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EAP March 2021

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This guide is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. It provides selected citation examples for common types of sources. For more detailed information consult directly a print copy of the style manual.

Keep track of your document references/citations and format your reference lists easily with citation management software.

Introduction

Tables and figures (includes images) follow similar set up and formatting. The guidelines below focus on common examples used by students for academic papers. For details on creating tables or figures for submission to journals or graduate theses, see APA's Tables and figures or consult the guide directly (Section 7, pp. 195–250).
Source:

https://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/cite-write/citation-style-guides/apa/tables-figures
Retrieved 16 March, 2021

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Tables and figures (includes images) follow similar set up and formatting. The guidelines below focus on common examples used by students for academic papers. For details on creating tables or figures for submission to journals or graduate theses, see APA's Tables and figures or consult the guide directly (Section 7, pp. 195-250).

Wondering if you can use that image you found online? Refer to SFU's Copyright and your coursework or the FAQ What is fair dealing? for guidelines on use.

All figures and tables must be mentioned in the text (a "callout") by their number. Do not refer to the table/figure using either "the table above" or "the figure below."

Assign table/figure # in the order as it appears, numbered consecutively, in your paper - not the figure # assigned to it in its original resource.

A note is added when further description, for example, definitions or copyright attribution, is necessary to explain the figure or table. Most student papers will require a general note for copyright attribution and acknowledgement whether it is reprinted or adapted from another source. Consult the guide directly for detailed instructions on formatting notes (Section 7.14, pp. 203-205).

For copyright attribution templates, consult Table 12.1 on page 390 of the guide (Section 12.18, pp. 389-390).

If permission is required for reprinting or adapting, at the end of the citation place: Reprinted with permission or Adapted with permission followed by a period.

All the sources must have a full bibliographic entry in your Reference List.

Review your figure/table against the appropriate checklist found only in the guide (Sections 7.20, Table, p. 206 and 7.35, Figure, p. 232).

Order of components

Above the figure/table

1. Write "Figure" or "Table" in bold font, flush left, followed by the number, for example, Figure 1.

2. Write the figure/table titleusing italic case below the figure/table number,

3. Double-space the figure/table number and title,

4. Embed image.

Below the figure/table

1. On a new line below the figure/table, flush left, place Note. Provide further details/explanation about the information in the figure/table only if necessary. State if material is reprinted or adapted-use "From" if reprinted or "Adapted from" if adapted. Followed directly by the copyright attribution-this is basically the same information as found in the reference list entry but in a different order.

2. Separate figure/table from the text with one blank double-spaced line.

Placement in paper

There are two options when using tables and figures in a student paper:

embed in the text after it is first mentioned or,

place on a separate page after the reference list (an appendix).

When embedding all figures and tables are aligned with the left margin.

All examples in this guide show embedded figures and tables.

Refer directly to the guide for more detailed notes on placement (Section 7.6, p. 198).

Figures

Figures include: images found online, maps, graphs, charts, drawings, and photographs, or any other illustration or non-textual depiction in printed or electronic resources.

See APA's Figure set up for detailed information on the basic components of a figure, principles of creation, and placement in papers with formatting requirements, or consult the guide directly (Section 7.22-7.36, pp. 225-250).

Review APA's guide for Accessible use of colour in table/figures for best practices.

Exact copy from a single source (aka reprinted)

The following example is when it is reproduced in your paper exactly as it appears in another source: Same format or state, no reconfiguration or new analysis.

Compiled from variety of sources

The following example is for citing a figure that you have created by compiling information from a variety of sources. For example, if you combined data from a database, a website , and a government report to create a new chart. Each source requires a copyright attribution in a general note and full bibliographic entry in the Reference List.

Images

See APA's Clip art or stock image references, Image with no attribution required, Image requires an attribution, or consult the guide directly (Section 12.14-12.18, pp. 384-390 ).

Citing but not reproducing the image? See Visual: Artwork in museum, PowerPoint slides, photographs, clipart/stock image, maps retrieved online in this guide for examples or consult the guide directly (Section 10.14, pp. 346-347).

Image with attribution

Reference list examples

Beletsky, Y. (2013). Three planets dance over La Silla [Photograph]. European Southern Observatory. https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1322a/

Euromonitor International. (2020). [Statistical data on market sizes of fresh food]. Passport. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://go.euromonitor.com/passport.html

FranceAgriMer. (2020, September). Consommation des produits carnes en 2019. https://www.franceagrimer.fr/content/download/64994/document/STA-VIA-Consommation%20des%20produits%20carn%C3%A9s%20en%202019.pdf

Natural Resources Institute Finland. (2020). Consumption of food commodities per capita by year and commodity [Statistics database]. http://statdb.luke.fi/PXWeb/sq/d1b368d7-9c07-4efd-b727-13e57db90ee6

Okemasim-Sicotte, D. R., Gingell, S., & Bouvier, R. (2018). Iskwewuk E-wichiwitochik. In K. Anderson, M. Campbell, & C. Belcourt (Eds.), Keetsahnak/Our missing and murdered Indigenous sisters (pp. 243-269). University of Alberta Press.

Irish, J. (2019). Sequoia National Park. [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/61-national-parks-photos/#/giant-tree-trail-sequoia-national-park.jpg

Drewes, W. (n.d.). Frog and insects (no.200). [Painting]. The Smithsonian Institution. https://www.si.edu/object/saam_1968.9.50

Comments

See the General Notes in this guide for help with creating citations with missing information, e.g. using a description if no title-see Euromonitor International in the reference list above.

For figures compiled from multiple sources, identify individual source information using the following format in the "From" statement: Note. The data for Country Name are from [copyright attribution according to source]. End each copyright attribution with a period.

Use author-date in-text citation when the data is transformed (reconfigured or reanalyzed) to produce different numbers. (Section 12.15 Data subsection, p. 385).

If work is published or read online, use live links-check with your instructor for their preference.

