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California gold rush was a period in the mid-1800’s when large numbers of people came to California seeking gold. It began in 1848, after James Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill, California. The gold rush attracted would-be miners from around the world, and California’s population increased rapidly. The United States had just taken control of the region in 1848, at the end of the Mexican War. California became a U.S. state in 1850.

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Lake Erie, Battle of, was a key battle in the War of 1812 (1812-1815). It took place in September 1813 on the western part of Lake Erie, north of Ohio. A United States fleet led by Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet under Commander Robert Heriot Barclay. Perry’s victory forced the British to pull out of Detroit and gave the Americans control of Lake Erie. The Battle of Lake Erie was one the first great naval battles in United States history.

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Lewis and Clark expedition was an exploration of the vast wilderness of the northwestern United States. The United States government sponsored the expedition. United States Army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark served as co-leaders. The Lewis and Clark expedition began near St. Louis in May 1804 and returned there in September 1806. Historians often refer to the explorers as the Corps of Discovery. Lewis called them the Corps of Volunteers for North Western Discovery. In time, the group became known simply as the Lewis and Clark expedition.

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Erie,  Canal was the first important national waterway built in the United States. It crossed upstate New York from Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany to Troy on the Hudson River. Completed in 1825, the canal joined the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes system. It provided a route over which manufactured goods and settlers could flow into the Midwest without passing through Canada, and over which timber and agricultural products could be transported to the East.

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Manifest destiny was a term used to describe the belief in the 1840's in the inevitable territorial expansion of the United States. People who believed in manifest destiny maintained that the United States should rule all North America because of U.S. economic and political superiority, because the U.S. population was growing rapidly, and because it was God's will that the United States should do so.

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june 6 , 1838
Trail of Tears was the forced removal of Cherokee Indians from their homelands in northwestern Georgia. The name comes from the Cherokee phrase nunna-da-ul-tsun-yi. The words mean the trail where they cried. This term is sometimes also used to refer to the removal of other tribes, especially those of the southeastern United States.

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Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843), was a well-known Washington lawyer and amateur verse writer. He became famous for writing the words of "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States. He wrote the poem during the War of 1812.

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Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845), was the first president born in a log cabin. Earlier presidents had come from well-to-do families. Jackson, the son of poor Scotch-Irish immigrants, became an orphan at 14. He grew up on the frontier of the Carolinas. Then he moved to Tennessee, where he became a successful lawyer and landowner. Jackson won fame as an Indian fighter and as a general in the War of 1812. He was nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his toughness.

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Gadsden Purchase was a strip of land the United States bought from Mexico in the 1850's to form part of the boundary between the two countries. The purchase included much of the region south of the Gila River in what is now Arizona and New Mexico.

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Declaration of Independence july 4, 1776

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Declaration of Independence july 4, 1776

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The colonists were no longer under britains control. They could expand west beyond the proclamation line.