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Introductory video profiling the women who make our clothes

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Human resources is a key area for Corporate Social Responsibility in the garment industry. This issue demands leadership from clothing brands as manufacturing countries struggle to legislate around living wages and safe working conditions.

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Human resources is a key area for Corporate Social Responsibility in the garment industry. This issue demands leadership from clothing brands as manufacturing countries struggle to legislate around living wages and safe working conditions.

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Corporate Social Responsibility & Human Rights (2008)

1. What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is generally understood to mean that corporations have a degree of responsibility not only for the economic consequences of their activities, but also for the social and environmental implications. This is sometimes referred to as a 'triple bottom line' approach that considers the economic, social and environmental aspects of corporate activity.

Various terms are used to describe CSR initiatives, including 'Corporate Responsibility,' 'Corporate Accountability', 'Corporate Citizenship' and 'Sustainability.'

The meaning and value of CSR may differ in various contexts, depending on local factors including culture, environmental conditions, and the legal framework.

2. What do human rights have to do with CSR?

Human rights are relevant to the economic, social and environmental aspects of corporate activity. For example, labour rights requiring companies to pay fair wages affect the economic aspect. Human rights such as the right to non-discrimination are relevant to the social aspect. And the environmental aspects of corporate activity might affect a range of human rights, such as the right to clean drinking water.

So, while the primary responsibility for the enforcement of international human rights standards lies with national governments, there is a growing acceptance that corporations also have an important role to play.

Corporations impact on human rights in significant ways. These impacts have increased over recent decades as the economic might and political influence of corporations has grown, and as corporations have become more involved in delivering services previously provided by governments.

Corporations have come to recognise that part of being a good corporate citizen includes respecting the human rights of those who come into contact with the corporation in some way. This might be direct contact (for example, employees or customers), or indirect contact (for example, workers of suppliers, or people living in areas affected by a corporation's activities).

Corporations are also responding to the fact that many consumers and investors expect corporations to act in a socially responsible manner. The extent to which a company implements a comprehensive CSR program can influence consumer and investor decisions.

3. What is happening on CSR and human rights at the international level?

Over the past decade, the international community has made significant advances in examining and clarifying the links between corporations and human rights.

A wide variety of voluntary initiatives have been developed by individual companies, industry bodies, NGOs, inter-governmental bodies and multi-stakeholder groups.

These initiatives include voluntary guidelines and codes of conduct, monitoring and reporting procedures, and socially responsible reporting indexes.

Under such initiatives, hundreds of corporations worldwide have publicly committed to uphold specific human rights standards. This illustrates the growing acceptance of the need for corporations to simultaneously protect the interests of their shareholders, employees, customers and the community in which they operate.

Some prominent examples of international standards and initiatives regarding corporations and human rights include:

The United Nations is further developing the expertise on corporations and human rights. In 2005, the UN Secretary-General appointed Professor John Ruggie as his Special Representative on business and human rights. One of the Special Representative's main tasks is to "identify and clarify standards of corporate responsibility and accountability for transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights."

4. How are human rights relevant to Australian companies?

In 2006, the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services and the Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee conducted inquiries into various aspects of corporate responsibility in the Australian context. Both committees agreed that this was an increasingly important area for the corporate sector.

A range of Australian laws currently require corporations to comply with human rights standards. While these laws are not always framed in human rights language, the standards they stipulate are in fact based on human rights. Examples include:

Laws prohibiting discrimination and harassment in the workplace and laws requiring employers to provide equal employment opportunities. Such laws address the rights to equality and non-discrimination, which are set out in various international treaties including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Laws regulating conditions of work. For example, occupational health and safety, terms and conditions of employment, minimum wage, collective bargaining, and prohibition of child labour and forced labour. Such laws address a range of labour rights, which are contained in various instruments adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and in major international human rights treaties.

Laws regarding Native Title. Such laws address economic, social and cultural rights including property rights, which are set out in various international treaties including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Laws imposing liability on corporations for certain acts which impact on human rights, such as bribery of foreign officials or complicity in war crimes or crimes against humanity. Such laws are based on standards contained in a range of international instruments, for example the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

In addition to the human rights standards which Australian companies are legally obliged to comply with under domestic laws, there is a broader range of human rights that are relevant to corporate activity. Depending on the specific activities carried out by a corporation, these might include:

The right to liberty and security of the person.

The right to an adequate standard of living (including adequate food, water, shelter and clothing), the right to education, the right to health, and other economic, social and cultural rights.

The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

The right to freedom of expression.

The rights of Indigenous peoples.

