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when the quarterback throws the ball it spins 600 hundred times per minute

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With the Ping Pong Catapult from the Science Buddies Store, you can turn an investigation of football flight patterns into a fun indoor game. The Ping Pong Catapult won't help you perfect your on-field spiral, and you won't be able to evaluate the difference in how balls thrown by right-handed or left-handed quarterbacks fly, but with this cool tool, you can do a fun football kicking experiment.

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In football when the QB throws the ball it spins 600 times per minute and gravity pulls the nose down so it can move in the air

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With the Ping Pong Catapult from the Science Buddies Store, you can turn an investigation of football flight patterns into a fun indoor game. The Ping Pong Catapult won't help you perfect your on-field spiral, and you won't be able to evaluate the difference in how balls thrown by right-handed or left-handed quarterbacks fly, but with this cool tool, you can do a fun football kicking experiment.

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we all use technology in every way
technology relates to science by

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As a huge basketball fan, I had always been interested in science behind basketball. Basketball as one of the biggest sports in the world is far more than a simple activity people have fun with and play together, there are also science behind every subtle detail. My last writing was about how a shooting form could influence one's shot, but I want to discuss more than just the form but the mechanics and the science that lie underneath the process of shooting.

According to Dr. Gintaras Duda, the physics professor at Creighton University, if you would like to shoot a perfect three pointer, the ball must be released at at least 33 degrees from you hand when the ball leaves the basket for a slight chance to hit a shot. However, suppose an individual" shot a ball with an arc of 45 degrees , with the speed of just under 20 miles per hour and two revolutions per second of spin, at 20.9 feet from the basket," they player would very likely hit a perfect three point shot. Although he does not understand the game well enough, he still gave an incredibly helpful information. In order to make a shot, the arc of releasing a ball must be above 33 degrees. This finding suggests that shooting a good a three pointers had a lot to do with the releasing arc.

Speed is also a great factor while shooting the ball. Speed does not only imply how fast the ball goes but also suggest the distance it would travel . Using all time three point shooter Ray Allen as an example, this person explained the physics behind shooting a perfect three pointer like Ray with a series of calculation . Although this study had seem impractical to apply to reality, it quantified the process and also showed that the highest point Ray Allen's three point shot reached was 4.195 meters which is 13.76 feet in the air. Therefore further supporting the hypothesis that the arc of releasing a ball is vital to a three point shot.

Putting a backspin on a ball while releasing it could also help improve the chance of making a shot. According to the book The physics of Basketball, the author John Fontanella pointed out that the backspin one puts on the ball while releasing it allows the ball to travel the slowest possible speed in the air and a less violent rebound when it hits the board or the rim. This suggest that while taking a shot putting spins on the ball is essential and has greater chance of going in compare to a shot that has no spin at all, also known as the 'knuckle ball'.

One has to keep in mind while shooting a ball, strength is the most important factor as well. According to Newton's third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a player is shooting a ball, he would apply force to the ground and force would apply back to him so he could jump. As him jump, the force that let him jump also apply to the ball therefore allowing him to shoot the ball with that force. In other words, the more force a player puts on the ground, the more force would be apply to the ball. Therefore, in order to shoot a ball well and consistent, lower body power matters as much as the upper body. The stronger you are, the more likely you are able to send the ball in a higher point and faster speed, therefore could help improve the accuracy of the shot.

In sum, shooting a ball well in basketball is not as simple as it looks on TV, it requires loads of practices to help one's muscle adjusting to a certain extent so that they could knock down shots after shots. Science also helps basketball training easier since it could help people to understand the game better.

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SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy

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As a huge basketball fan, I had always been interested in science behind basketball. Basketball as one of the biggest sports in the world is far more than a simple activity people have fun with and play together, there are also science behind every subtle detail.

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I like to play soccer. and soccer includes motion,physics, and speed of play when you kick the ball you use all your force to kick the ball.

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Soccer is a sport that requires speed, strength, endurance and strategy, but it seems that good ball control in soccer requires also good grasp on physics. In this article, I will present a few basic laws in physics, and will show how these laws are reflected in soccer. Some of the facts may seem a bit trivial, but no one said physics lacks logic.

According to Newton's first law, if no force is applied to a ball, it will continue moving at the same speed and direction as it did before. When we put the ball on the grass it stays in its place, namely it stays in zero motion since no force is applied to it. However, after we kick the ball, it will continue moving in the direction we kicked at. Its speed will drop gradually, due to friction (a force applied to the ball in the opposite direction to its motion), but the direction of its motion will remain the same.

