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https://wikispaces.psu.edu/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=131564467

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Amphibians exhibit directional natural selection because they evolved to become a completely new species with completely different traits. For example, the frogs evolves from a lungless fish, this fish then evolved to have lungs and or gills and four limbs. This makes a whole new type of species in a completely new environment with different functions and features.

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This shows evolution because the fossils show common characteristic that are still present in today’s amphibians but also some not present like gills and triangular shape skulls in frogs

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Having the same basic anatomy and physiology shows that the basics if each organism is the same. If the insides show the same functions and characteristics this proves evolution because you get your internal functions from the thing you evolve from. From generations of change and evolution the internal functions that make an organism survive cannot be changed,

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The early development of an organism shows evidence of evolution because similar species develop the same. If an organism devloped and was given by live birth and another organism was hatched from an egg, they would not be as related to each other as organisms that are botn the same way. The organims of dofferent species become different after beginning stage devlopment. All of the examples shown develop as eggs, to be organisms with gills.

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The chromosomal analysis shows evidence of evolution because all of the examples when except for human are from Class Amphibia and they have the same chromosome number. This shows evolution because if they all evolved from the same organism their basic biology including their karyotype number should be the same or similar.

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The characteristics and taxonomy of the Ringed Ceacilian, Surinam Toad, and Mudpuppies show evidence of evolution because they have the same class and ancestors as all the other organisms in class amphibian but then pan off. This shows where the species evolved into what they have become today. My exmplary examples have many of the same characteristics as my other exemplary examples which shows how they all evolved from the same ancestor. Some characteristics have changed as they adapted to their environments, but the primary ones have stayed the same like (tetra pods, permeable skin, three chambered heart, etc.)

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Amphibians show descent with modification because they evolved from a lung less fish. From here the fish evolved to have legs, then lost its gills. Then came walking on land. This is shown in today's amphibians because in embryos amphibians begin with gills and no limbs. Once they reach adolescence they can grow limbs and begin to walk on the land.

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Amphibians exhibit adaptive radiation because they evolve into species based on environmental needs. Adaptive radiation by definition is "Adaptive radiation, evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life." The best example of this is frogs; Frogs in the amazon had to adapt to climb trees to avoid predators. From their they changed into different species based on color, and based on the favorable traits to keep people alive.
https://www.britannica.com/science/adaptive-radiation

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Immigration is the act of moving into a habitat/place to live. Emmigration is the act if moving out of a habitat/place. These evolutionary concepts don't really apply to the amphibian population. Amphibians are found all over the world, all different types of species spread across the world. Some species are found concentrated only into one region. (For example the ringed ceacilian is concentrated to South America but spread all over South America..) Once in their region they spread across the region and don't emigrate out of it.
http://www.feow.org/maps/threat/threatened_freshwater_amphibians

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The three  organisms exhibit divergent evolution because all three if my organisms  adapted to their own environments to ensure their own survival. This goes for the class amphibian as well because once evolved from the common ancestor sarcopterygians the class separated into three orders, anura, caudate and gymnophiona. These classes then separated into different families and species based on environment.

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Amphibians experienced gradual equilibrium because amphibians evolved from fish, and continued to evolve based on location and predators. For example tree frogs evolved from frogs who evolved from fish. The species of tree frogs then evolved into different sizes and shapes and colors based on location, environment, and threats. This speciation is over time (gradual) and not at isolated periods over time (punctuated equilibrium).
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-gradualism.html

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Amphibians are ecothermic which means that they cannot make sufficient internal body heat to keep a constant body temperature. This means that amphibians body temperatures vary depending on their surrounding environment. This means that amphibians are in charge of regulating their own internal temperature my basking in the sun or cooling off in the water.
https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/amphibians

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Most amphibians have thin permeable skin which allows for liquid and gasses to pass through the skin quickly. This benefits amphibians because it allows them to breathe but this also is a problem for amphibians because it causes them to lose a lot of water through their skin. This is why you typically find amphibians in moist environments. https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/amphibians

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Some amphibians, especially those of the order Anura (frogs) have a three chambered heart. Their are three vessels, the two atrium and the ventricle. A three chambered heart. The atria take the blood from the lungs and brings it to the lungs and to the heart. This is beneficial to amphibians because its brings oxygen to their skin in areas of high moisture.
https://www.quora.com/How-is-three-chambered-heart-better-than-two-chambered-heart

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All embryos of the amphibian class start out as eggs an then develop and take shape of their organism. Most amphibians excluding the ceacilian family   produce eggs that have to hatch in water. This means that the embryos grow gills in their later stages. All embryos are produced sexually, and all are hatched externally most in water.

