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Rapp, W. H., & Arndt, K. L. (2012). Teaching Everyone An Introduction to Inclusive Education. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.

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Overview: the law was renamed Disability Improvement Act (IDEA). The main component is that it added the option for school districts to use an intervention for "struggling" students to see if the intervention would work or not instead of a discrepancy model.
Medical Model: The medical model would not consider this a good solution because it is the duty of the medical professional to "fix" the child not the school district, unless the were a certified school counselor.

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Cedar Rapids School District v. Garret F (1999)

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Cedar Rapids School District v. Garret F (1999)

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Overview: Garret was a 4 year old boy who needed oxygen ventilation that could only be administered by a registered school nurse. His mother then went before the Iowa State Department of Education, there the judge ruled in favor of Garret. The school District was not satisfied and went to the Federal District Court where they also ruled in Garrett's favor. The school was still not satisfied and went to the Supreme court. The school was "seeking to establish that the cost of Garret's nurse was an undue burden on the district and should therefore be exempt as a related service (Ceder Rapids vs. Garret F., 1999)" (Rapp & Arndt, 2012, pg. 52). But the Supreme Court ruled in Garret's favor.
Medical Model: The medical model would say that because Garret is "sick" and needs the ventilation to survive, then it would be required for him to have the nurse administer it because she is a medical professional.

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The official Giphy for the ABC Television Network.

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Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972)

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Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972)

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The Case: Students from the District of Columbia were excluded, suspended, expelled, or transferred from public schools without any reasoning or due process.
The Ruling: The court ordered that the children had to be put into appropriate programs where their needs were met. If the mandates that were set by the court weren't me then there were consequences.
The Significance: This is one of the first cases that brought attention to the rights of children with disabilities that were appropriate for their needs and abilities.
Medical Model: Since the children are sick, they should not be excluded or suspended from public school.  Rather, they should be left in the schools  to be looked after and treated by professionals.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

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The Case: Desegregation of public schools to go against the "separate but equal" education ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896
The Ruling: The supreme court ruled in favor of the families
The Significance: This case laid the foundation for the liability rights movement
Medical Model: Throughout history, blacks were often labeled with the preconception of being lesser or more difficult to educate solely based on the fact that their skin was different. So, through the lense of the medical model, it could be argued that due to their presumed biological deficiency, that they would be best served in the schools with the white professionals who could provide them with the care and attention they needed to learn at their full potential.

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Individuals with DIsabilities Education Act (IDEA) 

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Individuals with DIsabilities Education Act (IDEA) 

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Adjustments to the original legislation represented the importance of person first language, and the negative implications of using the word "handicapped". It furthered the progress made in the original EHC as it was made with the intent to provide students with disabilities with an equal and accessible education such that which is offered to a typically developing student.

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Finally, parents were relieved that the needs of their children would be met and that they would be included on the process.

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Plan set in place to assure highest quality education for student with disabilities. The plan is re-evaluated annually with input from educators and parents to determine the best means to achieve high academic goals and standards.

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Spongebob Squarepants Nickelodeon GIF - Find & Share on GIPHY

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Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)  

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Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)  

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Everyone within the ages 6-21 must be allowed equal access to a free and public education within their community.  A "zero reject rule" was implemented, meaning no one could be turned away regardless of their personal needs (Rapp & Arndt, 2012, 45).

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The Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EHC) of 1975

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The Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EHC) of 1975

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WIth the needs of children with disabilities in America not being met, it became crucial for government to implement legislation to standardize specific measures to evaluate and grant special services to students.

Medical Model:  If we can provide them with resources and services, then we can treat them, and we can cure them.

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Official Lifetime Giphy. Your destination for critically acclaimed & award-winning original programming that spans movies, dramas, comedies & reality series.

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Since public schools are one of many organizations that receive Federal financial assistance, this meant that students with disabilities were finally granted access to schools. However, with no specific standards set local governments and schools dictated how the needs of people with disabilities were being met in education. Usually, they were placed in segregated classrooms, where they would be unable to obstruct the learning of children without disabilities.

Medical Model: Furthered an unfortunate practice of keeping people with disabilities outside of general education classrooms as though they were sick and needed to be dealt with, or treated.

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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

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Required all agencies that accepted federal funding to provide equal opportunities to persons with disabilities.  Section 504 states "no otherwise qualified individual shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be subjected to discrimination under any program receiving Federal financial assistance". It also included "means for developing and implementing plans for meeting needs as well as providing services" (Rapp & Arndt, 2012, 44).

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Show Me The Money GIF - Find & Share on GIPHY

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