Tables are characterized by a row-column structure. See APA's Table set up for detailed information on the basic components of a table, principles of creation, and placement in papers with formatting requirements, or consult the guide directly (Section 7.8-7.21, pp. 199-224).

Exact copy from a single source (aka reprint)

The following example is when it is reproduced in your paper exactly as it appears in another source: Same format or state, no reconfiguration or new analysis.

Compiled from variety of sources

If you have compiled data from a variety of different sources and put it together to form your own table, you still need to cite where you got the information from. Each source requires a copyright attribution in a general note and full bibliographic entry in the Reference List.

Reference list examples

British Columbia Ministry of Health. (2019). Baby's most chosen names in British Columbia, 2019. https://connect.health.gov.bc.ca/babynames?year=2019

eHealth Saskatchewan. (2019). Most popular baby names for 2019. https://www.ehealthsask.ca/health-data/babynames/Pages/mostpopular2019.aspx

Government of Alberta. (2019). Alberta's top baby names. https://www.alberta.ca/top-baby-names.aspx

Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency. (2020). Annual report 2019-2020. https://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/pdf/2020_vs_annual_report_en.pdf

Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the "female" professions. Social Problems, 39(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096961

Comments

For tables compiled from multiple sources, in the "From" statement, identify each individual source information. e.g.: Note. The data for Country Name are from [copyright attribution according to source].End each copyright attribution with a period.

​If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, consumer information, etc...) in one table you would describe each set of data. e.g.: Note. Population figures for XYZ are from [copyright attribution according to source] and for ABC are from [copyright attribution according to source]. Data for pet ownership for XYZ are from [copyright attribution according to source] and for ABC are from [copyright attribution according to source]. End each copyright attribution with a period.

Use an author-date in-text citation when the data is transformed (reconfigured or reanalyzed) to produce different numbers. (Section 12.15 Data subsection, p. 385).

All the sources must have a full bibliographic entry in your Reference List even though the information in the Note field uses a lot of the same information.

If work is published or read online, APA recommends using live links-check with your instructor for their preference.

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Citing tables, figures & images: APA (7th ed.) citation guide | SFU Library

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Tables and figures (includes images) follow similar set up and formatting. The guidelines below focus on common examples used by students for academic papers. For details on creating tables or figures for submission to journals or graduate theses, see APA's Tables and figures or consult the guide directly (Section 7, pp.

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Student name:
Topic:
Thesis/aim of report:
Body paragraphs with main ideas:
Sources:

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BIKALPA - Week 1 research plan
Title: Causes and effects of stress and anxiety

INTRODUCTION
Thesis/Aim: This essay aims to explore some possible causes and effects of stress in the workplace

Body
PARAGRAPH 1: First of all, research indicates that poor working conditions can cause stress.
A. Workload (83% of workers suffer from work related stress)
(Milenkovic, M. 2019)
B. Understaffing (not having enough workers)
C. Physical environment/noise
https://www.smallbizgenius.net/by-the-numbers/workplace-stress-statistics/#gref
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5353523/

PARAGRAPH 2: Secondly, the type or nature of job can also cause stress and anxiety
A.  Dealing with clients
B.  Shifts/nights/travelling
C. High responsibility/demands

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5353523/
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/work-related-stress

PARAGRAPH 3: Life events are also believed to be another cause
A.  Work–life balance
B.  Family/personal issues
C.  Unexpected life events, sickness
https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress

PARAGRAPH 4: Stress and anxiety can have psychological effects
A. Feeling nervous, tense or fearful
B. Restlessness
C. Sleep problems/ Insomnia -78 percent pregnant women face insomia due to stress and anxiety (Nikolovska, H. 2019)
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://disturbmenot.co/insomnia-statistics/

PARAGRAPH 5: Stress and anxiety can so affect people physically
A. Dizziness
B. Feeling faint
C. Weakness                                (Leonard, J. 2018)
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php

PARAGRAPH 6: Stress and anxiety are found to be one of the most common reasons for sick leave.
A. 35 percent of the illnesses were linked to stress and anxiety
B. The UK loses around £15billion to annual sickness (Collis, H. 2013)
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2349574/Stress-anxiety-common-reasons-sick-leave--men-likely-longer-women.html

sources:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://disturbmenot.co/insomnia-statistics/
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2349574/Stress-anxiety-common-reasons-sick-leave--men-likely-longer-women.html
https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress
https://www.smallbizgenius.net/by-the-numbers/workplace-stress-statistics/#gref
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5353523/

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Suggested STEP-BY-STEP approach to your research report

Step 1: You have been given a general theme, within which you need to find a topic that both interests you and has enough information available.

Step 2: Surf the internet to find out what the issues or problems there are within this general theme. Follow some leads from Google (Google is the recommended search engine, as it …) by typing “Issues related to ‘general topic name’” and then exploring the links that come up. Scan them to see if you can find some of the main issues and see if any of them are of particular interest to you.

Step 3: After you have found a topic, it is necessary to start finding as much as you can to familiarise yourself with the topic. You need to use three to five different sources (well-known or reliable newspapers, government publications, journal articles, economic reports, official documents, factsheets, thesis papers etc.) in order to give a full report.

Step 4: When you have found three to five sources you feel contain enough useful information to refine your thesis statement.

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Selecting a topic

·  Some themes are listed below to help you, but you can also think of your own. You need to narrow it and find a topic related to that theme.
·  Once you have chosen a topic and done some research, you will need to develop your ‘thesis statement’; your teacher will help you to do this. The report should take the form of cause-effect or problem-solution.