According to Newton's second law, a force applied to an object changes that object's acceleration-namely, the rate at which the speed of the object changes. When we kick the ball, the force we apply to it causes it to accelerate from a speed of 0 to a speed of dozens of kilometers per hour. When the ball is released from the foot, it begins to decelerate (negative acceleration) due to the force of friction that is exerted upon it (as we observed in the previous example). If we were to kick a ball in outer space, where there is no friction, it would accelerate during the kick, and then continue moving at a constant speed in the direction that we kicked at, until it hits some other object or another force is applied to it.

Two things happen when we pass a ball by kicking it with the side of the shoe. On one hand, our ability to provide the ball with a strong momentum that will drive it to a far distance is relatively limited. On the other hand, we restrain the ball with our whole foot so that it cannot escape, causing it to move in the direction we were aiming at. When we toe-kick a ball, however, the kick is stronger but less accurate.

The problem with the toe kick is that we give the ball a powerful strike on a small surface area - our toe. Whoever tried to play soccer barefoot on the beach clearly remembers it to be a painful experience.

The difference between the toe kick and the side kick resembles the difference between stepping on a single nail and laying on a bed of nails. In the first scenario, the force of our weight is focused in one spot; while in the second, it is distributed over a large area, which is less painful.

Of course it is! Kicking at the center of the ball will send it moving in a straight line, and it will roll on the grass until friction causes it to stop. Kicking at any other area of the ball will cause it to spin on its axis, according to the location of the kick. Kicking at the top part will cause the ball to spin forward, and kicking at the bottom part will cause it to spin backward. In any case, within a short time, the force of friction exerted upon the ball by the grass will cause it to spin forward.

What is even more interesting is what happens when we kick the ball at its side- it begins to spin around in its place according to the location of the kick. If we kick the ball at the side and a bit towards the bottom, a wonderful thing happens: The ball rises up in the air while spinning on its own axis. In the beginning it will fly exactly in the direction of the kick, and as it slows down due to friction with the air, the spinning motion will cause the air on one side to move faster than that on the other side. The ball will then change its direction and will turn either left or right, depending on the side we kicked the ball at. This is called the Magnus effect, more commonly known as a "banana kick".

Another example for this is given by a player in another game: In what seems a nearly impossible move, a ball kicked from the side of the field, at an angle of almost 180 degrees with the goal, still manages to get in. In this case, as before, the player kicked the ball very strongly, with a side spin, which turned an almost completely flat kick into a banana kick that scored him a goal.

Sadly no. No matter how strong and acurate the kick is, as the ball moves through the air the friction slows it down, causing the radius of the turn to become smaller and smaller. The ball can theoretically go in smaller and smaller circles, but in order to do that it has to spin extremely fast around its axis. much faster than any human play can kick it..

According to Newton's second law of motion, a force applied to an object causes it to accelerate. Once the force is no longer applied it stops, and a force opposite to the direction of motion causes the object to decelerate. When a player kicks the ball high, he applies a force on the ball that causes it to accelerate to a high speed. The moment the ball leaves the foot, it stops accelerating, and from this point forward only two forces are exerted upon it: the friction with the air, which slows the ball's motion, and gravity, which pulls it down.

As the ball moves, it slows and falls down. In order for the ball to enter the goal without falling to the grass, it needs to be kicked high enough for it to reach the goal above grass level. This means that what you see in cartoons, with a player kicking a ball strong and forward across half of the field, is a very complicated task to perform.

When I want to pass a ball on, what would happen if I kick the ball straight towards the third player, without stopping the ball first? The ball would continue moving in the direction that the player who passed it to me was kicking towards, and the additional force I would apply to it would cause it to slightly shift diagonally, ending up somewhere between its original path and the location of the third player.

Conversely, If I were to kick the ball diagonally in the direction of the player who passed it to me, the sum of directions would cancel out, and the ball would move straight towards the direction I was aiming at. Another option, of course, is to simply stop the ball and the pass it on. This is demonstrated in the following illustration.

Energy is the potential to create work or force, which is manifested in motion, heat, etc. Energy never disappears, but rather transfers from one object to another, and from form to form (from motion to heat and so on). As the ball reaches the goalie at a high speed, he has two options - either catch the ball with his two hands and block it with his body, or parry it with his hand.

