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An allegory is a symbolism device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is conveyed with the aid of a more corporeal object or idea being used as an example. Usually a rhetoric device, an allegory suggests a meaning via metaphoric examples. Like the men in the cave, Jack only knows what he has in that room and nothing else is real. He does not discover that there is more out there until he actually escapes the room.

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Tragedy refers to a series of unfortunate events by which one or more of the literary characters in the story undergo several misfortunes. An example of tragedy is when Ma says, "Old Nick - I didn't even know him, I was nineteen. He stole me" (93).

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Irony is where the meaning implied by a sentence or word is actually different from the literal meaning.
An example of irony is at the end of novel when Old Nick, the captor, goes to jail for abducting Ma and he becomes the captured.

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A literary device or theme that contains several layers of meaning

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Theme

Setting

Characterization

Symbolism

Plot structure

Irony

Allusion

Tragedy

Allegory

Imagery

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Characterization is the author describing the characters in the novel. An example of this is when Jack first sees Grandma, Jack says, "Her mouth is blood colored like women on TV. She has yellowy hair short but not all short and gold knobs stuck in her ears below the hole" (187).

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Imagery is where an author uses words and phrases to create a mental image for the reader. Imagery helps the reader to visualize more realistically the author's writing. An example of this is they go outside and Jack says, "Up close the trees are giant giants, they've got like skin but knoblier when we stroke them" (211). This is imagery because he describes the tree to give the reader a mental image.

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A setting establishes the where and when and the circumstances under which the story takes place

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A theme is recurring element throughout the story. An example of this in Room is family. Ma repeadetly talks about Jack being her family, Ma says, "'Yeah, but for me, Jack was everything"'. Family is the biggest part of the story and is talked about most throughout the novel.

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An allusion is a reference to another piece of work. An example of this in Room is when Ma compares herself to Alice from Alice in Wonderland, Ma says, "'Well, I'm like Alice"' (82). This is an allusion because there is another piece of work, Alice in Wonderland, shown in Emma Donoghue's Room.