Some suggested themes…
1.       Crowd funding

2.       Plastic pollution

3.       Food poisoning

4.       Food production

5.       Happiness and quality of life

6.       Decision making

7.       Time management

8.       Housing affordability

9.       Smartphone technology

10.   Online education

11.   Plastic packaging

12.   Social media and its impact on young people or children

13.   Social media and the workplace

14.   Free trade agreements

15.   International trade in your country

16.   Indoor pollution

17.   Screen-based technology

18.   Stress and anxiety

19.   Caffeine

20.   Antioxidants in foods

21.   Cyber bullying

22.   Mass production of food

23.   Academic honesty: problems and solutions

24.   Urbanisation: causes and effects

25.   Nuclear family: causes and effects

Some topics related to the theme of ‘Food’:
·           diets and weight loss programs
·           eating disorders or habits
·           food allergies
·           food safety and the FDA
·           food adulteration
·           religious dietary laws
·           malnutrition
·           nutrition labels
·           organic foods
·           food supplements
·           the weight loss industry
·           processed food
·           food poisoning/bacteria (e.g. E. Coli, salmonella)
·           pesticides
·           animal cruelty
·           vitamins
·           greenhouse gas emissions from meat production
·           food hygiene
·           carcinogenic foods
Sample thesis statement (overall aim of your report)
This report explores several causes of indoor pollution and the possible effects on human health.
Or
In light of this, the report aims to examine a number of problems with food packaging and suggest possible solutions to mitigate those problems.

And here are some good examples of research topics from past students

Challenges facing international students in Australia and possible solutions

Fine dust in Seoul, Korea: causes and effects

The possible causes and effects of urbanization in Shanghai

The tourism industry in Kathmandu, Nepal: Problems and Solutions

Depression among teenagers in Australia: problems and solutions

The possible dangers of Smartphone radiation and solutions to overcome them

Brain drain in Arabic countries: causes and effects

The possible causes and effects of lower-back pain

Plastic pollution in the Pacific ocean: problems and solutions

The causes and effects of the increase in immigrants in Sydney

The causes and effect of stress among young adults in India

E-commerce: possible problems and solutions

Food safety in Asia: problems and solutions

McDonald fast food chain: problems and solutions

The problems with homeless people in Australia and possible solutions

The problems with massage therapies in Indonesia

Child labour abuse in the fashion industry: problems and solutions

The causes and effects of euthanasia

Vivisection (the testing of products on animals) in the US: problems and solutions

The causes and effects of lower birth rates in Northern Europe

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Hi all,

Trust you are well.

Thanks for submitting your draft on turnitin and sending in your questions about it. One of the questions I have received is how to reduce the percentage of similarity if it is high.

Rest assured, it should be easy to do so. Here are some suggestions:
1. Make sure quotation marks "..." are used around every quote and the source is cited (using the author-date format). Try not to overuse direct quotes, however.
2. Paraphrase it by using synonyms, different word forms, or different word orders.
3. Summarise it by making the text become shorter and using only the keywords or key ideas.
4. Remove some of it.
5. Add more supporting points (using your own words to show how you understand the evidence).

Remember not all similarity is bad. A lot of common phrases such as the causes and effects of..., it is generally agreed that..., increase the rate of ...etc. are likely to be similar, so then it's my job to check and see if it is really a concern or not. In fact, a high index of similarity in your Reference List means you have followed the correct format!!! Also, remember the submission on turnitin is only for checking similarity (and possible plagiarism), not for marking. All in all, if you can keep the index to under 20% (excluding the bibliography/reference list), it would be great.

Send me more questions!

Jerry

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Hi all,

I trust you are doing well and keeping yourselves safe in these confusing and difficult times.

Thanks to those who have submitted their report on turnitin and managed to reduced the level of similarity to under 20% (excluding the references). Those who have not, please try to do this as soon as possible. Please log in turnitin.com using your username and password then attach your file (report).

Below are a few suggested steps you should take to ensure your report meets the requirements. The due date is extended to midnight tonight, Australian time.

Please let me know if you have any questions.

Kind regards

Jerry

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Lesson plan for today:
Once you have completed the work of Tuesday, you now can begin writing your notes.
* Find more sources for your research.

A journal article

A government publication

An official document from a well-known organisation (e.g. from a university or company)

A fact-sheet

A research report

Recent statistics (preferably less than 4 years since publication)

* Use note forms (e.g. symbols and abbreviations and short phrases) for note taking. Using phrases will not only help you paraphrase more easily but also understand your notes or key ideas better.

* Find more evidence for your research from your readings (e.g. examples, statistics, explanations, comparisons - w/ in-text citations)

* You might as well sign up for grammarly. It is free and is a great tool to help check your grammar and spelling mistakes.

* Save your work: create a back-up copy or email your work to yourself so as not to lose it.
* If you wish to print, only print out what is necessary or what you intend to use for your research. Paper can be requested at Reception.

See below a sample research outline.

Grammarly:
https://www.grammarly.com/proofreading?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIrPis9auR6AIVmIjVCh1-dQErEAAYASAAEgIwlvD_BwE

Sample research plan below
Topic: The causes and effects of the popularity of Starbucks Coffee in China

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Selecting a Source

When choosing sources, note that scholarly articles and books are considered appropriate for academic use, while other types of sources require further evaluation.  When evaluating research to use in an academic paper or professional documents, consider the following criteria.
Selecting Evidence from a Source

Statistics

Statistics refers to data collected such as numbers and percentages. Numbers may seem like hard facts, but they still must be considered and interpreted to know if they are useful and accurate.

Questions to ask:

Are the statistics recent? Statistics change over time.

Is the source of the statistics credible and unbiased? Don’t believe everything you read. Be skeptical first.

How do the statistics relate to your claim? Do they support the argument you are making?

Expert Opinion

An expert opinion refers to someone who is an expert on the topic and his or her conclusions or decisions about the topic. An example of an expert would be a heart doctor who is discussing heart health.

Questions to ask:

Is the person/organization an expert on this topic? Find out more about the person’s credentials.

Is the person/organization unbiased or do they have something to gain from their opinion? Be skeptical about why this person or organization is trying to persuade you.

Research Studies

Research studies refer to research that was done by a person or group to test a theory or to reach some conclusions about a research question.