The ball reaches the goal with a large amount of energy of motion. Due to the law of energy conservation, that energy cannot be lost, but must transfer onto another object or transform into a different form of energy. Due to the high energy of the ball, parrying it with the hand might be a painful experience, since the energy of the ball is absorbed in the palm of the hand (a small area), and some of it is reflected back onto the ball when it is released in another direction. For this reason, many goalies prefer parrying the ball with their fist- it is simply much less painful.

In contrast, when a goalie catches the ball, he stops it with his body and absorbs its energy, and with a strong enough kick, he will be pushed back. For this reason, goalies sometimes lay on the ball or roll with it- this way they have better control over the large amount of energy coming with the ball, thus preventing it from entering the goal.

In contrast to other ball games, soccer is played on grass. Grass is a very smooth surface, but also one that generates a lot of friction with the ball. As the ball rolls on it, the grass stems rub against it and slow it down. If it were an asphalt or parquetry field, it would be a completely different picture. The players, however, are much less affected by the grass, and even encounter the opposite problem: they might slip on the grass. The cleats in the shoes stick thesoccer players' feet into the grass, and prevent them from slipping.

This is not the only role the cleats play. Since the cleats stick into the ground instead of having the entire foot step on it, they allow the players to run faster. The same goes for the cheetah, which sticks its claws into the ground, running almost on its nails. This reduces the cheetah's friction with the ground, allowing it to spring forward.

Finally, according to Newton's third law, every force has a force that is equal to it in the opposing direction. This is what prevents us from sinking into the ground when we stand on it, helps us run with cleats, and what causes a ball to become squashed as it hits a player in the face. That looks like it has got to hurt, right?

Davidson Institute of Science Education

Weizmann Institute of Science

Article translated from Hebrew by Elee Shimshoni, PhD student at the Weizmann Institute of Science.

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Soccer is a sport that requires speed, strength, endurance and strategy, but it seems that good ball control in soccer requires also good grasp on physics. In this article, I will present a few basic laws in physics, and will show how these laws are reflected in soccer.

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I love to play basketball. And the science behind shooting a good shot is to shoot the ball with an arc of 45 degrees, and and with a speed of just under 20 mph and two revolutions per second of spin, at 20.9 feet from the basket. "The player would just have a perfect shot".

https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/09/13/the-science-behind-shooting-a-basketball/

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Astrophysics is a type of science that studies the physics of celestial  objects and rockets. This requires a lot of understanding in both mathematics and science.

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What's the difference between astronomy and astrophysics? (Intermediate)

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Are they the same thing? If not, which should I choose to study?
Technically speaking, astronomy is the science of measuring the positions and characteristics of heavenly bodies, and astrophysics is the application of physics to understand astronomy. However, nowadays, the two terms are more or less interchangeable since all astronomers use physics to understand their findings.
This answer was last updated on June 18, 2015.

About the Author

Britt studies the rings of Saturn. She got her PhD from Cornell in 2006 and is now a Professor at Beloit College in Wisconson.

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What's the difference between astronomy and astrophysics? (Intermediate)

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(Intermediate) >" onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;" rel="nofollow"> Are they the same thing? If not, which should I choose to study? Technically speaking, astronomy is the science of measuring the positions and characteristics of heavenly bodies, and astrophysics is the application of physics to understand astronomy.

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Soccer relates to science in many ways, for example physics which involves friction and aerodynamics. In newtons laws of physics it explains on unbalance force. A unbalance force can be wind, gravity, or any moving object in soccer a unbalance force is usually the players foot the reason why the ball stops is because the friction of the Earths gravitational pull. Soccer also relates to Newton's 2, 3rd and   Momentum law.That is how I can relate to science.

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Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object projected into the air at an angle with the horizontal. As you can see in the animation above, when the ball is being kicked by the soccer player the ball reaches it max and come right down (the movement when being drawn out is like a parabola).

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Volleyball consists of gravity, when we play volleyball when you serve or spike the ball you need the ball to come back. We need to be able to keep the ball in the air to play the sport. With there being gravity one of the six players on the court have to use their adrenaline to help keep the ball up in the air to continue the play. In volleyball we use the term "work: to keep the displacement of an object due to force."  We also have to use velocity in the game of volleyball. We have to use the velocity to find the ball or where it is heading or where it should be. And to find the placement for the ball on the other side.

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I played volleyball all four years of high school. I've learned all of the fundamentals and basics that go into playing the game. There are three basic movements that are the most important in the sport, and all of them incorporate science, specifically physics, in one way or another. Each player must be capable of bumping, setting, and spiking. If the player recognizes how physics plays a role, he or she could use it to their advantage and improve his or her abilities on the court. Therefore, I am going to explain the exact role that it plays and hopefully give insight to better one's game.

