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connect the atoms of a single amino acid, covalent peptide bond that links amino acids in a protein chain, and also can determine structure

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composed of beta sheets that fold together

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right hand spiral conformation

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used to bond large molecules

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catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually complex or conjugated proteins

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occurs when denatured proteins separate from other nutrients and solidify or semi solidify

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bonds holding the helix shape and beta sheets are broken and the strands separate and unravel

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linkages formed by the polymerization between amino and carboxylic acid groups attached the alpha carbon

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form between the carboxyl group of amino acid to the amino group of another

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determined by the order of amino acids (primary structure)

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transmembrane regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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The units in which proteins are built, contain a carboxyl and amino group

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compounds with a high molar mass that consists largely or entirely of amino acids

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mixes with water, form ionic and hydrogen bonds with water

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repels water, nonpolar molecules that repel water

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are essential for forming cell membranes

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Characterized by four fused carbon rings

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Contains more than one C=C double bond

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There are C=C bonds that make a kink in the chain

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All C-C bonds that are linear

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Fatty Acids can be straight or bent

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Store energy in a cell and are made up of a glycerol molecule and fatty acids

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There are 3 types of lipids

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used to create DNA and RNA (we did not specify more about these)

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with glycoproteins on cell wall surface to keep intruders out

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gives off carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen (animals)

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gives off oxygen and takes in carbon dioxide (plants)

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major monosaccharides in body, source of fuel for cell= blood sugar

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form of fiber that can be soluble/viscous or insoluble/non-fermentable

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storage form of carbs in plants made of 10-3000 glucose units

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storage form of carbs in an animal that is found in the muscle and liver

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opposite of dehydration synthesis, used to convert poly/disaccharides into more simple units by breaking the same bond formed with dehydration synthesis

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links 2 or more monosaccharides together by removing an OH from one and an H from another, thus releasing water and connected the C and O with a covalent bond

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simple sugar unit

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2 monosaccharides bonded together

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made up of 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

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or saccharides, made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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major source of energy within our diet: (CH2O)n