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https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Embryonic-and-larval-development-in-the-caecilian-a-Duenker-Wake/381c3f097e6826cde03f22525edee6bdc34d666b

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https://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/experimentalembryology/stagedseries.html

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http://www.pnas.org/content/104/29/11882

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https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Human_Karyotype.html

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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1a-Somatic-metaphase-karyotype-of-male-XY-Gegeneophis-krishni-1b-Somatic-metaphase_fig1_249578796

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https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-65382010000200004

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Oligocene to the pliocene period.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_with_the_Newts

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Amphibia
Order: Gymnophiona
Family: Siphonophorae
Genus: Siphonops
Species: Siphonops annulatus

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Pipidae
Genus: Pipa
Species: Pipa Pipa

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Amphibia
Order: Caudata
Family: Proteidae
Genus: Necturus
Species: Necturus maculosus

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Early Permian Period
https://www.fossilera.com/fossils/8-7-discosauriscus-early-permian-reptiliomorph

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160 million years old; End of Jurrassic Period
http://blogs.plos.org/paleocomm/2016/05/04/a-jurassic-world-of-salamanders/)

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https://featuredcreature.com/im-smiling-because-i-eat-skin-ringed/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Suriname_toad#/media/File:Pipa_pipa01.jpg

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https://www.arkive.org/common-mudpuppy/necturus-maculosus/

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150 million years old
https://www.icr.org/article/6724/365

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Carboniferous Period; 95 million years old
https://phys.org/news/2007-03-fossil-discovery-earliest-limbloss-ancient.html

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Creatatous Period; 79 million years old
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictures/Frogs/Callobatrachus/Callobatrachus-sanyanensis.htm

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-Location and Habitat:
Mudpuppies are an all aquatic species found in any freshwater body of water from Eastern Canada to Georigia (excluing coastal regions.) Mudpuppies are typically found in the bottom of these bodies of water hiding under logs and rocks.
-Physical Characteristics:
Mudpuppies have gills that size depends on the amount of oxygenation in their environment. Mudpuppies typically range from 20-30 centimeters and are grey, rusty brown or black in color.
-Behavioral Characteristics:
Mudpuppies are typically found to be nocturnal animals excpet for in murky weeedy water where they are hidden and can be active during the day. Mudpuppies are typically solitary animals until they come together in mating season in the fall.  They typically walk on the bottom on the logs and leaves of the bodies of water, but can also swim using their bodies in fish-like movements.
https://www.arkive.org/common-mudpuppy/necturus-maculosus/
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Necturus_maculosus/
http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Necturus_maculosus/

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Physical Characteristics
-Unshelled Eggs: Amphibians produce eggs not shelled by calcified shell coverings, but made of jelly. This makes it easily desiccated when exposed to air.
-Permeable Skin: Most amphibians (excluding some ceacilians) have scaless permeable skin. This forces each organism to live in water or moist environments.
-Carnivorous Adults: All adult amphibians are carnivorous eating small invertebrates, arachnids, and worms, and some small vertebrates too.
-Courtship Rituals: Male amphibians move to typical breeding grounds and begin to make mating calls to attract females.
http://animals.mom.me/five-characteristics-amphibians-5872.html
Behavioral Characteristics:
-Reproduce both internally and externally: The eggs are produced sexually by fertilization (internal) then laid in the water and hatch (external).
- Cannot regulate body temperature: Amphibians are ecothermic which means they cannot produce enough body heat to maintain a healthy body temperature.
- Adults eat meat but babies eat plants: When the larvae is born in the water they swim around and eat plants in the water as their first source of food.
- Larvae hatches in water and breathes by gills: Most all amphibians offspring is born in the water, not developing lungs until they are juveniles are begin to walk on land.
https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/amphibians
Habitat
-Both land and Water: Because of amphibians permeable skin and the fact that they are ecothermic they need to be near water or in a moist enviorment to maintian body temperature and make up for the water they lost. Some amphibians live in entirley aqautic envioremnts.
-Distribution: You can find amphibians all around the world in all different regions of the world.
https://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/specialfeatures/animals/amphibians/index.htm
https://www.britannica.com/animal/amphibian
http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/AMPHIBIA.html

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Location and Habitat: Found in turbid streams and rivers in Africa, most commonly in the Amazon River Basin. Prefers calm water so they can lay flat and wait to come to the surface for air.
Physical Characteristics: The Surinam Toad has a flat head with tounge, and black eyes with no eyelids. They also have four limbs with star shaped fingers on their front limbs and webbed feet on their back limbs.
Behavioral Characteristics: The Surinam Toads lay flat at the bottom coming up for air every 30 minutes. Females carry their eggs on their backs, their is no larval stage for their offspring. Surinam toads are known to bite, and kick, and make a series of clicking noises when challenged.
https://owlcation.com/stem/The-Surinam-Toad-A-Strange-Amphibian-With-Babies-on-Board
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pipa_pipa/

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Location and Habitat: South America including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Perú, Suriname, Venezuela. Found in humid soils in both open areas and forested areas, also found in rural gardens and plantations. They dont need to be near water because they do not require water for breeding.
Physical Characteristics: 280-450 milimeters long with blue or grey coloring and white rings surrounding the body. Their vision is limited to light and dark coloration. Ringed Ceacilians also have granular glands that produce a mucus that can paralyze frogs and rodents.
Behavioral Characteristics: Burrows up 9 inches into the ground, allowing it to feed on undergrounf invertabres. The females hatch transparent eggs, leading to 5-16 each one 40mm long. Once hatched the offspring crawl across the mothers back and eat a lipid layer as their first source of food.
: https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1939 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/59593/0
http://eol.org/pages/320007/overview http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/caecilian

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Humans karyotypes contain 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes making 23 in total. The tree frog and  Gurupur ceacilian have 12 sets of autosomal chromosomes and 1 set of sex chromosomes, making a total of 13 karyotypes. The shapes and sizes of the chromosomes themselves are different as the human -chromosomes are all generally straight varying is size while the amphibian chromosomes are curved and and straight also varying is sizes.