Questions to ask:

How recent was this research study done? The data may change over time.

Who did this research study and are they credible and unbiased? Again, be skeptical first.

How does this research study relate to the claim you are making? Be sure it supports your specific claim and isn’t just related to your overall topic.

Historical Evidence

Historical evidence refers to a situation in the past that works to support a claim about a current situation. Or this evidence could also be a physical artifact that works to support a claim.

Questions to ask:

Is the historical situation similar enough to the current situation? It should be relevant and similar enough so that it supports your claim.

Is this historical event or artifact a single isolated occurrence? If so, is this information enough to support your claim? A single occurrence is likely not enough to establish efficient support.

Anecdotal Evidence

Anecdotes refer to personal stories about yourself or another person.

Questions to ask:

Is the anecdote a highly unlikely occurrence, or is it something that regularly occurs to others, too? A very isolated occurrence cannot act to support a claim. It needs to be common enough to show that it could continue to happen.

Is the anecdote similar enough to the situation you are writing about? Be sure there are no other factors at work that could have led to the anecdote.

Source: https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/choosing-best-sources-and-evidence

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The sources and evidence you select to use in an academic paper should be of a higher caliber than what you use in your daily life and need to be verifiable, accurate, objective and authoritative. Before integrating research into your paper, follow these guidelines to select the best sources and evidence from those sources to support the ideas in your paper.

Selecting a Source

When choosing sources, note that scholarly articles and books are considered appropriate for academic use, while other types of sources require further evaluation. When evaluating research to use in an academic paper or professional documents, consider the following criteria and apply the C.R.A.A.P. test.

C urrency: The timeliness of the information

As a general rule, choose sources published within the last five years when possible. While there are some exceptions to this rule, it is good practice to choose current sources to obtain the most up-to-date information about your topic.

Questions to ask:

Is this source current?

Does my topic require current information or will older resources work?

R elevance: The importance of the information to your needs

Sometimes a source may relate to your general topic, but not to the specific aspect that you are exploring. Choose sources that support the specific ideas you are addressing.

Questions to ask:

Is the source relevant to the specific aspect of my topic?

Is this source right for an adult and educated audience?

A uthority: The Source of the Information

Read an author's bio or a publication's "About Us" page to find out more information about an author or publication. A quick Internet search can also help you find out more information about the reliability of an author, organization, or publication. The URL can also provide insight into the source of information.

Questions to ask:

What are the author's credentials?

Is this organization or publication qualified to write on this topic?

What makes this author or organization reliable and credible?

A ccuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content

Use sources that contain verifiable facts to support the information provided. Look to see if the source includes citations that show where the author obtained the information used in the publication.

Questions to ask:

Is this information reliable and supported by evidence?

Is the information biased? Is the information factual or emotion-based?

Has the information been reviewed by other experts?

P urpose: The reason the information exists

Use sources that provide fact-based information rather than opinion-based information. Avoid biased materials that are tied to a commercial product or political campaign, for example. Avoid emotional arguments that are not supported by facts. It can be helpful to examine the advertisements (if any) or endorsements associated with the source to see if the publisher has something financial to gain by presenting the information.

Questions to ask:

What is the purpose of this information?

Is the author or organization biased and attempting to persuade the audience of his or her point of view?

Does the information attempt to sell you a product or ideology?

Does the author have something to gain by providing this information?

To view an interactive tutorial on choosing the best sources, view this library tutorial on Evaluating Sources.

Selecting Evidence from a Source

Now that you have credible and relevant sources, be sure to select the best evidence from these sources by evaluating and critiquing the evidence itself.

Here are the different types of evidence found in sources and questions to consider for each:

Statistics refers to data collected such as numbers and percentages. Numbers may seem like hard facts, but they still must be considered and interpreted to know if they are useful and accurate.

Questions to ask:

Are the statistics recent? Statistics change over time.

Is the source of the statistics credible and unbiased? Don't believe everything you read. Be skeptical first.

How do the statistics relate to your claim? Do they support the argument you are making?

An expert opinion refers to someone who is an expert on the topic and his or her conclusions or decisions about the topic. An example of an expert would be a heart doctor who is discussing heart health.

Questions to ask:

Is the person/organization an expert on this topic? Find out more about the person's credentials.

Is the person/organization unbiased or do they have something to gain from their opinion? Be skeptical about why this person or organization is trying to persuade you.

Research studies refer to research that was done by a person or group to test a theory or to reach some conclusions about a research question.

Questions to ask:

How recent was this research study done? The data may change over time.

Who did this research study and are they credible and unbiased? Again, be skeptical first.

How does this research study relate to the claim you are making? Be sure it supports your specific claim and isn't just related to your overall topic.

Historical evidence refers to a situation in the past that works to support a claim about a current situation. Or this evidence could also be a physical artifact that works to support a claim.

Questions to ask:

Is the historical situation similar enough to the current situation? It should be relevant and similar enough so that it supports your claim.

Is this historical event or artifact a single isolated occurrence? If so, is this information enough to support your claim? A single occurrence is likely not enough to establish efficient support.

Anecdotes refer to personal stories about yourself or another person.

Questions to ask:

Is the anecdote a highly unlikely occurrence, or is it something that regularly occurs to others, too? A very isolated occurrence cannot act to support a claim. It needs to be common enough to show that it could continue to happen.

Is the anecdote similar enough to the situation you are writing about? Be sure there are no other factors at work that could have led to the anecdote.

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The sources and evidence you select to use in an academic paper should be of a higher caliber than what you use in your daily life and need to be verifiable, accurate, objective and authoritative. Before integrating research into your paper, follow these guidelines to select the best sources and evidence from those sources to support the ideas in your paper.