Of course, there is gravity which is constantly present. Gravity impacts the movement of the volleyball throughout the entire game. For example, when a player serves the ball, it starts to descend once it crosses the net because gravity is forcing it downwards. There are several techniques that can be used to help gravity bring the ball down faster. A top spin serve allows for the ball to fall down faster. It is done by flicking the wrist thus creating a top spin which forces the ball downwards. A top spin generally produces a faster serve making it harder for the other team to retrieve it. Therefore, science could greatly influence the players' skills for the better if they paid more attention to it.

Each player needs to be able to pass to keep the ball alive after it is served. Gravity will keep bringing the ball back towards the ground. Someone has to exert enough force to keep the ball in the air long enough to be set by another teammate before gravity pulls it down again. Spiking is the most effective because it works together with gravity to produce a powerful downward force towards the opponent much like serving if done so appropriately. In other words, it is important to know how gravity works and the effect it will have on the ball as one plays volleyball.

There are several other scientific components that are present in volleyball such as work and velocity. Work is defined as the displacement of an object due to force. The corresponding equation being work = force * distance. Therefore, when one of the players comes in contact with the volleyball, the work would be how much force is exerted from the player and how far the ball travels as a result. Passing is one of the most basic concepts yet involves many aspects of science. Velocity is the speed of the movement, and it is calculated by using the equation velocity = displacement/time. A person would calculate this to determine the velocity at which the volleyball travels after being served or spiked. A higher velocity means that the volleyball is traveling faster and as a result more difficult to return.

To conclude, science is occurring all around us. There are so many athletes in the world that play sports, but more than likely they do not realize the importance that science has in the game and the impact that it has. The question is whether or not there is a direct correlation between the amount of science knowledge that a person has and his or her ability in the game. If players become more informed on the sciences behind the sport, they should know the best moves to make to win.

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SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy

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I played volleyball all four years of high school. I've learned all of the fundamentals and basics that go into playing the game. There are three basic movements that are the most important in the sport, and all of them incorporate science, specifically physics, in one way or another.

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Video games improve hand eye coordination multitasking and switch which part of the brain is mostly used for processing information

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Parents, the next time you fret that your child is wasting too much time playing video games, consider new research suggesting that video gaming may have real-world benefits for your child's developing brain.

Daphne Bavelier is professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester. She studies young people playing action video games. Having now conducted more than 20 studies on the topic, Bavelier says, "It turns out that action video games are far from mindless."

Her studies show that video gamers show improved skills in vision, attention and certain aspects of cognition. And these skills are not just gaming skills, but real-world skills. They perform better than non-gamers on certain tests of attention, speed, accuracy, vision and multitasking, says Bavelier.
Seeing Shades Of Gray
Vision, for example, is improved in gamers. Specifically, the kind of vision called "contrast sensitivity," that is, the ability to see subtle shades of gray.

"And this is a skill that comes in very handy if you're driving in fog," Bavelier says. "Seeing the car ahead of you is determined by your contrast sensitivity." Skilled gamers also are able to see smaller type size than non-gamers on vision tests.

But Bavelier wanted to know which came first: Is better vision caused by playing action video games, or is better vision a skill that gamers bring to the table? Perhaps, Bavelier wondered, gamers already have sharp vision, and are thus good at action games and vision tests.

To check this out, Bavelier recruited non-gamers and trained them for a few weeks to play action video games. "At the end of their training," Bavelier says, "they're told, go back home. No more gaming. They're not allowed to play any games."

Then they came back into the lab every few months to have their vision re-checked.

Bavelier found that their vision remained improved, even without further practice on action video games. "We looked at the effect of playing action games on this visual skill of contrast sensitivity, and we've seen effects that last up to two years."

Gamers, Bavelier has also found, have better attention than non-gamers -- they stay focused. She gave gamers several tests to measure attention and found that gamers get less distracted by what came before and by events in their surroundings.
Laser Focus
They are able to detect, for example, new information coming at them faster. So as a result, they are more efficient. And Bavelier also says that gamers can switch from task to task much faster than non-gamers, making them better multitaskers.

- Whitney Blair Wyckoff

"We see that typically in people that don't play action games, their reaction time [on tests of multitasking] lengthened by 200 milliseconds, which is something like 30 percent," Bavelier says. "But in gamers, it lengthened only by 10 percent."
Closing The Gender Gap
Brain researcher Jay Pratt, professor of psychology at the University of Toronto, has studied the differences between men and women in their ability to mentally manipulate 3-D figures. This skill is called spatial cognition, and it's an essential mental skill for math and engineering. Typically, Pratt says, women test significantly worse than men on tests of spatial cognition.

