropriation of all private, foreign, and domestic oil companies at that time.

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Guerrilla and Paramilitary Groups. Coca growing in Colombia has expanded largely in areas with limited or no government authority that are under more or less under the control of guerrilla and paramilitarygroups. ... Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army also known as FARC.

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Nicolás Maduro Moros is a Venezuelan politician who has served as the 63rd President of Venezuela since 2013 and previously served under President Hugo Chávez as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2013 and as Vice President of Venezuela from 2012 to 2013.

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Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.

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Slash-and-burn agriculture, or fire–fallow cultivation, is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden.

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The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a democratic socialist political party in Nicaragua.
The Contras were the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction junta in Nicaragua.

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Colonialism is the policy of a foreign polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing

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Economic inequality is the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries.

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The North Atlantic Current, also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement, is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward.

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Geologically, a fjord or fiord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier.

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A polder (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpɔldər] ( listen)) is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes that form an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually operated devices. ... Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike.

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Protestantism, Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox

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The legacy of the Roman Empire includes the set of cultural values, religious beliefs, technological advancements, engineering and language.

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The Ancient Greeks may have lived over 2000 years ago, but they left a lasting legacy that still affects Western culture and way of life.

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Chines, Spanish, English

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840

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Winston Churchill had been the Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II.

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A satellite state is a country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control from another country.