Many Australian companies incorporate into their CSR policies the human rights standards they must comply with under Australian law. Some Australian companies go beyond domestic legal requirements and participate in voluntary initiatives on CSR and human rights, including the United Nations Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative.

5. What does the Commission do on CSR and human rights?

The Australian Human Rights Commission (the Commission) is Australia's national human rights body, responsible for monitoring the implementation of a range of international human rights standards that have been agreed to by the Australian government.

In the past, the Commission projects have touched on various aspects of corporate responsibility and the links between corporate activity and human rights, in particular in relation to labour rights, workplace practices, and resource development on Indigenous land. Some examples of the Commission's work include:

Good Practice; Good Business - a range of resources which provide practical guidance for businesses on eliminating discrimination and harassment in the workplace.

Access to electronic commerce - a project aimed at improving the accessibility of electronic financial services for older Australians and Australians with a disability, including through the adoption of voluntary standards for the Australian banking industry.

In addition, many aspects of the Commission's everyday work relate to the links between corporate activity and human rights. This includes conciliating complaints regarding discrimination in the workplace or in the provision of goods or services; considering applications made by companies for specific exemptions under anti-discrimination laws; and intervening in court proceedings involving human rights complaints lodged against companies.

In 2008, the Commission embarked on a project focusing on the role of Australian companies in promoting and protecting human rights. Some of the questions the Commission focused on as part of this work included:

What do Australian companies understand human rights to be?

How do Australian companies see human rights as being relevant to the economic, environmental and social aspects of their activities?

Which of the various national and international guidelines and codes are currently being used by Australian companies?

What practical steps are Australian companies taking in order to comply with human rights standards?

What practical steps could be taken to increase the role of Australian companies in protecting and promoting human rights as part of their every day activities?

6. Where can I find more information on CSR and human rights?

Australian resources

Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility

Australian Human Rights Centre - International Trade, Transnational Corporations and Human Rights Project

Australian Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services

Castan Centre for Human Rights Law - Multinational Corporations and Human Rights Project
Corporate Responsibility Index
Deakin University Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation - Corporate Citizenship Research Unit
Human Rights Law Resource Centre Public Interest Advocacy Centre
International resources
United Nations Special Representative on Business and Human Rights
Amnesty International
Business and Human Rights Resource Centre Business Leaders Initiative on Human Rights Global Reporting Initiative Human Rights Watch The Human Rights & Business Project International Business Leaders Forum
United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative - Human Rights Work Stream
United Nations Global Compact

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Corporate Social Responsibility & Human Rights

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The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is generally understood to mean that corporations have a degree of responsibility not only for the economic consequences of their activities, but also for the social and environmental implications. This is sometimes referred to as a 'triple bottom line' approach that considers the economic, social and environmental aspects of corporate activity.

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Clothing industry supply chains are globalised and large corporations can influence conditions further down their supply chain

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Clothing industry supply chains are globalised and large corporations can influence conditions further down their supply chain

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Learn about the lives of the Women who make our clothes - use as part of the 'tune in' activity

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Meet Anju, Forida and Fatima - the women who make your clothes.

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Deloitte 'Living Wage and clothing supply chain'

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Deloitte 'Living Wage and clothing supply chain'

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Consumers are becoming more and more active in demanding that corporations behave ethically

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Consumers are becoming more and more active in demanding that corporations behave ethically

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This video is an insight into a day in the life of a minimum wage earner in the garment industry in Bangladesh

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In this video, clothing brand H&M discusses its perspective on the Bangladesh clothing industry. It doesn't address minimum wage/living wage concerns

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This graphic (Oxfam+Deloitte) shows the projected costs if offshore garment workers were paid a living wage (rather than minimum wage)

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This report reflects extensive research in Bangladesh and Vietnam

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Stand with the women who make our clothes.Add your name to demand big brands pay a living wage.

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10 Principles // Business and Human Rights

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The Ten Principles of the UN Global Compact take into account the fundamental responsibilities of business in the areas of human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption.

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Q. What impact does consumer activism such as this have on business' Corporate Social Responsibility?

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Sammy J’s song to Kmart – a call to increase What She Makes

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We've already released these resources for Geography + Civics - some of it may be useful for VCE students.

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Welcome to the What She Makes resource for the classroom!! What She Makes helps students explore the barriers facing garment workers seeking a living wage, how well-being is affected by poverty, and how students can get involved to pressure brands to address these issues.

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Short video series tracking the supply chain of a cotton T shirt.
Excellent quality video -

Moderate Content Warning for Episode 3: People as it covers the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse and includes footage of deceased people.