But Pratt found in his studies that when women who'd had little gaming experience were trained on action video games, the gender difference nearly disappeared.

After 10 hours of training, Pratt brought the women back to the lab and gave them the spatial cognition test again.

"And we found that the women improved substantially, and almost caught up to the men's scores," he says.

Pratt also investigated another area of spatial cognition called "the useful field of view," which is essentially how much of the visual field a person can perceive at any given moment. In other words, as Pratt describes it, "How wide can you cast your net of attention?"

Typically, there are baseline differences between men and women on this test, with men performing significantly better. But Pratt found that training on action video games enabled women to significantly improve on this test of visual attention.

Pratt says playing these video games changes your ability to learn, and to find and integrate new information.

"Video game players are able to pick up very subtle, statistical irregularities in environments and use them to their advantage," Pratt says. "And these same irregularities in environments are the things that help us guide our behaviors on a daily basis."
Game Console Artists
To better understand how gamers acquire these non-gaming skills, neuroscientist Lauren Sergio, of York University in Toronto, looks inside the brain. She's found an important difference between gamers and non-gamers in how and where the brain processes information. She likens skilled gamers to musicians.

"If you look at professional piano players, professional musicians, you see this phenomena where they don't activate as much of their brain to do very complicated things with their hands that the rest of us need to do. And we found that the gamers did this as well."

Skilled gamers mainly use their frontal cortex, according to Sergio's fMRI studies. That's an area of the brain specialized for planning, attention and multitasking. Non-gamers, in contrast, predominately use an area called the parietal cortex, the part of the brain specializing in visual spatial functions.

"The non-gamers had to think a lot more and use a lot more of the workhorse parts of their brains for eye-hand coordination," Sergio says. "Whereas the gamers really didn't have to use that much brain at all, and they just used these higher cognitive centers to do it."

So the next time you despair that your child is immersed, yet again, in an action video game, remember: Gaming can improve some important skills.

Bavelier hopes that more action video games will be developed that train these skills without the violence found in the typical games available today. And all the researchers suggest that parents should limit their kids' time on video games. Moderation, they say, is the key.

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Video Games Boost Brain Power, Multitasking Skills

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Parents, the next time you fret that your child is wasting too much time playing video games, consider new research suggesting that video gaming may have real-world benefits for your child's developing brain. Daphne Bavelier is professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester.

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sleeping involves science because when you try to sleep you get slow waves those things help you to sleep and those things are chemicals i think. there are stages of sleep.

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I love music, I like singing or just listening to music. Science is included in music because take singing, the higher note you sing , means a higher frequency. In music you hear everything in different frequencies.

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Sound
Ahhh or Ouch?

Sound also varies by how loud or soft it is. Scientists measure that intensity in decibels, or dB. From studying the human ear, they can tell us how loud is too loud. When you speak in a normal voice to a friend, it is about 60 dBs. Sitting in the front row of a rock concert, you're likely hearing 110 dBs, something that could hurt your hearing if you did it often. And hold it right there, because sound at 160 dBs (too loud!) could cause permanent damage to your ear.

Musicians must be extra careful, particularly if they are exposed to loud music on a regular basis. To protect their hearing, some even wear earplugs while they are performing.

What do science and music have in common? More than you might think.

In music, you can find real-life examples of concepts you might have learned in science class. And musicians can perform better thanks to the discoveries and understandings of science.

So let's take a scientific-and fun-look at music.

Sound and Sound Waves

What is sound, anyway? Thanks to science, we know sound happens when an object vibrates (moves back and forth quickly). For example, when your finger plucks a string, the string vibrates and disturbs the air around it, making an invisible sound wave. You hear the sound when the wave travels through the air to your ear.

Different sounds have different wavelengths. A wavelength is the distance between the high point of one wave to the high point of the next wave. The number of high points per second is called the frequency. If many sound waves pass in one second, the frequency is high. If only a few sound waves pass in the same second, the frequency is low.

In music, we hear what happens at different frequencies. The pitch of a note-how high or low it sounds-depends on the frequency of the sound waves. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch; the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch.

Try It!

Which of the following sound wave frequencies during the same moment in time has the higher pitch? The answer is below.

Instruments

Materials and Construction

What musical instruments are made of and how they are put together affects the sounds they make.