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Topic : Vitamins D
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-d-deficiency-symptoms#section1
Introduction
Definition : Vitamins are substances that are very small quantities in food and are essential for the growth and maintenance of life in higher animal.
Background : It is undeniable that certain deficiency disorders can occur if there are no vitamins in the diet or are not properly absorbed in the body.
Hook :  However, according to Kamangar and Emadi (2012), the NHANES(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) collected the data that 40% up to 50% of elderly people has spent money on buying supplement between 2003 and 2006 in the United State. Surprisingly, in results from several studies, they found that vitamin supplements could be ineffective as well as harmful.
Thesis : In light of this, the report will examine the effects of vitamins as well as side effects, the symptoms of deficiency and sources of supply
Overview : This essay will look at 3 problems such as depression, bone loss and low immune system followed by 3 solutions.
Body paragraph 1
Topic sentence : Vitamins are essential nutrient because it fulfills hundred of parts in the body. They have many significant effects on the body.
Point 1 :
P 2 :
Body paragraph 2
Topic sentence : On the other hand, too much vitamins could be influenced in bad way.
Point 1 : First of all, people who have too much vitamin A will have health problems such as vomit, hair loss, unclear eyesight, and jaundice. Especially, for pregnant woman could birth who has impairment.
P 2 :
Body paragraph 1
Topic sentence : To tell the truth, vitamins are known as micro-nutrient because people need a small amount of vitamins. Nonetheless, if people do not gain those, all sorts of illnesses can be caused by lack of vitamins.
Point 1 : Healthdirect (2019) advocates the claim that a deficiency disease by vitamin A is rare which is blurred eyesight.
P 2 :
Concluding sentence :  It is important to know how many deficiency diseases there are to prevent them.
Body paragraph 2
(my opinion)
Topic sentence : According to Alexander(2019), researchers from West Virginia  University and Johns Hopkins studied 277 experiments and they commented that there is no evidence that people can live longer by taking in supplements regularly. So people should know how to absorb vitamins in daily life. Fortunately, there are so many different way to able to gain them.
P 1 :

P 2 :
Concluding sentence : Crowe(2016) states that people can take not enough vitamins recommended allowance by supplements. As a consequence, it is better to change one’s diet than take in supplements.
Conclusion
Restate essay argument : Although taking vitamins could be ineffective,
Summary of body paragraph :
closing statement : People should aim to satisfy through healthy diet included in food which is packed with vitamins.

https://www.britannica.com/science/vitamin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309636/
https://abcnews.go.com/Health/vitamins-minerals-fad-diets-dont-waste-money-study/story?id=64223678
https://theconversation.com/health-check-can-vitamins-supplement-a-poor-diet-62291
https://www.helpguide.org/harvard/vitamins-and-minerals.htm
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/vitamins
https://www.healthline.com/search?q1=vitamin
https://extension.colostate.edu/?s=vitamin&submit=

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Suggested plan for today:
Step 1: Read the information sheet below
Step 2: Choose a topic related to food (can choose from the list on p. 2)
Step 3: Use Google to find some issues related to the topic you have chosen
Step 4: Find some articles on the topic chosen
Step 5: Make a simple plan to summarise the main points

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Writing a research report
A research report can be based on practical work, research by reading or a study of an organisation or
industrial/workplace situation.
1.Preparing
Identify the purpose/the aims of the research/research question.
Identify the audience.– lecturer/supervisor/company/organization management/staff. The amount of background
included will vary depending on the knowledge of the “audience”.
2. Collecting and organising information
There are two main sources of information depending on the research task:
1. Reading — theory and other research
2. Research — experiments, data collection ‐ questionnaires, surveys, observation, interviews.
Organise and collate the information in a logical order. Make sure you record the bibliographic information of your
reading as you go along.
See Quick Tips on mind mapping techniques.
3. Planning
Before writing the report, prepare a detailed plan in outline form.
Consider the following :
Logical organisation
Information in a report must be organized logically. Communicate the main ideas followed by supporting details and
examples. Start with the more important or significant information and move on to the least important information .
Headings
Use headings and suitable sub headings to clearly show the different sections. In longer reports the sections should
be numbered .
4. Writing the report
1.
2.
3.
4.
Draft the report from your detailed plan.
Do not worry too much about the final form and language, but rather on presenting the ideas
coherently and logically.
Redraft and edit. Check that sections contain the required information and use suitable headings,
check ideas flow in a logical order and remove any unnecessary information.
Write in an academic style and tone.
•
Use a formal objective style.
•
Generally avoid personal pronouns; however, some reports based on your own field
experience or work placement can be reflective the first person can be used. For example, “I
observed..”. If in doubt about this, check with the lecturer.

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Baris 18/12/2019

topic:stress and anxiety
INTRODUCTION
Thesis/Aim; The essay aims to discuss the effects of stress and anxiety and suggests how to overcome from stress and anxiety
BODY
PARAGRAPH 1:Physical conditions can cause many problems.
A.Low energy
B.Insomnia:  People with insomnia are 28% more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes due to stress.
C.Rapid Heartbeat                                                                 (Healthline, 2019)
https://www.sane.org/information-stories/facts-and-guides/anxiety-disorder
https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/effects-on-body#1
https://disturbmenot.co/insomnia-statistics/
PARAGRAPH 2: Those problems can cause further problems.
A.Frequent colds and infections
B.Constipation: Approximately 900 persons die annually from diseases correlated                                                                                   with or related to constipation.
C. Upset stomach                                                          (Medicalnewstoday, 2017)
https://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/stress-symptoms-effects_of-stress-on-the-body#1
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2910654
PARAGRAPH 3: Mental problems are related to stress.
A.Irritability
B.Concentration
C.Mood swings      16% had self harmed and 32% said they had had suicidal
thoughts and feelings.                                                     (Facts and Statistics,2014)
https://www.healthline.com/health/emotional-symptoms-of-stress
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics/mental-health-statistics-stress
PARAGRAPH 4 :Some of the mental problems can be fatal as well.
A.Trauma
B.Compulsive behavior :      46% reported that they ate too much or ate unhealthily
due to stress.
C.Loss of memory   (Linda Mah, Claudia Szabuniewicz, Alexandra J. Fiocco. 2016)
https://www.healthline.com/health/emotional-symptoms-of-stress
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/3225
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160121121818.htm
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics/mental-health-statistics-stress
PARAGRAPH 5 : Consequences of stress and anxiety.
A.Loss of a job
B.Chronic illness or injury
C.Aging:    36% of women who felt high levels of stress related this to their comfort with their appearance and body image, compared to 23% of men.                                                                                       (Blumenthal, J. A., & Smith, P. J. 2016)
https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics/mental-health-statistics-stress
PARAGRAPH 6
CONCLUSION:Stress and anxiety can cause number of problems
A.Divorcing
B.Increase in financial obligations
C.Muscle tension
https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress#1
https://www.psycom.net/stress-vs-anxiety-difference