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How We Did This

Why A T-Shirt?

We wanted to see the hidden world behind clothes sold in this country, so we decided to make a T-shirt. We wanted to make an ordinary shirt like the vast majority of the shirts sold in this country - not organic cotton, not hand-sewn in the United States.

To figure out how many shirts to make, and to raise money to pay for them, we turned to Kickstarter. Our goal was to sell 2,000 shirts. In the end, we sold 25,000.

(Thanks again to everyone who ordered a shirt. Really. Amazing. We couldn't have done it without you!)

Why A Squirrel?

The design on the shirt, a squirrel hoisting a martini glass, is a visual pun: a reference to the phrase "animal spirits" made famous by the economist John Maynard Keynes.

As Planet Money's David Kestenbaum put it recently: "Keynes' idea was that there's more to the markets than just numbers; there are people and emotions making decisions. And to the extent that we are finding the human element in the very dry subject of economics, it's actually perfect for us."

10 Reporters, 3 Continents, 1 Archipelago

We flew drones over Mississippi. We got mugged in Chittagong, Bangladesh. We met people whom we'll never forget - the actual people who make our clothing. At every location we had radio reporters and videographers.

More T-Shirt Stories!

Good news: We have more T-shirt stories than we could fit on this site.

For more, subscribe to the Planet Money podcast.

A Little Help From Our Friends

Adam Davidson, Planet Money co-founder, came up with the idea of doing this project in the first place more than three years ago.

We were inspired a lot by a book: The Travels Of A T-shirt In The Global Economy. In fact, we hired the author, Pietra Rivoli, to be an adviser on the project. She's a professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University.

Bawen, Indonesia: Jess Jiang faces the classic producer's dilemma: One machine tells a story. A thousand create a racket.

After several years of trying and failing to make a T-shirt from scratch, we finally found some help from Jockey Corp. Marion Smith, the director of global sourcing for Jockey, was patient with us on the phone. (T-shirts are knitted, not woven. They're made from something that looks like thread but is called yarn.) Eventually, Jockey agreed to sell us T-shirts - and, more important, to let us follow the creation of those shirts.

The Planet Money T-shirts are made of fabric that Jockey's textile experts developed. They're based on a design pattern Jockey uses for its own T-shirt line. Jockey introduced us to its suppliers in Bangladesh and Colombia, and those suppliers agreed to assemble our shirts. And Jockey designers helped us pick out the colors for our shirts.

Credits

EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: Alex Blumberg

PROJECT ADVISER: Pietra Rivoli/McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University

MANAGING PRODUCERS: Kainaz Amaria, Brian Boyer and Joshua Davis

PLANET MONEY: Quoctrung Bui, Zoe Chace, Jacob Goldstein, Jess Jiang, Caitlin Kenney, David Kestenbaum, Marianne McCune and Robert Smith

VIDEO DIRECTOR: Joshua Davis

MULTIMEDIA PRODUCERS: Kainaz Amaria, Joshua Davis, and Claire O'Neill

PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO: Kainaz Amaria, Nacho Corbella, Joshua Davis, David Gilkey, Eric Helton, James Jensen, Soren Jensen, Katie Hayes Luke and David Nevala

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: Jeremy Bowers, Danny DeBelius, Alyson Hurt and Wes Lindamood ( Source code on GitHub)

WRITER: Jacob Goldstein

COPY EDITING: Janey Adams, Stephanie Federico, Avie Schneider and Susan Vavrick

ADDITIONAL PRODUCTION: Phia Bennin, Anirvan Ghosh, Frank Hernandez, Seth Maxon, Melissa Melvin-Rodriguez, Molly Messick, Eileen Mignoni, Urmila Ramakrishnan, Tiffany Salone and Alejandra Vengoechea

MOTION GRAPHICS: Suzanne Batmanghelichi and Adam Cole

SOUND EDITING: Drew Kennedy

LEGAL: Ashley Messenger and Brian Rideout

T-SHIRT ILLUSTRATOR: Bob Bianchini

ARCHIVAL VIDEO: AP Archive, U.S. Department of Agriculture ( via archive.org)

MUSIC:
"The Journey," "Goldengrove v2," "Wallflower" (Keith Kenniff/Unseen Music)
"Fire Ignorance," "Anthem" (Tyler Strickland)
"Club Coolada" (Cream Dream/Crash Symbols)
"Shade of Music" (Elias Music Library/Getty Music Library)
"B&G's" (Bela R. Balogh and Gabe Leavitt/3 Leg Torso)
"Stay Golden" (Au Revoir Simone/Moshi Moshi Records)
"Mirrors" (Crocodiles/Fat Possum Records)

SPECIAL THANKS: Coburn Dukehart; Jeffrey Silberman/Fashion Institute of Technology
Published December 2, 2013
This site is a product/service of NPR. Use is governed by NPR's terms of use and privacy policy.

