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• A paradigm shift is a significant shift in a domain, discipline, or field's fundamental concepts and practices. At any of these levels, as well as across them, paradigm shifts can occur.

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Teacher-Centered
> Knowledge is transmitted from professor to student. Students passively recieve information.

Learner-centered
> Students construct knowledge through gathering and synthesizing information and integrating it with the general skills of inquiry, communication, critical thinking, and problem solving.

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Pros

When education is teacher-centered, the classroom remains orderly. Students are quiet, and you retain full control of the classroom and its activities.

Because students learn on their own, they learn independence and make their own decisions.

Because you direct all classroom activities, you don’t have to worry that students will miss an important topic.

Cons

When students work alone, they don’t learn to collaborate with other students, and their communication skills may suffer.

Teacher-centered instruction can be boring for students. Their minds may wander, and they may miss important facts.

Teacher-centered instruction doesn’t allow students to express themselves, ask questions, and direct their own learning.

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Pros

Students learn important communicative and collaborative skills through group work.

Students learn to direct their own learning, ask questions, and complete tasks independently.

Students are more interested in learning activities when they can interact with one another and participate actively.

Cons

Because students are talking, classrooms may often be noisy or chaotic.

Teachers may have to attempt to manage all students’ activities at once, which can be difficult when students are working on different stages of the same project.

Because the teacher doesn’t always deliver instruction to all students at once, some students may miss important facts.

Some students prefer to work alone, so group work can become problematic.

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Paradigm shift: from teacher-centered to learner-centered teaching

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Paradigm shift: from teacher-centered to learner-centered teaching

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Teacher-centered philosophies are those that transfer knowledge from one generation of teachers to the next. In teacher-centered philosophies, the teacher’s role is to impart respect for authority, determination, a strong work ethic, compassion for others, and sensibility.

ESSENTIALISM - is the educational philosophy of teaching basic skills. This philosophy advocates training the mind.

Essentialist educators focus on transmitting a series of progressively difficult topics and promoting students to the next level or grade.

Essentialism tries to instill all students with the most essential or basic academic knowledge and skills and character development.

Essentialists believe that teachers should try to embed traditional moral values and virtues such as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens.

William C. Bagley (1874–1946) was one of the most influential advocates of essentialism. Bagley believed that education was not supposed to change society but to preserve it. At a conference for the
American Association of School Administrators in 1938, Bagley “urged schools and educators to create what we know today to be vigilant in sticking to the core curriculum”.

PERRENIALISM -  is the educational philosophy that the importance of certain works transcends time.

*They recommend that students learn from reading and analyzing the works by history's finest thinkers and writers

The goal of a perennial education is to teach students to think rationally and develop minds that can think critically.

Perennialists are primarily concerned with the importance of mastery of the content and the development of reasoning skills.

Perennialist classrooms are also centered on teachers in order to accomplish these goals.

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Teacher-Centered Philosophies are essential for the longevity of education and the continued influence of teachers in the classroom. In this article two teacher-centered philosophies will be reviewed which are essentialism and perennialism.

Teacher-centered philosophies are those that transfer knowledge from one generation of teachers to the next. In teacher-centered philosophies, the teacher’s role is to impart a respect for authority, determination, a strong work ethic, compassion for others, and sensibility. Teachers and schools succeed when students prove, typically through taking tests, that they have mastered the objectives they learned.

Essentialism is the educational philosophy of teaching basic skills. This philosophy advocates training the mind. Essentialist educators focus on transmitting a series of progressively difficult topics and promotion of students to the next level or grade. Subjects are focused on the historical context of the material world and culture, and move sequentially to give a solid understanding of the present day. This philosophy stresses core knowledge in reading, writing, math, science, history, foreign language, and technology. The tools include lecturing, memorization, repetition, practice, and assessment.

William C. Bagley (1874–1946) was one of the most influential advocates of essentialism. Bagley believed that education was not supposed to change society but to preserve it. At a conference for the
American Association of School Administrators in 1938, Bagley “urged schools and educators to create what we know today to be vigilant in sticking to the core curriculum”.

In addition to Bagley’s influence, four other occurrences have since revitalized the essentialism movement by mandating global competition. The first was the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957. Next, a report titled A Nation at Risk was issued by the National Commission on Excellence in Education under the Reagan administration in 1983. The report claimed that our society was being “eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future [as] a nation and a people” and blamed a lack of the basic essentials in education: math, reading, writing, science, and technology.

