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Main  Issue

Nationalist independence movement

French control within the country

Japan conquering during World War 2

North Vietnam against the South Vietnam

Domino Theory and how if one Southeast Asian country became communist that all its neighbors would also become a communist country

War became very unpopular in the United States

Methods

They used hit and run tactics to get rid of the french

The South Vietnamese gained the United States and the French as allies

The Northern Vietnam gained alliance from Soviet Union and China.

Us turned to air power to win by bombing a bunch

Vietnamization is what the United States did which basically meant the U.S was pulling troops slowly to help South Vietnam take control of the war easier.

Leaders

Chi Min was a young poor Vietnamese Nguyen. He helped them get out of France's control and he was pro communist. He ruled North Vietnam crushing those who opposed him.

Ngo Dinh Diem was the leader of the anti communist government in South Vietnam. He ruled as a dictator. Was assassinated by his generals

Lingering problems

Brutal Communist governments under leaderships

Pol Pol the leader of the communist government slaughtered 2 million people in Cambodia in order to convert them to communism

Fighting kpet happening

U.N stepped in and helped cambodia get its government together.

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Main issues: British had full control and power over Ghana, the Africans wanted their freedom so Kwame started protesting and boycotting in 1947. It would be a decade until the British liberated the Gold Coast. Ghana became independent in 1957.

Leaders: Kwame Nkrumah

Methods: Boycotting and Protesting against British Parliament.

Lingering Problems: Rule of the country is often shifted from military rule and civilian rule. This happens quite often.

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Methods: Mustafa Kemal ushered reforms such as
as, separating Islam laws from the nations laws, created a new legal system, granted woman right to vote, and launched government funded programs to industrialize and modernize Turkey.
Lingering Problems: The making of new countries caused conflict on traditional land borders,such as the Kurds of Southwest Asia.
The Turks forced the Kurds to stop speaking their native language, in order to stop their nationalism from spreading.

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Main Issue:The first president had failed to create a strong economy. Foreign banks refused to lend money to Indonesia and inflation occasionally soared as high as one thousand percent.

Leaders:Sakurano was the first president of Indonesia after they gained independence from the Dutch. The second President was Suharto from 1967-1988. He gained power shortly after he successfully put down a rebellion. The third president Megawati Sukarnoputri was daughter of former president Sukarno. The final and current president is Susilo bambang Yudhoyono.

Methods: A small group of officers attempted a coup. Became a police state. Turned Democratic After Suharto stepped down.

Lingering Problems: The constant fighting with the  East Timor.

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Main Issue: Turkey's main issue was rebuilding itself after the fall of The Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks were forced to give up most of their previous empire. They only kept the territory that is now known as Turkey. The allies made the lands in Southwest Asia once known as the Ottoman Empire into mandates instead of independent nations. Britain got the mandates of Palestine and Iraq and France was given the mandates of Syria and Lebanon. After losing most of their lands the Turks were left almost defensive but managed to fight for their only land left.
Leaders: Mustafa Kemal- Started as a commander who led the Turkish Nationalists to peace by fighting against the Greek and the British trying to gain control of Turkey. Eventually he became president of the new Republic of Turkey. He separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation and created a new European based law while breaking many Islamic traditions.

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Main Issues: Among the issues that South Africa faced was the racial division that the country faced since the colonial era. The whites of the country would be descended from early Dutch settlers and they would be the ones to take power upon the independence of the nation. In 1948, the National Party took power and established the policy of Apartheid, the separation of blacks and whites in the nation.
Leaders: Around the late 1980's and the early 1990's, the main leader for the National Party was F.W. de Klerk. The President of the Country was actively trying to bring universal suffrage, as the policy of Apartheid had isolated South Africa with economic sanctions. On the other side of the coin was Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress(ANC), who protested the South African system of Apartheid using nonviolence, although he did end up in prison.
Methods: The main method used for protesting the policy using nonviolence. Over time, the National Party, which had elected F.W. de Klerk, decided that the first multiracial election would happen, with one of the candidates being the now-released Nelson Mandela. The results of these elections would have Mandela and the ANC win the election.
Lingering Problems:Despite that the racial problems have been solved, but issues that remained were the crime rates that the country has, with the 🤬 and 🤬 rates being some of the highest in the world. The economy has also gone down, but the country is trying to fix that with proposing free trade with other nations. Among the worst problems that South Africa faces is that of the 🤬 epidemic, with 6 million people infected.

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Main Issues:
- Britain had ruled India for almost two centuries. Things started to heat up in the early 20th century. British rule humiliated Indian nationalists. They only used India for their own purposes.
-A second struggle in India around this time was a cultural division within the nation. India had two main groups of people, Hindus and Muslims. Both groups fought over power in India.

-After Britain handed power to India (Britain was in debt from WW2 and could't afford authority in India) India was turned into a Battle field. Muslims and Hindus fought over who would have control over the country.