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SAMPLE NOTES: Starbucks in China (Cause-effect essay)

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SAMPLE NOTES: Starbucks in China (Cause-effect essay)

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Below are some sample notes in a research outline. Please have a look and use the format for your research plan.

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Topic: Communications problems facing international students in Australia
INTRODUCTION
Thesis/Aim: This essay aims to explore several communication problems facing many international students in Australia and suggest possible solutions to overcome those problems.

BODY
PARAGRAPH 1: Poor verbal skills can cause problems.
A. Limited vocabulary  (Smith 2016)
B. Pronunciation problems e.g difficult sounds, tone, voice, stress etc. (Lee, 2017)
C. Limited knowledge of grammar (Brown, 2015)

PARAGRAPH 2: Non-verbal differences can also cause many problems.
A. Eye contact and facial expressions (Lee, 2017)
B. Personal space (Victoria Student Guide, 2018)
C. Hand gestures (Kim, 2018)

PARAGRAPH 3: Students may also find it difficult to understand some native speakers.
A. Many native speakers tend to speak too fast (Lee, 2015)
B. They also often use many slang words and idioms (Smith, 2016)
C. Information gap can exist between local people and students (NSW Students Guide, 2017)
D. Local people may have a different mentality/way of thinking (Lee, 2015)

PARAGRAPH 4: (Solutions on) Students are advised to do the following.
A. Be open to new culture and confident in expressing their opinion (Lee, 2018)
B. Do research before coming to Australia (Peterson, 2017)
C. Need to know where to go to find help e.g. language support, student services, accommodation offices...  (Australian University Guide, 2018)
D. Make plans and keep improving English both on and off campus (Peterson, 2017)

PARAGRAPH 5: (Solutions) Colleges should also find more ways to help students.
A. Give plenty of information to new students (Australian Ministry of Education, 2017)
B. Organise more workshops and training sessions for new students (Brown, 2018)
C. Communicate with other colleges (Lee, 2015)
D. Organise cultural exchange programmes between old and new students or between local and international students (Smith, 2016)

CONCLUSION

References

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https://policies.une.edu.au/view.current.php?id=00220

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Useful structures:
1. As can be seen from Figure 1, there was a dramatic increase in the number of sales between 2010-2015.
2. As shown in Figure 2, the number fluctuated in the first 6 months, then fell rapidly in the second half of the year.
3. Figure 3 illustrates the total amount of waste from factories into the river which was linked to a number of health problems among the local people.

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1. Plastic waste in the ocean: problems and solutions (Atiqa)
2. Problems with diabetes and possible solutions  (Ki)
3. Causes and effects of Smartphone radiation (Mohammed)
4. Depression and anxiety among students: problems and solutions (Dewi)
5. Causes and effects of alcoholism (Tensi)
6. Problems with and solutions for plastic pollution (Sinyu)
7. Procrastination among students: problems and solutions (Sharon)
8. Challenges facing international students in Australia and possible solutions (Bina)
9. Causes and effects of skin cancer in Australia (Chhunu)
10.  Gender marking in English job titles: causes and effects (Wedyan)
11. Health problems caused by zero gravity: problems and solutions (Shuei) (Shuei)

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Selecting a topic

·  Some themes are listed below to help you, but you can also think of your own. You need to narrow it and find a topic related to that theme.
·  Once you have chosen a topic and done some research, you will need to develop your ‘thesis statement’; your teacher will help you to do this. The report should take the form of cause-effect or problem-solution.

Some suggested themes…
1.       Smartphone radiation: causes and effects
2.       Plastic waste: problems and solutions
3.      Gender equality: problems and solutions
4.       Screen-based technology
5.       Stress and anxiety
6.       International students
7.       Caffeine
8.       Antioxidants
9.       Cyber bullying
10.   Mass production of food
11.   Indoor air pollution
12.   Causes and effects of depression among young adults

13.   Mass-produced food: problems and solutions

14.   Academic honesty: problems and solutions

17.   Urbanisation: causes and effects

18.   Nuclear family: causes and effects

Some topics related to the theme of ‘Food’:
·           diets and weight loss programs
·           eating disorders or habits
·           food allergies
·           food safety and the FDA
·           alcohol
·           religious dietary laws
·           malnutrition
·           nutrition labels
·           organic foods
·           food supplements
·           the weight loss industry
·           processed food
·           food poisoning/bacteria (e.g. E. Coli, salmonella)
·           pesticides
·           animal cruelty
·           vitamins
·           greenhouse gas emissions from meat production
·           food hygiene
·           carcinogenic foods
Sample thesis statement (overall aim of your report)
This report explores several causes of indoor pollution and the possible effects on human health.
Or
In light of this, the report aims to examine a number of problems with food packaging and suggest possible solutions to mitigate those problems.