The report did little, however, to spark change, and A Nation Still at Risk, written by Jeanne Allen, was issued in 1998. The last occurrence in the promotion of essentialism was the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2005. NCLB imposed a set of laws at the federal level to monitor basic student achievement. Schools that failed to meet the required standards of achievement were flagged as needing assistance or remediation and were liable to lose their federal aid or to be forced to cease operations without further improvements.

Essentialism is a common model in U.S. public schools today. A typical day at an essentialist school might have seven periods, with students attending a different class each period. The teachers impart knowledge mainly through conducting lectures, during which students are expected to take notes. The students are provided with practice worksheets or hands-on projects, followed by an assessment of the learning material covered during this process. The students continue with the same daily schedule for a semester or a year. When their assessments show sufficient competence, they are promoted to the next grade or class to learn more difficult material. For each class, the school board has approved a specific curriculum, which must be taught, although how it is taught is left to the teacher’s discretion.

Perennialism is the educational philosophy that the importance of certain works transcends time. Perennial works are those considered as important and applicable today as they were when they were written, and are often referred to as great books. Common examples include Melville’s Moby Dick, Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Dickens’s Great Expectations, and Dante’s Inferno. Perennialism is sometimes referred to as “culturally conservative,” because it does not challenge gender stereotypes, incorporate multiculturalism, or expose and advocate technology, as would be expected of contemporary literature.

The goal of a perennialist education is to teach students to think rationally and develop minds that can think critically. A perennialist classroom aims to be a closely organized and well-disciplined environment, which develops in students a lifelong quest for the truth. Perennialists believe that education should epitomize a prepared effort to make these ideas available to students and to guide their thought processes toward the understanding and appreciation of the great works, works of literature written by history’s finest thinkers that transcend time and never become outdated.

Perennialists are primarily concerned with the importance of mastery of the content and development of reasoning skills. The old adage “the more things change, the more they stay the same” summarizes the perennialists’ perspective on education. Skills are still developed in a sequential manner. For example, reading, writing, speaking, and listening are emphasized in the early grades to prepare students in later grades to study literature, history, and philosophy.

The Paideia Proposal, a book published in 1982 by Mortimer Adler, described a system of education based on the classics. This book inspired the school model referred to as the Paideia program, which has been, and still is, implemented by hundreds of schools in the United States. Teachers using the Paideia program give lectures 10% to15% of the time, conduct Socratic seminars for 15% to 20% of the time, and coach the students on academic topics the remaining 60% to 70% of the time. Socratic seminars are lectures in which the teacher asks a specific series of questions to encourage the students to think about, rationalize, and discuss the topic. Perennialist curricula tend to limit expression of individuality and flexibility regarding student interests in favor of providing an overarching, uniformly applicable knowledge base to students. Vocational training is expected to be the responsibility of the employer.

Understanding essentialism will enable you know and improve basic teaching skills and perennialism will allow you as a teacher to continue operating in the success of methods, concepts, and best practices that were used in education over time. So which teacher-centered philosophy works best for you?

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Philosophies of Education: 2 Types of Teacher-Centered Philosophies

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Spread the loveTeacher-Centered Philosophies are essential for the longevity of education and the continued influence of teachers in the classroom. In this article two teacher-centered philosophies will be reviewed which are essentialism and perennialism. Teacher-centered philosophies are those that transfer knowledge from one generation of teachers to the next.

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Learner-centered philosophies are another essential philosophy that educators should be aware of. By focusing on the needs of students, teachers are able to assist and teach students within the classroom ensuring a higher level of student success.

PROGRESSIVISM -  is an educational movement started by John Dewey that says that students learn through their own experiences.

Progressivism revolves around the students' needs, including teaching students to be good citizens as well as good learners, a concept known as focusing on the whole child.

Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education.

Progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students.

Progressivist teachers try making school interesting and useful by planning lessons that provoke curiosity.

HUMANISM - seeks to engage the learner as a whole, where their intellect, feelings, social capacities, artistic and practical skills are given attention in the learning process. The purpose of education is for learners to progress towards autonomy and the realization of one's full potential (referred to as self-actualization).