String instruments like the violin and the cello are usually constructed of wood, with strings made of synthetic (man-made) materials and metal. The strings vibrate when they are plucked or when the musician draws a bow across a string. The bows are usually made of wood and horsehair. Old bows were often decorated with ivory.

Listen to the violin:

A vibrating string does not produce much sound. The instrument's hollow body creates a resonating chamber that amplifies (enlarges) the sound waves of the vibrating strings.

Try It!

Test your own resonating chamber. Take a rubber band and a small plastic water bottle with a cap. First, fill the bottle with water and close the cap. Stretch the band around the bottle and pluck the band with your finger. Then, remove the cap, empty the water, and reattach the cap. Pluck the band again. Is the sound different? If so, how? What does your experiment tell you about resonating chambers? The answer is below.

Brass instruments like the trumpet and trombone are normally made from-you guessed it-brass, a yellowish metal. Sound is made much differently on these instruments. First of all, players must blow air through the instrument. Second, players must do this a specific way-by "buzzing" their lips against the instrument's mouthpiece.

Listen to the trumpet:

Greener Instruments

Efforts to protect endangered, or threatened species, affect musicians. Take for example, the materials used to make bows.

First, the tips of some older bows feature ivory, a material banned to protect endangered African elephants. Surprisingly, one common and legal substitute for ivory is tusks from an extinct, elephant-like animal called a mastodon. These fossils can be found in Russia and Alaska.

Second, the preferred wood for bows, pernambuco (per-nuhm-BOO-koh) is scarcer because of deforestation (the widespread clearing of trees). Some bow makers have substituted carbon fiber, a synthetic material (thank you, chemistry!) twice as strong as steel. And some instrument makers discovered carbon fiber makes great instruments, too.

Answer: Resonating (hollow) chambers create a deeper and stronger sound.

Physical Fitness

It's not just the instruments that make music, but also the people who play them. Musicians need to understand how their bodies work to perform better.

Speed Racer

Musicians must teach their muscles to hold and play their instruments. And just like a runner training for a race, musicians must practice hard to train their arms, hands, and fingers-and even their lips and tongues-to play better and faster. Imagine playing an instrument at 150 beats per minute. According to Guinness World Records, the world's fastest fiddle player is David Garrett, who performed "Flight of the Bumblebee," composed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (NICK-o-leye RIM-skee-KOR-suh-koff), at that astonishing speed in 2008.

Take a Deep Breath

Remember the last time you blew up balloons? Did you start to get dizzy after a few balloons? That might happen the first time you play a wind instrument, too. And that's why musicians train their lungs and stomach muscles-so they can breathe longer and stronger and play their instruments for hours.

These are just a few of the connections between science and music. Keep discovering more as you learn more about these subjects.

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Sound Ahhh or Ouch? Sound also varies by how loud or soft it is. Scientists measure that intensity in decibels, or dB. From studying the human ear, they can tell us how loud is too loud. When you speak in a normal voice to a friend, it is about 60 dBs.

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I enjoy reading. I enjoy it because it increases your knowledge and lets you in on many interesting stories with a variety of genres. Studies show that reading increases the brain's capacity for information. It also highly increases literature skills.

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Overview:Science and literacy learning make a dynamic duo, the perfect tag-team.

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Zach Baseball i like playing baseball science is included in baseball because when you hit the ball gravity helps the ball move.when the ball hits the bat there is force pushing the ball as far as it can

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to my site devoted to research on the physics of baseball. My particular research interests are two-fold: the physics of the baseball-bat collision and the flight of the baseball. I have done quite a bit of independent research in both areas. I am also heavily involved with several areas of practical interest to the game. One is characterizing, measuring, and regulating the performance of non-wood bats, an area for which I have served on committees advising the NCAA and USA Baseball. Another is exploiting new technologies for tracking the baseball, such as TrackMan, Rapsodo, and now Hawkeye for novel uses in baseball analytics. But this site does much more than catalog my own work. It attempts to provide links to much of the high-quality work done over the past decade or so on various aspects of the physics of baseball. If readers know of a site that I have overlooked, please contact me.

Alan Nathan, April 12, 2023.

This article is an update to an earlier one from 2017. In both articles, I find that a 1-deg F increase in temperature results in a 1% increase in home runs. The analysis was inspired by a recent article by a group from Dartmouth entitled Global warming, home runs, and the future of America's pastime, who found a similar results.