And here are some good examples of research topics from past students

Challenges facing international students in Australia and possible solutions

Fine dust in Korea: causes and effects

The possible causes and effects of urbanization in Shanghai

The tourism industry in Nepal: Problems and Solutions

Depression among teenagers in Australia: problems and solutions

The possible dangers of Smartphone radiation and solutions to overcome them

Brain drain in Arabic countries: causes and effects

The possible causes and effects of lower-back pain

Plastic pollution: problems and solutions

The causes and effects of the increase in immigrants in Sydney

The causes and effect of stress among young adults in India

E-commerce: possible problems and solutions

Food safety in Asia: problems and solutions

McDonald fast food chain: problems and solutions

The problems with homeless people in Australia and possible solutions

The problems with massage therapies in Indonesia

Child labour abuse in Bangladesh: problems and solutions

The causes and effects of euthanasia

Vivisection (the testing of products on animals) in the US: problems and solutions

The causes and effects of lower birth rates in Europe

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Suggested STEP-BY-STEP approach to your research report

Step 1: You have been given a general theme, within which you need to find a topic that both interests you and has enough information available.

Step 2: Surf the internet to find out what the issues or problems there are within this general theme. Follow some leads from Google (Google is the recommended search engine, as it …) by typing “Issues related to ‘general topic name’” and then exploring the links that come up. Scan them to see if you can find some of the main issues and see if any of them are of particular interest to you.

Step 3: After you have found a topic, it is necessary to start finding as much as you can to familiarise yourself with the topic. You need to use three to five different sources (newspapers, government publications, thesis papers etc.) in order to give a full report.

Step 4: When you have found three to five sources you feel contain enough useful information to refine your thesis statement.

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When you pick your topic, it's not set in stone. Picking and adjusting your topic is an integral part of the research process!
Here's one strategy for developing a research topic once you have a broad topic in mind:

Background research will help you develop your topic and hone or change it in more appropriate ways. Knowing more about your topic's background can only help you develop a more effective topic, and therefore, research paper.

Brainstorm concepts. Once you think of a broad topic that interests you, try to brainstorm all of the words or concepts you can that might be related to that topic (and write them down!). For example, if your topic is "polar bears," you might think of the following words and topics in association: ice, cubs, pollution, hunting, diet, climate change, and environmental icon.

Develop a research question. Once you have come up with a broad topic and done some background research, you may want to develop a research question, or a question you're going to answer in your paper by doing more, in-depth research.

What's your general approach to the topic? Think about some general approaches that may help you further develop your topic: use a historical angle by focusing on a particular time period; a geographical angle, focusing on a particular part of the world; or a sociological angle, focusing on a particular group of people.

Start doing some exploratory, in-depth research. As you do more in-depth research, like looking for scholarly articles, books, and other sources to include in your paper, you can and probably will modify or refine your topic based on what you find.

Research is a dynamic process. Don't be afraid to discover new things and modify or refine your topic.

The topic development process will help you to develop your thesis, which is essentially your proposed answer to your research question. You will then be ready to use the sources you've found, and find more sources in order to support that thesis, or to answer your research question.

Resources that can help you develop your topic:

Your instructor, course readings, class notes, online databases and Google can all be helpful in terms of getting ideas for broad topics.

A research guide created by your lecturer or institution is great for helping you choose where to begin your research. These guides will identify encyclopedias, books, databases, and other materials to help you get started with research. You can also ask a librarian for help.

Online library resources can help you come up with topic ideas because they provide great overviews and introductions to topics. You can find links to these kinds of resources by asking your lecturer or librarians. These will probably not be scholarly sources you can use in your paper, but they may lead you to more in-depth, scholarly resources that you will want to use in your paper.

(adapted from https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/narrowtopic)

And here is a video on how to narrow your research topic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=19&v=Q0B3Gjlu-1o

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Research report: Finding keywords in your research

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Research report: Finding keywords in your research

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Your topic seemed so great! So why can't you find any information on it? If you're looking for an all-in-one source that addresses your topic perfectly, you might need a different approach.

Spend a moment to watch the video below on what makes a good source and  how to find sources for your research.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2VR5adTjeM

Once you have finished reading and watching the videos, make a list of at least 10 keywords and research terms of your report below.
E.g.:
Topic: The fast food industry: problems and solutions
Key words and research terms:
1. harmful effects
2. health issues
3. environmental problems related to fast food
4. fast food factsheets
5. fast food consumption national statistics
6. medical problems and fast food
7. health journals on fast food and junk food
8. fast food chains
9. consumer trends in (Asia, India, Australia....)
10. government publications/announcements/notices on fast food
11. suggestions/solutions/recommendations for the fast food industry

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Academic honesty: What is it and how important is it in your studies?

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Academic honesty: What is it and how important is it in your studies?

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What is it and how important is it in your studies?
When you act with academic integrity, you are also acting with academic honesty. At university, behaving with academic honesty means doing your own work even if you find the work challenging. This means that you do not try to benefit academically by misleading or being unfair to others.
Answers can be found in the video in the link below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wvXEAO4Q44

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EAP Research report: First Draft format and guidelines

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EAP Research report: First Draft format and guidelines

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First draft of report (30%)

In class assessment – test conditions

Length 500-700 words

Time: 2 hours

Students use the plan and references from outline to write introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion

This is a handwritten task completed in class

Assessment of this task focuses on:

the adaption of plan and notes into extended writing

paraphrasing

use of sources and citation

clear organisation of ideas and key points with correct linkers

body paragraph and conclusion structure

use of grammar and vocabulary

academic style – hedging

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Final Report submission (50%)

Length 500-700 words

Students use their first draft to complete their final report. Topic, thesis statement and references cannot change from first draft.

Students hand in typed report and submit to Turnitin.