Leaders:
- Probably one of India's most famous leader was Mohandas K. Gandhi. He was famous for his non-violent methods against British rule.
-The Indian Congress Party were also a big part of India. The Congress party mostly consisted of Hindus.
-The rivals of the Congress Party was the Muslim League (founded in 1906). The Muslim league was founded to protect Muslim people inside of India.
-Both the Congress Party and the Muslim League fought over which culture was superior. Muhammad Ali Jinnah insisted that Muslims should leave the Congress Party. The Muslim league wouldn't accept independence if it meant it was to be ruled by Hindus.
Methods:
-Gandhi advocated nonviolent methods of protesting. He endorsed civil disobedience, the public refusal of unjust laws. India also refused to buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections.
-Another example of nonviolent methods were strikes. Gandhi encouraged peaceful protests against the British, though protests often led to riots.
-Another way Indians protested was the Salt March. Britain forbid Indians to buy salt from other sources but the government. Gandhi and his followers marched 240 miles to the coast. They turned the sea water into salt of their own. This was a peaceful protest but it had a big impact on Great Britain.
-Cultural division in India was "solved" by dividing the country into two different nations. Pakistan was founded and it mainly consisted of Muslims. India hosted most of the Hindus. Indian people now had to choose which country would be best for them.
Lingering Problems:
-To this day India is still facing multiple problems. Religious tensions have not gone away. India's population keeps increasing and is expected to surpass China's population by 2035. Maoist rebels to the east pose a military threat to the Indian government. In addition to that, India's conflict with Pakistan is still in tact. As of today both India and Pakistan and Nuclear powers, which has now become a concern for many.

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Main Issues:
Some main issues were that although the country was modernizing. millions of Iranians still lived in extreme poverty.
Leaders:
SHAH REZA PAHLAVI- His goal was basically to modernize his country, he was a lot like Kemal the president of Turkey. In 1935, he changed the name of his country from Persia to Iran. AYATOLLAH RUHOLLA KHOMEINI - He was leader of this religious opposition, because of this the shah fled Iran, and he returned to establish an Islamic state and and to export Iran's military form of Islam.
Methods:
The Shah's westernization- They westernized or modernized their country with the support of U.S. He established public schools, built roads, rail roads, promoted industrial growth ,and extended women's rights.
The Ayatollah's Islamization of Iran - They rioted in every major city in late 1978, which overwhelmed the Shah and fled Iran in 1979. Since the U.S supported the Shah, Khomeini hated the U.S, and demanded them to force the Shah to face trial.
Lingering Problems:
Khomeini wanted to encourage Muslim radicals to overthrow their secular governments. Getting Muslims together increased tension between Iran and Iraq. This cause a war between them in 1980.

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Main Issues: In the 1950's, Cuba was ruled by Fulgencio Batista, who had United States support.

Leaders: Fidel Castro,
- praised for bringing social reforms to Cuba and bettering economy
- a harsh dictator

Methods:
- over threw Fulgencio Batista.
- suspended elections
- jailed or executed his opponents
- tightly controlled the press
- (eventually) Castro loosened state control
- sought better relations with other countries

Lingering Problems:
- Soviet aid to Cuba ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, which led to a " crippling blow " in Cuba's economy

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Main Issues: Nigeria's main issues had to do with colonization and ethnic conflicts between tribes. When the Europeans established colonial rule in Africa they had new borders. These new borders caused trouble because they either split certain tribes or threw different and often, rival tribes together.

Leaders: Hausa-Falani, mostly Muslim. Yoruba and Igbo (South) mostly Christians, muslims, or animists. The Yoruba live to the west and the Igbo live to the east.

Methods: The Hausa-Falani persecuted and killed many Igbo.

Lingering Problems:

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Main Issues:
-(Prior to Independence) The British had taken over the Kenyan Highlands, which was prized farmland in the country. Kenyan farmers were forced out of the area
-Corruption in government, and internal conflicts that killed hundreds and left more homeless
Leaders:
-Jomo Kenyatta (1891-1978)
--Believed Africans could only advance if they can express themselves, organize themselves in society, politics and economics, and participate in the local government
--Spent about a decade in prison due to his refusal to condemn the actions of the Kenyan group "Mau Mau", despite him saying he had no connection to the society
--Became Kenya's first president after the country was granted independence by the British in 1963

Methods:
-The Kenyan secret society, Mau Mau, used guerrilla tactics to push white farmers out of the prized Kenyan Highlands (the group was made up of Kenyan farmers who had previously worked on the highlands until they were pushed out by the British)

Lingering Problems:
-Kenyatta's successor, Daniel arap Moi, faced opposition to his one-party rule
--Corruption in government (during Moi's presidency)
-Ethnic fighting (tribes grouped in together from the lines drawn from the Berlin conference)