Jim Albert and Alan Nathan, FanGraphs, May 10, 2022

We have investigated changes in the in-play home run rates for the 2018-22 seasons, using April '18 as our reference. We have developed a technique to separate the changes into those due to changes in launch conditions and those due to changes in carry. We have further shown that the latter are directly correlated with changes in the density-corrected drag coefficient. Finally we have shown that the significant reduction in the in-play home run rate for the 2022 season relative to April '21 is due in part to changes in launch conditions (approximately one-third) and in part to changes in the drag (approximately two-thirds).

Alan Nathan, March 29, 2021.

There has been much discussion about changes to the baseball for the 2021 season and how those changes might have affected various statistical metrics. In this brief article, I discuss how changes to the weight, size, and COR ("bounciness") of the baseball affect exit velocity and fly ball distance.

Alan Nathan, January 4, 2021 and updated January 5 with corrections.

Alan Nathan, March 18, 2021.

Alan Nathan, March 1, 2023.

Alan Nathan, Powerpoint Slides from SABR Analytics Talk, March 13, 2021.

As a followup to the "Not Just About Magnus Anymore" article (see link below), the first article sets up a formalism for separating the movement on a pitch into Magnus and non-Magnus components, using Hawkeye data on the spin components. The second article takes a slightly different approach in that it sets up a formalism for separating the movement into lift (i.e., in the direction of the Magnus force) and side (perpendicular to the Magnus force) components. Whereas the side component is necessarily non-Magnus, the lift component, while predominantly Magnus, may have some non-Magnus mixed in. An example of how to use the second formalism is shown in the above graph and is discussed in the text. Click here for a spreadsheet template for performing the calculations using both formalisms.

Barton Smith, Alan Nathan, and Harry Pavlidis, Baseball Prospectus, November 5, 2020

This article reports the first use of Hawkeye data to find evidence for pitch movement beyond that expected due to the Magnus force. The key to the analysis is that Hawkeye directly measures the spin axis, which can be compared with the axis inferred from the movement. Any difference between them is direct evidence for non-Magnus movement . Such behavior is shown in the graph below. Interestingly, the data show more arm-side movement for sinkers and changeups than would be expected based on Magnus, whereas the opposite is true for fastballs. Once the spin axis in 3D becomes publicly available, one will be able to measure directly the spin efficiency and quantiatively measure the magnitude and direction of both Magnus and non-Magnus movement. One will also be able to determine how drag coefficients depends on both the active and gyro spin rates.

Alan Nathan, May 25, 2020 update, Unpublished

Alan Nathan, August 31, 2020, Unpublished

A technique is developed to determine the direction of the spin axis for pitched baseballs. The method utilizes the Trackman measurement of the trajectory, specifically the spin-induced movement, to determine the active spin. An important physics input to this method is the relationship between active spin and movement, which is separately determined from laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. The combination of active spin and the Trackman measurement of the total spin allow a determination of the spin axis in 3 dimensions and the spin efficiency, the latter being the ratio of active to total spin. A useful formula is developed relating the movement to the number of rotations of the ball between release and home plate. The role of experimental noise on the measurement of the trajectory is discussed. An important caveat is that the technique implicitly assumes that the movement is due to the Magnus effect and not to other possible forces on the ball. Click here for the spreadsheet template for performing the calculations.

The addendum points out an unresolved ambiguity in the relationship between spin and movement whenever the spin efficiency is less than one.

Alan Nathan, Unpublished

This article is an analysis of the reasons why fly balls with otherwise identical launch conditions carry farther to centerfield than to left or right field. I gave a talk on this topic at the 2022 SABR Analytics Conference. You can watch the video and download the slides .

Alan Nathan, Fangraphs, July 6, 2020.

Alan Nathan, July 20, 2020.

It is a known fact that for given launch conditions, there is a variation in the distance a fly ball carries. Various aspects of this were studied an earlier and again in a followup article. The currently research takes full advantage of the Statcast capabilities for tracking the batted ball and determining its spin rate and spin axis to answer this question. After controlling for exit velocity, spray angle, and launch angle, the remaining rms spread of 11 ft come from four different sources in roughly equal contributions: variation of backspin from mean value; variation of sidespin from mean value; ball-to-ball variation in drag coefficient; measurement noise. The followup article shows, among other things, that the total spin rate provides far less information in determining the distance than does the individual backspin and sidespin components. It also shows that the measurement noise is dominated by the noise in the actual distance measurement rather than in the drag coefficient measurement.

