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The User Experience (UX) is design model that focuses on interactions that people have with everyday items such as websites, mobile apps, and even physical objects.

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The User Experience (UX) is design model that focuses on interactions that people have with everyday items such as websites, mobile apps, and even physical objects.

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02 Introduction to Course 1 Foundations of User Experience design

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UX Design was developed in 1993 by experimental and mathematical psychologist Don Norman. 

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UX Design was developed in 1993 by experimental and mathematical psychologist Don Norman. 

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Some of the principles of User Experience date back 3500 years with the development of Feng Shui which originated in Chinese Astronomy. 

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Some of the principles of User Experience date back 3500 years with the development of Feng Shui which originated in Chinese Astronomy. 

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Feng Shui was first used in China in the siting of graves. It was important to site the graves of ancestors in good places that would be unaffected by floods (water) and typhoons (wind). Feng Shui has now become a very popular and practical design element in the western world. Information about a specific site or room is gathered through sensing the balance of yin and yang, and by using a feng shui compass. Traditionally, yin is the dark, feminine, and receptive principle, and yang is the light, masculine, and active principle. Together the yin and yang flow endlessly into each other, and when balanced, can be appropriately applied to interior spaces. A feng shui compass has an inner ring that is comprised of eight trigrams (ba-gua). A trigram is a symbol made up of three stacked lines, a solid line representing yang Ch'i, and a broken line representing yin Ch'i. Creation of the eight trigrams is attributed to the legendary Chinese king Fu Xi. He devised the eight trigrams through Taoist observation of the natural world as seen on the patterns of a tortoise's shell as the animal emerged from the Yellow River. The eight tortoise shell markings became the eight trigrams, which symbolize the natural world as Heaven, Earth, Fire, Water, Lake, Mountain, Wind and Thunder. Fu Xi laid out these eight symbols in an eight-sided map that became the ba-gua, similar to a tortoise shell in shape. Each side of the eight-sided map corresponds to one of the eight areas of life experience: career and journey, knowledge and self-awareness, helpful people and travel, family and health, children and creativity, wealth and prosperity, fame and reputation, and relationships and marriage. By using the compass, the location of each area of life experience can be determined.

Taoist cosmology is structured on five natural elements: fire, earth, metal, water, and wood. Everything on earth and in heaven is "characterized by the constant interplay among the five elements, which are always moving, unstable, and changeable, like the yin and yang" (Levitt, 21). In Feng Shui, the balanced blend of all five elements creates a harmonious environment. This is attained by applying the nurturing, controlling, and reducing principles of the five elements. In the nurturing cycle of the elements, fire nurtures earth because after fire burns it creates more earth crust. Earth nurtures metal because metal ores are mined from deep within the earth. Metal nurtures water because water is contained and carried in metal vessels. Water nurtures fire because adding wooden logs to a fire causes the fire to become bigger. Balance is also achieved by applying the controlling element, in which fire controls metal by melting it, and metal controls wood by cutting it. Wood, in the form of trees, penetrates the earth and exerts an influence with its roots. Earth controls the flow of water by blocking it with dikes and dams, and water extinguishes fire. In the reducing cycle of elements, fire burns wood, wood (trees' roots) absorbs water, water corrodes metal, metal is extracted from the earth, and earth suffocates fire. These elements are allocated to different rooms in the home and to different objects in order to facilitate the flow of the Ch'i.

Another Feng Shui principle incorporates the Chinese compass of north, south, east and west, in which south is located on the top, and in the center of this compass is the "Middle Kingdom." The direction of south (summer) corresponds with warmth, heat, and vitality, and its symbolic animal is the red phoenix, which represents beauty and goodness. From the north (winter) comes cold snow and darkness, and its symbolic animal is the black tortoise, which represents long life and endurance. The direction east (spring), which is located on the left side of the compass, corresponds to springtime, blue seas, and new growth. Its symbolic animal is the azure dragon, which represents majesty and magnificence. West (autumn) corresponds to snowy mountains, and its symbolic animal is the white tiger, which exemplifies bravery and strength. These elements are used for correct arrangement of furniture in rooms.

The essence of Feng Shui is to analyze the landscape, house office, garden, etc, and to determine where the most favorable flows of Ch'i are located, and then to work out how to produce new Ch'i of enhance existing Ch'i concentrations. Mirrors are the most common interior means by which Ch'i is enhanced and adverse sha is deflected. Mirrors should be positioned in areas where the flow of Ch'i comes to a dead end. Mirrors intended to enhance the flow of Ch'i should be placed at an angle, so that the path of the Ch'i is directed further along its way. Mirrors meant to counter sha should reflect it straight back out of the house. Sound is another way of deflecting sha. Wind chimes, running water, or any melodic, pleasing sound are all effective ways to deflect sha. The presence of anything living, such as birds, dogs, cats, and plants, helps to ward off sha. Sha travels is straight lines, so straight objects such as fishing rods, armrests of chairs, and bamboo poles can be positioned in a way to repel sha. Anything that moves in a breeze, such as flags, banners, mobiles, and wind chimes, activate and disperse lingering sha. The smoke for burning incense and gently flowing water also disperse sha. Objects that are beautiful and enhance a sense of stillness and serenity, "such as a statue of Buddha, Kwan Yin (the Chinese goddess of compassion and mercy), the Madonna, or even a piece of driftwood or a particular stone," can reverse intrusive sha (Sharp, 76).

