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Source 1: Drawbacks on Health Service Restriction for Refugees

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Source 1: Drawbacks on Health Service Restriction for Refugees

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https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/study-restrictions-on-refugee-healthcare-cost-more-than-free-access-to-services/

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How Effective is the Implementation of Health Care Services during Emergency Crisis for Refugees?

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Summary 3: Progress and Gaps in Reproductive Health Services in Three Humanitarian Settings: Mixed-Methods Case Studies

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Summary 3: Progress and Gaps in Reproductive Health Services in Three Humanitarian Settings: Mixed-Methods Case Studies

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Source:
Casey, S.E., Chynoweth, S.K, Cornier, N., Gallagher, M.C., & Wheeler, E.E. 2015, "Progress and Gaps in Reproductive Health Services in Three Humanitarian Settings: Mixed-Methods Case Studies", Conflict and Health, no. 9.

In this article, Casey reviews how Reproductive Health Services (RHSs) are accessed, what are the positive developments and limitations from the services, and what are the main gaps that make refugees less able to obtain efficiently in three different humanitarian settings. The study was conducted in three prone African countries which involved 63 selected health facilities, 34 focus discussion groups, and 273 research samples. The author reveals that most RHSs offer family planning service, emergency antenatal and infant care, abortion care, rape clinic management, and sexual transmitted diseases service which can be utilized by refugees. However,  while most of the health facilities had met the minimum criteria of general infrastructure, some participants reported that a distance between the hospitals and their resettlements, a quality of care, and medicine supplies limited their willingness to get the services. Furthermore, an inadequate supply of family planning services such as contraceptions and untrained staffs give contribution in weakening reproductive health on women and girls. Besides, a sociocultural barrier and misconception toward contraception used which associated with negative behaviors of unmarried relationship make the implementation of RHS can not meet the maximum target of intervention. Finally, study highlights several efforts which can be taken to encourage women’s intention to access RHS such as strengthening community engagement, building capacity development, securing supply chain, making an integrated policy, and rng awareness of reproductive health to adolescent. The main limitation of the research was an insufficiency in data collection phase due to practical barriers in language translation and time. Therefore, it is useful for my essay topic because the analyses of RHS is comprehensive.

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Summary 2: Refugees: towards better access to health-care services

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Summary 2: Refugees: towards better access to health-care services

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Source:
Langlois, E.V., Haines, A., Tomson, G. & Ghaffar, A. 2016, "Refugees: towards better access to health-care services", The Lancet, vol. 387, no. 10016, pp. 319-321.

The article examines the practical barriers in obtaining proper health care services for refugees. The challenges include inadequate information about the availability of services, lack of transportation, incompetent interpreters, medical fees, and legal restriction on accessing particular medical cares. Consequently, these barriers lead to several drawbacks to refugees, particularly for women and children. An increasing risk of maternal problems and neonatal mortality rates for women and children are of emergency situations that usually emerge. However, refugees’ effort to access medical treatment is harder to accomplish because the majority of host countries implement various restrictions in many entitlements. Emergency care, maternal and neonatal care and vaccines service are likely restricted to asylum seekers in many European Countries unless they have universal health coverage (UHC) grants to cover the expenditures. Therefore, the research suggests that greater efforts are needed to foster effectiveness and efficiency in the healthcare system for refugees. The main limitation of this article is that the lack of supporting evidences in to solve the barriers. This article is useful for my research topic because it gives general overview of the refugees’ struggle.

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Summary 1: Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement

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Summary 1: Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement

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Source:
Morris, M.D., Popper, S.T., Rodwell, T.C., Brodine, S.K. & Brouwer, K.C. 2009, "Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement", Journal of community health, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 529-38.

This research investigates health care challenges that faced by most refugees on their post-resettlement. The authors find that some barriers such as language use, acculturation, and cultural beliefs directly influence the refugees’ willingness to access a health care facility. Language barrier is reported as the major obstacle that faced by refugees when accessing a health care facility in their host countries. Moreover, acculturation which refugees perceive during their migrations from the origin countries to the temporary shelters, and arrive in the host countries make adjustment process are getting harder, especially for elderly. It is very hard for them to experience rapid changes from one culture into another in a state of uncertainty. Finally, the refugee cultural beliefs contribute to the ineffectiveness of health care utilization during emergency responses. The research suggests some alternatives should be implemented to boost up medical care system for homeless by providing interpreters or language line services, promoting social assistance programs to reduce acculturation barrier, and increasing health care used awareness. Therefore, the article is useful for me to understand the problems of displaced people during crises, especially in obtaining medical health facilities. However, there is a lack of supporting evidences which focus on women and children.

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For decades, both man-made and natural disasters have left many destructions that affected more than a billion people worldwide. Man-made disasters such as war, crisis, and oppression are happening in some nations while natural disasters treat other regions of this planet. Due to these crises, more than a million of people are affected, internally displaced, and they are in need of humanitarian assistances. Most of them, especially women and children are becoming the highest vulnerable group. Many kinds of research find that women and girls are prone to sexual reproductive health problems and maternal deaths due to lack of health services. However, many health care services provided by some international humanitarian agencies are likely less able to address the issues. Moreover, some host countries are applying various legal restrictions for refugees to obtain health care service. The number of mortality and morbidity are scaled up, and most of the refugees are still in urgent need to seek for help and protection. Therefore, recommendations for health care system are needed to escalate the effectiveness of it.