Like first draft, assessment of this task focuses on:

paraphrasing

use of sources and citation

clear organisation of ideas and key points with correct linkers

body paragraph and conclusion structure

use of grammar and vocabulary

academic style - hedging

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Topic:Food poisoning
INTRODUCTION
Definition: The possible causes and effects of food poisoning on human health.
Background:It is an undeniable fact the vast majority of people suffer from poisoning related to food in the past decades. In particular, in children life.
Thesis/Aim; The essay aims to examine the possible causes of food poisoning and effects on human health.
Overview:The essay will look predominantly at two aspects: sea food diseases and fatal diseases on human health.
BODY
PARAGRAPH 1:Food poisoning can be caused by excessive ethanol consumption or gases and smokes also other toxic substances.
A.Smoke inhalation:Inhaling harmful smoke can inflame your lungs and airway, causing them to swell and block oxygen. This can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and respiratory failure. Smoke inhalation commonly happens when you get trapped in a contained area, such as a kitchen or home, near a fire.
B.Alcohol consumption:An average of 6 people die of alcohol poisoning each day in the US. 76% of alcohol poisoning deaths are among adults ages 35 to 64. About 76% of those who die from alcohol poisoning are men.Jan 6, 2015
PARAGRAPH 2: There are several causes of poisoning which are caused by nature itself such as plants.
A.Pesticides:It has been estimated that 3 million cases of severe acute pesticide poisonings occur each year globally, resulting in 220,000 deaths annually, and that 99% of these deaths occur in the developing world.
B.Plants and mushrooms:According to the AAPCC (American Association of Poison Control Centers) annual report(which only includes cases in their system): 1 person died from a poisonous mushroom and 2 people died from poisonous plants in 2010.   The numbers increased in 2011 and in 2012 they have on record that 7 people died from poisonous mushrooms and 2 people died from poisonous plants.
C.Poisonous animals:Every year in the U.S., there are 75 million cases of food poisoning, and 5,000 of these cases are fatal. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that 70 percent of food poisoning is caused by contaminated animal flesh.
PARAGRAPH 3: In addition to that, food poisoning can be caused by variety of things.
A.Sea food: Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most common food-borne illnesses related to seafood consumption. While CFP has been known for centuries, its true incidence remains unclear; few years ago, it was estimated that 10000–50000 people per year suffer from this illness.
B.Pasteurization:At least one child younger than 5 was involved in 59% of the raw milk outbreaks reported to CDC from 2007 through 2012. Children aged 1 to 4 years accounted for 38% of Salmonella illnesses in these outbreaks and 28% of illnesses caused by Shiva toxin-producing E. coli, which can cause kidney failure and death.
C.Cooking methods:
PARAGRAPH 4 Food poisoning is correlated with severe medical symptoms for instance,
A.Abdominal cramps: In about one-third of patients the underlying cause of abdominal pain cannot be specified. The most common etiologies are gastroenteritis (7.2–18.7%), irritable bowel disease (2.6–13.2%), urological cause (5.3%) and gastritis (5.2%).
B.Diarrhea:Diarrhea kills 2,195 children every day—more than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. Diarrhea  diseases account for 1 in 9 child deaths worldwide, making diarrhea the second leading cause of death among children under the age of 5.
C.Vomiting:The most common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Although it's quite uncomfortable, food poisoning isn't unusual. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 1 in 6 Americans will contract some form of food poisoning every year.
PARAGRAPH 5 :Some of the problems can be fatal as well in human life. To take an example,
A.Cholera:Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Researchers have estimated that every year, there are roughly 1.3 to 4.0 million cases, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera (1).

B.Salmonella:In Australia, most Salmonella infections occur after eating contaminated food but also sometimes after contact with another person with the infection. Over 2000 cases of Salmonella infection are reported in Queensland each year.
PARAGRAPH 6 :CONCLUSION/ appropriate linker
References

Selner, M., Yu, W., & Watson, K. (2017). FOOD  POISONING. Healthline.                Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/food-poisoning#treatment
https://www.webmd./food-recipes/food-poisoning/understanding-food-poisoning-basic
Muller, D., & Desel, H. (2013). Common Causes of Poisoning: Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Deustches Arzteblatt International, 110(41), pp.690-700. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3813891/

https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/smoke_inhalation_is_the_most_common_cause_of_death_in_house_fires
https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/alcohol-poisoning-deaths/index.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/pesticide-poisoning
http://eattheplanet.org/how-many-people-die-foraging-plants-and-mushrooms-in-the-us-each-year/
https://www.peta.org/living/food/meat-contamination/
https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/CFP/en/
https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/rawmilk/raw-milk-questions-and-answers.html
https://academic.oup.com/fampra/article/31/5/517/537129
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html
https://www.healthline.com/health/food-poisoning
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera
http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/14/33/124/Salmonella-infection-salmonellosis
Longhurst,A.S. (2018).  YOU OR SOMEONE YOU KNOW MAY HAVE BREATHED IN TOO MUCH SMOKE. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/smoke-inhalation
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety

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Title: Cause and effects of stress and anxiety

INTRODUCTION
Thesis/Aim; This essay aims to explore possible causes and effects of stress from work.

Body
PARAGRAPH 1: Working Conditions can cause stress
A. Workload
B. Understaffed
C. Physical environment/noise

PARAGRAPH 2: Type/nature of job can also cause stress and anxiety
A.  Dealing with clients
B.  Shifts/nights/travelling
C. High responsibility/demandsTopic: Causes of stress in work

PARAGRAPH 3: Life events
A.  Work–life balance
B.  Family/personal issues
C.  Unexpected life events, sickness

PARAGRAPH 4: Stress and Anxiety effects Psychologically
A. Feeling nervous, tense or fearful
B. Restlessness
C. Sleep problems/ Insomnia

PARAGRAPH 5: Stress and Anxiety effects Physically
A. Dizziness
B. Feeling faint
C. Weakness

PARAGRAPH 6: Stress and Anxiety are the most common reason for sick leave.
A. 35 percent of the illnesses were linked to stress and anxiety (Hellen Collis 2013)
B. The UK loses around £15billion to annual sickness

sources:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5353523/
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322510.php
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2349574/Stress-anxiety-common-reasons-sick-leave--men-likely-longer-women.html
https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855.php
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323456.php
https://www.healthline.com/health/stress-and-anxiety
https://www.healthline.com/health/emotional-symptoms-of-stress