Humanism places a great deal of emphasis on learner choice and control over their education.

Learners are encouraged to focus on a specific subject of interest for any amount of time they choose, within reason.

Learners must be motivated and engaged in the material they are learning, and this happens when the topic is something the students need and want to know.

CONSTRUCTIVISM - based on the idea that people actively construct or make their own knowledge, and that reality is determined by your experiences as a learner.

Constructivist classrooms rely on four key areas to be successful:

Shared knowledge between teachers and students.

Shared authority between teachers and students.

Teachers act as a guide or facilitator.

Learning groups consist of small numbers of students.

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Philosophies of Education: 3 Types of Student-Centered Philosophies

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Spread the loveStudent-centered philosophies are another essential philosophy that educators should be aware of. By focusing on the needs of students, teachers are able to assist and teach students within the classroom ensuring a higher level of student success. In this article three types of student-centered philosophies will be discussed which are progressivism, social reconstructionism, and existentialism.

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John Dewey (1859–1952) Progressivism
https://www.siue.edu/~ptheodo/foundations/progressivism.html

PERRENIALISM
https://www.siue.edu/~ptheodo/foundations/perennialism.html

PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION: 2 TYPES OF TEACHER-CENTERED PHILOSOPHIES (2016)

https://www.theedadvocate.org/philosophies-education-2-types-teacher-centered philosophies/#:

PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION: 3 TYPES OF STUDENT-CENTERED PHILOSOPHIES (2016)

https://www.theedadvocate.org/philosophies-education-3-types-student-centered-philosophies/

Which is Best: Teacher-Centered or Student-Centered Education? (2020) https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/which-is-best-teacher-centered-or-student-centered-education/

William C. Bagley (1874–1946) ESSENTIALISM
https://www.theedadvocate.org/philosophies-education-2-types-teacher-centered-philosophies/#

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As a teacher considering how you want to approach your means of instruction, you (of course) want to employ a method that is beneficial for of your students. You want them to enjoy the learning process, and for your classroom to be orderly and controlled.

In your research, you've probably come across a debate that has been at the forefront of educators' minds when they think about instruction: what's better, teacher-centered or student-centered education?

To simplify the two approaches and help you determine which is best for you, we defined both teacher-centered education and student-centered education and rounded up what has been proposed as pros and cons of each.

Teacher-centered education

In teacher-centered education, students put all of their focus on the teacher. You talk, and the students exclusively listen. During activities, students work alone, and collaboration is discouraged.

Pros

When education is teacher-centered, the classroom remains orderly. Students are quiet, and you retain full control of the classroom and its activities.

Because students learn on their own, they learn independence and make their own decisions.

Because you direct all classroom activities, you don't have to worry that students will miss an important topic.

Cons

When students work alone, they don't learn to collaborate with other students, and their communication skills may suffer.

Teacher-centered instruction can be boring for students. Their minds may wander, and they may miss important facts.

Teacher-centered instruction doesn't allow students to express themselves, ask questions, and direct their own learning.

Student-centered instruction

When a classroom operates with student-centered instruction, students and instructors the focus. Instead of listening to the teacher exclusively, students and teachers interact equally. Group work is encouraged, and students learn to collaborate and communicate with one another.

Pros

Students learn important communicative and collaborative skills through group work.

Students learn to direct their own learning, ask questions, and complete tasks independently.

Students are more interested in learning activities when they can interact with one another and participate actively.

Cons

Because students are talking, classrooms may often be noisy or chaotic.

Teachers may have to attempt to manage all students' activities at once, which can be difficult when students are working on different stages of the same project.

Because the teacher doesn't always deliver instruction to all students at once, some students may miss important facts.

Some students prefer to work alone, so group work can become problematic.

Making a decision

In recent years, more teachers have moved toward a student-centered approach. However, some students maintain that teacher-centered education is the more effective strategy. In most cases, it is best for teachers to use a combination of approaches to ensure that all student needs are met. know your classroom better than anyone, so decide what works best for you and your students.

Tags: Methods and Curriculum, Pros and Cons

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Teacher-Centered vs. Student-Centered Education | Resilient Educator

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As a teacher considering how you want to approach your means of instruction, you (of course) want to employ a method that is beneficial for of your students. You want them to enjoy the learning process, and for your classroom to be orderly and controlled.