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Feng Shui was first used in China in the siting of graves. It was important to site the graves of ancestors in good places that would be unaffected by floods (water) and typhoons (wind). Feng Shui has now become a very popular and practical design element in the western world.

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User Experience (UX) is used virtually every where. UX is used when designing new products and services or improving existing products and services. The designers are empathetic toward the any and all potential users. You can think of UX as a glove that fits everyone.  

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User Experience (UX) is used virtually every where. UX is used when designing new products and services or improving existing products and services. The designers are empathetic toward the any and all potential users. You can think of UX as a glove that fits everyone.  

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So, let us understand in simple terms UI / UX that can make these conversations meaningful for us. UX Design refers to the term User Experience Design, while UI Design stands for User Interface Design. Both elements are key to a product and are closely interrelated. But even though they are interrelated, the roles themselves are different, referring to very different parts of the process and the design discipline. A simplification of the definition would be where UX Design is a more analytical and technical field, while UI Design is closer to what we refer to as graphic design. This perhaps oversimplify the difference, but we will complement the explanation in a minute.

In a more interesting way, we can describe UI without UX is like a painter painting on a canvas without any thoughts or image while UX without UI is a mere frame without any canvas or paper on it. So overall both are essential for any products success.

UX design is a human-first way of designing products. It is a conglomeration of tasks focused on optimization of a product for effective and enjoyable use.

As is found on Wikipedia:
* User experience design (UXD or UED) is the process of enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty by improving the usability, ease of use, and pleasure provided in the interaction between the customer and the product.

This implies that regardless of its medium, UX Design encompasses any and all interactions between a potential or active customer and a company. As a scientific process it could be applied to anything, street lamps, cars, etc., but, it is a term more used in the digital industry for web and mobile applications

UI or User Interface design, on the other hand, is the look and feel, design, presentation and interactivity of a product. In other words, UI is the complement of the UX design, and the process to use the research, testing, development, content and test results into an easy to use, attractive and responsive design for customers. In general Terms, UI is responsible for transforming products strength into a great visual appeal to boost user experience.

So in conclusion:

* User Interface Design is responsible for creating and best enhancing the user's experience.

* User Interface Design is a process of visually guiding the user through a product's interface in an attractive, guiding and responsive way for users.

Is One More Important Than The Other?

I am sure you already know the answer based on the previous lines.

"Something that looks great but is difficult to use is exemplary of great UI and poor UX. While Something very usable that looks terrible is exemplary of great UX and poor UI."

So, they are both crucial, and complement each other. They involve different professional profiles and the capacity to work together targeting a single objective: The best experience for the user, the most appealing way possible.

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Simplifying User Experience Design UX/User Interface Design UI - Web Development Studio

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So, let us understand in simple terms UI / UX that can make these conversations meaningful for us. UX Design refers to the term User Experience Design, while UI Design stands for User Interface Design. Both elements are key to a product and are closely interrelated.

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Key Points in Universal Design (UX) the following video displays a home designed using the UX model.

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Key Points in Universal Design (UX) the following video displays a home designed using the UX model.

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1. Easy to use with minimum guidance.
2.  Equitable, will target all or most of the population.
3. People enjoy using the product or service.
4. The product or service needs to be useful.
5. Connect the user needs to the developer or company's goals.

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Universal Homes: Episode 3 - "Off The Grid in Mexico"

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1. Identify the application and environment.
2. Describe the overall population.
3. Involve consumers with diverse characteristics.
4. Adopt guidelines and standards.
5. Apply guidelines and standards.
6. Plan for accommodations.
7. Train and support staff that will market or sell the product.
8. Evaluate and modify accordingly.

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1. Designed to benefit large portions of the population in mind, so you can reach a more people.
2. Products offer simplicity and are easy to use.
3. Brings joy to the user.

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Customer satisfaction is an essential element to the success and longevity of any business. A happy customer will not only become a repeat customer they will become the best form of marketing and advertising businesses of all shapes and sizes can get. The benefits of applying user experience design to your business and its products or services are without a doubt worth their weight in gold. An increased user experience means greater customer satisfaction, reduced cost of ownership, and increased sales.

