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Black fill: cancer
Circle: women
quare: men

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Jane does and does not have a good reason to be worried of getting this gene. This is because if looking at the family pedigree, only the males of the family on the dads side have this gene. However, because it is a genetic gene she could potentially have the gene.

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A tumor is called benign when it does not affect the body, in other words does not cause any disease or problem. A tumor that is called malignant is the one that causes disease and affects the body.

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Since benign tumor is not a cancerous thing, the tissues around it does not spread around the body the way cancer can.

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That you may have the cancer in your genes, from other family members or not.

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It does not always mean that you will get cancer one day, however if the gene is mutated enough you will eventually get it.

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Everything seemed to be the same in the normal gene and Sam's gene. Except for one simple base change. As there was a "A" instead of a "T". Meaning that Sam has a the mutation of substitution in his gene.

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1) If you substitute a base with another base the amino acid will be different. (sometimes)
2) Further on if the amino acid is different that means that the protein will possibly also be different.
3) Or there isn't a consequence, and the amino acid is still the same as before, meaning that nothing actually changed.

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Sam's protein is much shorter than the original protein.

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Number 1 and 2 consequences kind of relate to what happened to Sam's protein. This is because Sam's ORF 1 was a lot shorter because the substitution in his gene created a stop codon.

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1) There is a switch that happens outside of the actual part that is mutated. If that part is not working properly then it could be affected without the mutation actually being inside the part where Sam's gene got mutated.
2) The cancer might also just run in their family and their gene mutation might not be found.

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The APC protein will decrease in binding to the b-catenin because, once the APC protein binds with the b-catenin then the b-catenin will start to degrade. Which means that if the APC protein keeps on binding with the b-catenin then all the b-catenin will be gone, because all of it will degrade.

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There will be more B-catenin, because the APC gene will stop breaking down the B-catenin and they will reproduce more.

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The first one is called oncogene, when there is a oncogene this means that the gene will start to make more cells that are not supposed to be grown (It makes cells grow). The second one is called tumor suppressor genes, this gene is multiple. Meaning that there are lots of them. This gene are a brake, and is a combination of the oncogene and the tumor suppressor gene. The end result of this will end up in cancer. The last one is called stability genes, what stability genes are is that they are what controls the rate in which the genes are made. It also controls what mutation is made, and at what speed. This results in cancer because in cancer you need multiple mutations to get cancer. and if you have this stability gene then you could accumulate more mutations.

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The APC gene would be classify in a stability gene, because it is responsible to break down the B-catenin, so there is not too much of it, but when a mutation is occur the APC gene is no more responsible of that and the mass production of B-catenin stat. The B-catenin will be an oncogene mutation, because when the APC disappear the b-catenin will reproduce more and more.

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She could offer her to stop eating food that have high b-catenin. She could also offer her to get her colon removed, because it will develop to become colon cancer.