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I can interpret and understand statistics

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review for unit 1 FRQ and multiple choice wed. + Thurs.

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Culture- Enduring behaviors ,ideas attitudes, values, traditions shared by group of people to generation to generation
Informed Consent- An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Debriefing- The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants

APA Ethical principles:
1. Obtain potential participants informed consent
2.protect them from physical or emotional harm
3. Information confidential for participants
4.Fully debrief participants

IRB:
-Screens research proposals and safeguards participants well- being

Correlation= relationship
-Strength and direction
1. Positive (up, up,) (down, down)
2. Negative(up,down) (down,up)
3.Zero (up, side)

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Understand correlation in research

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Understand the reason we follow ethical codes

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Vocab:
Correlation-  Measure of extent where two variables change together and thats how well either variable predicts the other
Correlation Coefficient- Statistical index of the relationship between two variables from 1.0 to -1.0
1-figure how closely two things vary
2- How well either one predicts the other
-closer to -1 or 1= stronger correlation
Scatterplot- Graphed cluster of dots, slope of points direction of relationship between two variables.Amount of scatter=strength of correlation (little scatter=high correlation)
Illusory correlation- perception of relationship where none exist
Experiment- Investigator manipulates independent variables to observe behavior or dependent variable -random assignment->participants -control other variables
Experimental group- Group exposed to treatment(independent variable)
Control group- group not exposed to treatment
Random assignment- assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance... minimize preexisting difference between two groups
Double blind procedure- Research participants and research staff are ignorant about whether participants have received treatment (drug eval. studies)
Placebo- effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; effect or behavior caused by staff of an inert substance or condition, which recipient thinks is active agent
Independent variable- factor thats manipulated, effect being studdied
Dependent variable- Outcome factor variable that may change from independent variable
confounding variable- factor other than dependent that may produce an effect in an experiment
Validity- extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what is it suppose to
-Naturalistic surveys- trait or behavior is related to each other (correlate)

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Know how to follow ethical guide lines

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Understand statistics in psychology

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Vocab-
Theory - explanation using set of principles that organises observations and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis- Testable prediction(if...then)
1Theories>2Hypothesis> 3Research and observations>Confirm, reject, or revise
Operational def- A carefully worded statement of exact procedures
Replication- Repeating the essence of a research study, w/ dif people in dif. situations, to see wheather the basic finding extends to other paricipants results
Case study- A descriptive technique where 1 person or group is studied in depth for revealing universal principles
Naturalistic obervation- Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate and control situation
Survey- Technique for acerting attitudes or behaviors in a group
Sampling bias- flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
Population- all those in a group being studied
Random sample- A sample that fairly represents a pop. because each member has an equal chance of indusion
Scientific method- A self correcting process for evaluating ideas w/ observation and analysis

A good theory: Effectively organizes range of self reports and obervatons
-leads to clear hypothesis that anyone can use
-stimulates research leads to revised theory which better organizes and predicts what we know or can be replicated

Ways to test Hypothesis and refime theories:
-Descriptive methods (case studies, surveys ,naturalistic observations etc.
-Correlation associate variables- anything that contributes to result
-Experimental manipulate variables to discover their effects

* cannot compensate for an unrepresentative sample by simply adding more people

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Psych majors- Biological mechanisms, developmental, cognition, psych disorders, social interaction

Basic research subfields:

Cognitive psych- study thought processes and focus on perception, lango, attention, problem solving, memory, judgement, and decision making, and intelligence
Developmental psych- Age related behavioral changes, apply knowledge to educational, child care, policy
Educational psychs- study process in learning and develop strategies for enhancing learning process
Experimental psychs- investigate variety of basic behaviors in animals and humans. Comparative methods of science, motivation, learning, thought, attention, memory, perception and language
Psychometric and Quantitive psych- Study methods and techniques used to acquire psych knowledge
Social Psychologists- Study how beliefs, feelings, behaviors are affected by other people

