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The term “Dayak” today refers to the Ibans, the Bidayuhs and the Orang Ulu communities.
Dayak leadership in any given region, is marked by titles, a "Penghulu" for instance would have invested authority on behalf of a network of "Tuai Rumah's" known as headman. In bidayuh "Temenggung" known as headman. "Temenggung" is an old Malay title of nobility, usually given to the chief of public security.

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This effort is combined with local communities through dynamic cooperation to create economic activity in the district of Bau. In order to contribute to family income, Bidayuh women like to involve in business. The effort is starting with the establishment of Bidayuh craft centres to promote the handicrafts as well as to generate income of Bidayuh community.

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Economic role of women in the Bidayuh community is about improving socio-economic condition in family. They are concerned about financial management. In order to contribute to family income, Bidayuh women involve as entrepreneur for the initial source of income. They involve themselves in farming and gardening, which insist them to improve their socio-economic status of their family. It also observed that the Bidayuh women have taken progressive efforts where they manipulate the individual capabilities and natural resources to produce valuable product.

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There is 3 rules of visiting the long house:

Before

Visitors cannot enter the village without the permission of the village chief. However, visitor can just head to the house that they are heading if they have any connections there. Visitors are not allowed to enter the house without the permission of the head of the long house.

During

Visitors should cross their leg when they are sitting down to respect people in the house. Visitors are encouraged to bring “tapak sirih” containing “daun sirih”, “buah pinang” and “kapur sirih’ to be served. Some people prefers to bring cigarette made from “daun nipah” and tobacco (rokok daun nipah)

Visitors are then served with food by the people in the house. Visitors are not allowed to wash theit plates and/or to enter the kitchen as it brings discomfort to the head of the house.

After

If the visitos wants to overnight, they have to ask permission of the house chief

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The first schools in the Bidayuh house area were opened by missionaries rather than government.

Example: St Michael’s, Kupuo Sudoh, Singai

Multilingual Education Project was initiated by the Dayak Bidayuh National Association and with the support from the UNESCO.

Their first languages, bridge successfully into Bahasa Malaya and English

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Begin in evening

The bride together with their parents proceed to the young man’s house

In a procession accompanied by a music from the gong.
When the couple is seated, the wedding ceremony begins with the tua gawai sprinkling yellow rice over the couple. As he does this he invokes this prayer. After the prayer, the tua gawai will brush a white cockerel over their heads, and at the same time he invokes another prayer.

The ceremony serve with food, and drinks which has been prepared earlier. The host may invite any number of guests he wants depending on his means.

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Marriage - He or she must not only be able to look after the welfare of his family, but must have qualities such as industrious, kind, trustworthy, hospitable, and most of all loving.

Rule- below 21 has to take the permission from parent. However, above 21 does not need to take the permission from parents.

Proposal - After a series of visits the girl indicate her willingness to marry the man, and he is satisfied with the way she carries herself, the young man will ask his parents for advice. If the young man’s parents agree to their son’s choice, they will appoint someone as a go-between, who in most cases as intelligent uncle or a close relative to see the young lady’s parents to find out whether the agree to give consent to their daughter to accept the young man’s proposal.

Engagement- After the proposal accepted. The young man’s parent will send engagement gift (tanda betuang ) to the girl’s family as a token for their engagement.

a black sarong locally known as jamuh singot

a gold ring

some cash

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As a token of appreciation for the services of midwives and assistants, the family will slaughter and cook chicken to eat together as a mark of the birth. After eating, the midwives will be given a soil plate contain of rice, a little turmeric and dry coconut and cash for at least five dollars. The assistants are given the same wages except cash for only three dollars. After that, the confinement is carried out for seven day and seven night. During this period, only the midwife and assistants are allowed to enter the noble room to treat the mother and child.

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According to the Bidayuh’s believes, the norms of death is adapted from two brothers, Rijong and Buwah. The brothers taught them, mourning for the death will assist in calling the deceased dead relatives soul to come and bring the deceased soul to SIDANAH; place where elder souls go before being considered whether the soul goes to heaven or SIBAYAN.

Gawai celebration is being held for the purpose of remembering their deceased partners by presenting food to the soul of the deceased while they are mourning. The main purpose is to entertain the dead and to ensure God forgive them and bring them to heaven.