Alan Nathan, Presentation at 2019 SABR Analytics Conference

In this presentation (), I present the results of various experiments on oblique ball-bat collisions and show how they are used to predict batted ball parameters from the swing parameters, as shown in the figure. Then I start to address the "reverse engineering" problem, whereby one tries to determine the swing parameters, especially the attack angle, from the batted ball parameters. The issue of timing enters if the attack angle of the bat differs from the descent angle of the ball, and this issue is investigated quantiatively. Finally, the question is addressed whether it is advantageous to alter the swing to sacrifice exit velocity to gain some extra spin on the batted ball. Further links related to this topic can be found by clicking .

Alan M. Nathan, The Hardball Times, August 27, 2018

This article takes a critical look at how movement is determined from measurements of the trajectory. Two techniques are investigated. Technique 1 is that used currently by Statcast/Trackman. Technique 2 is based on one that I investigated over 10 years ago. I show that Technique 1 results in systematic deviations of the movement from the exact values whereas Technique 2 does much better. The underlying physics behind Technique 2 is discussed ; click for the spreadsheet template described there.

This is a link to a page describing the latest version of my Trajectory Calculator, which is now fully 3-dimensional and utilizes drag and lift coefficients that have been optimized using Statcast data.

Alan Nathan, The Hardball Times, April 6, 2016

In this , I use Statcast fly ball data from the 2015 season to investigate how fly ball distance depends on exit speed, vertical launch angle, and elevation. The Coors Field effect is quantified. Indirectly, this analysis is used to determine the effect on fly ball distance of temperature, relative humidity, and wind. A perhaps surprising result is the weak dependent of distance on the rate of backspin, in agreement with earlier findings reported in this article.

Alan Nathan, Baseball Prospectus, March 31, 2015

This article describes how to use data to separate the spin of a pitched baseball into a part that leads to movement (the "useful" spin) and a part that doesn't (the "gyrospin"). It is shown that fastballs and changeups are consistent with all their spin being useful, whereas breaking pitches (including cutters) have varying but significant degrees of gyrospin. The ratio of useful to total spin might be a helpful diagnostic for pitchers, especially those who throw breaking balls. Random measurement error in the movement means the type of analysis discussed in the article should only be used for averages of collections of pitches rather than for individual pitches. For those of you interested in technical details, you can read all about them in my unpublished companion article.

Jeff Long has written several articles for Baseball Prospectus, Spin That Curveball,The Next Collin McHugh?,Mother May I?, and especiallyWhat We Know About Spin Rate, in which he has done some analysis using the concept of useful spin.

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to my site devoted to research on the physics of baseball. My particular research interests are two-fold: the physics of the baseball-bat collision and the flight of the baseball. I have done quite a bit of independent research in both areas. I am also heavily involved with several areas of practical interest to the game.

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Music is science,  I enjoy listening and playing music. You have to understand pieces of music. even a beginning piano student encounters geometry. Many people can sing, but not everyone can sing high pitches, or low pitches.

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Music as an audible exploration of hyperdimensional geometries

The connection between mathematics and music is often touted in awed, mysterious tones, but it is grounded in hard-headed science. For example, mathematical principles underlie the organization of Western music into 12-note scales. And even a beginning piano student encounters geometry in the "circle of fifths" when learning the fundamentals of music theory.

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﻿ Music as an audible exploration of hyperdimensional geometries The connection between mathematics and music is often touted in awed, mysterious tones, but it is grounded in hard-headed science. For example, mathematical principles underlie the organization of Western music into 12-note scales.

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I like playing basketball because it's fun and I like to be active. Basketball includes jumping.throwing your arms, and running. Science is included in basketball because it plays a role in gravity. If you throw the ball to short to the hoop your not going to make it so you need to shoot the ball far enough to make it.

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Spectrum Responsibility. Spectrum is committed to improving communities and impacting lives where our customers and employees live, work and play.

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I love playing Soccer its really fun i play for a team called TJAY Soccer. Last season I won a trophy for second place in our tournament. Scientists look at the ball's changing design and how its surface roughness and asymmetric air forces contribute to its path once it leaves a player's foot. There analysis leads to an understanding of how reduced air density in games played at higher altitudes -- like those in South Africa -- can contribute to some of the jaw-dropping ball trajectories already seen in some of this year's matches.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2010-07-science-soccer.html#jCp

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With the attention of sports fans worldwide focused on South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, U.S. scientist John Eric Goff has made the aerodynamics of the soccer ball a focus of his research.

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I love playing and coaching volleyball. Science includes motion and physics. Both of these are important in volleyball! This article explains how volleyball players are constantly doing physics calculations in their heads without even knowing it! I learned that playing volleyball includes lots of physics, estimating, and math!