Applied Research Subfields:
Forensic Psych- Apply psych to legal issues. Help create public policies related to mental health, help law- enforcement and agencies in criminal invest, consulton jury selection and deliberation
Health Psych-  Promoting health and preventing disease and lead individuals to healthier designing programs
Industrial organizational psych-Study rel. between people and working environments and develop new ways to increase productivity, improve personal selection, promote job satisfaction in org, setting
Neuropsych- Investigate rel. between neurological processes (struc. and function of nervous system and behav.
Rehab Psych- work w/ people lost optimal functioning after addident, illness, etc
School psych- Assessment of intervention for children in educational settings and diagnose and treat probs. that effect child learning
Sport psych- Study psych that influence psysical activites

Helping Professions:
Clinical psych- Some specialize in specific psych disorders others treat range from adjustment dificult >severe psychopaths
Community psych- Deal w/ broad problems of mental health in communities and enhance environmental settings, focusing on preventitive measures and crisis intervention
Counseling psych- Help people adjust life transitions or changes rather than severe psychopathy

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vocab:
natural selection- those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
psychometrics- study of measurment of human abilities, attitudes and traits
Industrial organization psych- apply psych concepts and methods to human behaviors in work to help organizations select employees, boost productivity ect.
Human factors psych- focus on interaction of people, machines, and physical environments
Psycholingguistics- study of language and thinking
Psychoceramics- study of crackpot

Psychs 3 main levels of analysis:
levels of analysis- differing complementary views form biology to psych to social cultural
Biopsychosocial approach- integraded approach w/ biology, psychological, and social cultural
psychological influ- learned expectations, emotional responses, think processing perceptions
social cultultural influ- other presence, people influ, expectations, models
Biological influ- natural selection of adapted traits, genetic responding to environment, brain mechanisms, hormone influ.

Perspectives:
Behavioral- how we learn watching responses
Biological- how body and brain enable emotions , memories and sensory experiences; genes and environment individual differences
Cognitive- how encode, process, store, and retrieve info.
Evolutionary- How natural selection of traits promote survival  of genes
Humanistic- How we meet out needs for love and acceptance and achieve self fulfilment
Psychodynamic- how behavior springs from unconcious drives and conflics
Social- cultural- How behavioral and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Psychologists types;
-developmental
-educational
-personality
-social

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psychologists analyze- personality, offer counselling, dispense child raising advice, examine crime scenes, and testing in court
socrates and plato- mind is seperate from body and continues after the body dies- knowledge is natural
Francis Bacon- superstition same, believe good neglect/forget negaive
-founder modern science
John locke- birth we start with clean slate

vocab:
empiricism- idea / knowledge we know comes from experience. supports experiments
structuralism- used in introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind(Edward Titcher)
functionalism- how mental and behavioral processes enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish (William James introduces psych to public)
Experimental psych- study of behavioral and thinking using experiments
1920s psych- the science of mental life
Behaviorism- psych should be objective science that studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes (most psychs today)
psych today def- science of behavior and mental processes

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understand how to create an experiment and identify variables

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vocab:
descriptive stats- numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
histogram- bar graph depicting frequency distibution
mode- most often
mean- average
median- middle
range- difference between highest and lowest number
skewed distribution- a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
standard deviation- computed measure of how much scores vary around mean score
normal curve- symmetrical bell shaped curve of many types of data( most near mean)
inferential stats- numerical data that allow to generalize ( infer of sample to be true of population
statistical significance- stats statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

when observed difference is reliable:
1. representative better than biased samples
-what pop./ amount was studied
2.less variable obervations are more reliable than those that are more variables
-avg. is more reliable when it comes from scores w/ low variability
3. more cases are better than fewer

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I can define research types and learn how to write an ap essay.

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A sunset is something truly magical and amazing. Not only is the sunset a glorious sight to see, but it is amazing of what is truly happening in space. The earth is rotating so that to us it looks as if the sun is hiding behind the moon and we no longer have sunlight over night. After the sun sets the moon is then

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undetstand perspectives and types of research in psychoology

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