A happy customer isa returning customer. But not only that. A happy customer is your best brand ambassador and marketing agency all in one. Think about a product or service you use that you really enjoy. I can say with conviction that you most likely purchase that product or service on a regular basis. I will even go as far as saying that you may have even told someone about it. This is a direct correlation to user experience design. It shows that the company cares about the consumer and they have taken the time to make sure that any interaction is a pleasant one.

Cost of ownership is on the forefront of many internal accounting departments. The finance people don't like running in the red and if something is costing tons of money they will be the first ones to point that out. Reducing the cost of ownership is another essential benefit of user experience design. If it is very easy to understand how to interact with a business or its products and services then less resources are needed in way of customer support staff and documentation.

Aside from helping to improve people's lives and make things easier for them the number one reason many companies are in business today is to generate revenue. Because user experience design focuses on keeping the user's wants and needs in mind the company can position itself to reap the rewards of their actions and align business goals with customer goals. Customer satisfaction raises, word of mouth marketing increases, and repeat sales are generated by loyal and happy customers.

In this brief video by Dr. Susan Weinschenk she covers those immediate benefits and educates business owners as to why the upfront cost of user experience design are valuable to the business in the long run.

The ROI of User Experience with Dr. Susan Weinschenk

As you can see user experience design is a very beneficial aspect to business development and customer satisfaction. Businesses of any size or shape can reap the rewards of their hard work by focusing their efforts on user centered design. Improving the user experience keeps customers happy. Therefore businesses are happier. If you have not already, consider implementing user experience design into your business. The significant up front costs can be justified and a return on investment can be measured.

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Customer satisfaction is an essential element to the success and longevity of any business. A happy customer will not only become a repeat customer they will become the best form of marketing and advertising businesses of all shapes and sizes can get.

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Disadvantages of the User Experience Model

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Disadvantages of the User Experience Model

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1. Research can be expensive to conduct.
2. Longer time lines for development.

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The User Experience Model relates to the law of effect principle theorized by Edward L. Thorndike. 

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The User Experience Model relates to the law of effect principle theorized by Edward L. Thorndike. 

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Thorndike's law of effect theory states that which states that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated. The UX model looks to provide the user with pleasant consequences.

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By Dr. Saul McLeod updated 2018

The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that:

"responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation (Gray, 2011, p. 108-109)."

Edward Thorndike (1898) is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within Behaviorism.

Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between events, operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our behavior.

Skinner wasn't the first psychologist to study learning by consequences. Indeed, Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is built on the ideas of Edward Thorndike.

Thorndike studied learning in animals (usually cats). He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box (see fig. 1) to empirically test the laws of learning.

Fig 1: Simplified graph of the result of the puzzle box experiment.

He placed a cat in the puzzle box, which was encourage to escape to reach a scrap of fish placed outside. Thorndike would put a cat into the box and time how long it took to escape. The cats experimented with different ways to escape the puzzle box and reach the fish.

Eventually they would stumble upon the lever which opened the cage. When it had escaped it was put in again, and once more the time it took to escape was noted. In successive trials the cats would learn that pressing the lever would have favorable consequences and they would adopt this behavior, becoming increasingly quick at pressing the lever.

Edward Thorndike put forward a " Law of effect " which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

Critical Evaluation

Thorndike (1905) introduced the concept of reinforcement and was the first to apply psychological principles to the area of learning.

His research led to many theories and laws of learning, such as operant conditioning. Skinner (1938), like Thorndike, put animals in boxes and observed them to see what they were able to learn.

The learning theories of Thorndike and Pavlov were later synthesized by Hull (1935). Thorndike's research drove comparative psychology for fifty years, and influenced countless psychologists over that period of time, and even still today.

How to reference this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2018, January 14). Edward Thorndike. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/edward-thorndike.html
APA Style References

Gray, P. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.) New York: Worth Publishers.

Hull, C. L. (1935). The conflicting psychologies of learning-a way out. Psychological Review, 42(6), 491.

Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century.

Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 2(4), i-109.

Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology. New York: A. G. Seiler.

How to reference this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2018, January 14). Edward Thorndike. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/edward-thorndike.html
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Edward Thorndike - Law of Effect - Simply Psychology

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By Dr. Saul McLeod updated 2018 The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that: "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation (Gray, 2011, p.

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The User Experience Model can absolutely be utilized in the planning of instruction and is used everyday by great teachers to improve student instruction.

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The User Experience Model can absolutely be utilized in the planning of instruction and is used everyday by great teachers to improve student instruction.

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1. Teachers identify a need their students have and try to cater to that need.
2. Classrooms have a diverse population.
3. Teachers have standards they need to follow.
4. Teachers plan for accommodations for their students.
5. Teachers evaluate ad modify instruction based on feedback received from instruction.