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The great majority of Bidayuh are now Christians, the majority of them being Roman Catholic.Almost 90% of the people of Bidayuh has changed their traditional name to English name since they converted to Christianity and many young indigenous Bidayuh people in Sarawak will never practice their ancestors ceremony any more and indirectly it has weaken their culture as indigenous people of Sarawak.

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In the past, the Bidayuhs wore the scary mask while dancing to chase away the crop pests and the bad spirit. They also hung the pieces of cloth in their house to preserve the village from evil influence. For Bidayuh, head hunting was a symbol of the warrior’s strength and bravery. The heads were placed above the fireplace in the middle of the house. The fire was believed to prevent the head’s spirit from bringing harm to the living. The Bidayuh of Bau have a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and left to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely done nowadays.

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For the Bidayuh community, music play an important role in every ritual they perform. Music serves to raise the spirit, drive out evil spirits. Music also plays a role in the motif of a notice of the ceremony conducted. Traditional Music Bidayuh community generally consists of a large gong, cymbal, drumand Tawak (a small gong). There are also other traditional instruments like the flute /reed flute and guitar. But this kind of musical instrument is about playing as a rather complex manufacturing process.

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The Bidayuh language can be divide into 3 major language that is Bukar-Sadong, Singai-Jagoi and Biatah. From this 3 major language it can be divided into many more complicated dialects. That is why although they share the same races, its hard to understand each other. Normally to communicate with each other from different ethnic groups, the Bidayuhians use "Bahsa sarawak" (Melayu Sarawak) Malays or English.

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The men wear a ‘tawuop’ or ‘tahup’ (long loin- cloth wrapped around the body with one end hanging down in front and the other at the back), the ” burang sumba” (headgear) and occasionally the “kima” (armlets).

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Avoid of stealing because the incoming baby will be a thief

Do not eat deer meat because it might cause anger to the baby and it will also bring difficulties in delivering process.

Do not go out during the twilight to avoid ghost disturbance or “umot sanja” which will disturb the baby.

Do not mix with anyone who has skin disease to prevent any infection which may lead to premature born.

Do not spike, tighten the band or clog any hole, fearing of the child will die on born.

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The Bidayuh’s crafts and uses spears, “Lembing, Tombak, Parang Ilang” Blowgun, “Jepur” amd Canons “Rira” for self defense during war. Other than that, items such as “parang, cangkul and sabit” is used for agricultural activities

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Dance:

The bidayuh dance are among “boris”,”Ngikar”, and “ngrinang” which will present from the music of tradition bidayuh known as “agung ensembles”.

“Ketua Gawai” is a Bidayuh maiden dress come from the tradition costume. The dress will be wear while performing the dance known as ”Dayung Boris”

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The traditional Bidayuh costume set for women comprises the short-sleeved or sleeveless blouse, ‘jomuh’ (skirt), and matching accessories such as the ‘selapai’ (sash), ‘pangiah’ (bead necklace), it is a very colourful rows of beads stitched/tied together with strings of nylon or small wires stripe. It is an ideal accessory for Bidayuh women which can be worn during official functions, cultural dinners and also for everyday use., ‘porik’ (copper/ metal belt) and ‘sipiah’ (headgear).

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The Bidayuh’s originated from the Western Kalimantan Indonesia before they migrate to Sarawak. The earliest settlement of Bidayuh’s was centred in:-

Kuching Territory

Ulu Padawan and Mikabuh Rabak

Bau Territory.

Bung Bratak, Drod Singai and Gunung Serembu

Lundu Territory.

Bung Bagak and Sedemak

This etnic was formally known as the “ Dayak Darat “, however, now it is famous as “Bidayuh”. The word “Bi” means “Rakyat” or People and the word “Dayuh” represents “Tanah” or Land. Thus, the word Bidayuh means “Orang Tanah” or the original people.

There is 29 groups of Bidayuh settled in Sarawak, which of 11 in Kuching territory, 5 in Bau Territory, 3 in Lundu Territory and 10 in the Serian Territory. According to the authority of Kuching, it is stated that there is around 96 villages in Kuching, 63 in Bau, 41 in Lundu and 135 in Serian.