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The world behind a simple shirt, in five chapters.

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The Cotton On Group is committed to the journey towards paying a living wage.

A 'living wage' is the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet the basic needs of himself/herself and his/her, family including some discretionary income. This should be earned during standard working hours.

Before partnering with a supplier, we ensure that they understand how to adhere to our 14 Rules To Trade, which covers important issues like wages, working conditions and environmental practices. We have an audit and corrective action program to ensure that minimum wages are paid and we have a zero tolerance approach to any identified breaches

The concept of a Living Wage is a complex one and we recognise that individually our impact may be limited; that without buy-in from major players globally the realisation of living wages for all will not be timely or sustainable.

Since 2016, the Group has researched to understand the take home pay of workers in our supply chain for each region where we source.

In light of this research the Group reviewed and strengthened our Ethical Sourcing Audit Program to place focus on wage related findings in conjunction with our supply chain partners. We continue to remain close to workers regarding wages and working conditions through management of a confidential hot line and independent worker interviews.

Since 2016, we have been actively working to identify improvements in responsible purchasing and sourcing practices to facilitate improved conditions and wages.

Our suppliers, some of which have been working with the business for over 20 years, are a part of our global family and integral to our business and as such are aligned to our values and purpose to make a positive difference in people's lives. With this in mind, we partner with NGO's to communicate to suppliers that living wages is part of our commitment to improve working conditions in the supply chain.

Although there is currently no global solution to the challenge of realising living wages for all, we are working to develop the tools and support necessary for the successful transition from minimum wages to living wages.

In May 2018 we became a proud member of Action Collaboration Transformation (ACT). The Group is committed to working with fellow signatories towards the establishment of industry wide collective bargaining to create positive change to the way wages and working conditions are set.

ACT is a ground-breaking initiative, bringing together global NGOs, retailers, trade unions, regulators and governing bodies to develop innovative strategies needed to bring about the successful transition from minimum wages to living wages.

The members of ACT are joining forces as we actively seek to create long-term solutions to foster positive change to the way wages and working conditions are set. Importantly, the Group has committed to improving broad purchasing practices:

The Group has committed to include wages as itemised costs, fair terms of payment, better planning and forecasting, to undertake training on responsible sourcing and buying and to practice responsible exit strategies from suppliers.

The Group have set a target for the end of 2023 to embed the ACT Purchasing Practices Commitments in collaboration with our supplier partners. Delivering on this will support the industry to move towards paying a living wage.

In 2019, we are focusing on internal training of the ACT approach, assessment of our purchasing practices, benchmarking to best practices and identifying priorities for improved operations within the Group.

These activities will contribute to the development of a 5 year implementation roadmap with key milestones and a framework to track and record progress.

We will continue to share updates on the Group's journey to paying living wages.

To learn more about ACT visit their website here.

OUR PARTNERS >

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The Cotton On Group is committed to the journey towards paying a living wage. A 'living wage' is the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet the basic needs of himself/herself and his/her, family including some discretionary income. This should be earned during standard working hours.

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Government/Public resources (Yellow)
Brand/Case Study resources
(Blue)
Oxfam Available resources
(Green)
New Resources + ideas
(White)

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Graphic Organiser (Flow Chart) for students to map the supply chain (what + where + how) against CSR considerations
This organiser could be used by students individually or used as a jigsaw where students in small groups focus on a stage of the supply chain then move groups to share their stage with a mixed group

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What have they learnt??

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This role playing game is live on the website but the current instructions are really wordy. Needs a refresh (and maybe a video to show the game in action)

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Try out this classroom round table role play/ debate game!

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Made in Poverty Report - Supply Chain Graphic

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Made in Poverty Report - Supply Chain Graphic

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Overview graphic - p 3

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Magpie Goose (Social Enterprise employing Aboriginal graphic designers and ethical supply chain)
Short Case Study

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Skip to content

Odorr (dugong) Family by Russel Davey

Stories to wear. Creations by Aboriginal artists. Hand screen-printed. Ethically made in Australia.

Shop Now

Created with purpose

We believe in creating beautiful
garments with purpose by giving
agency to Aboriginal artists.

Created from stories

Every garment we make has a unique
story to tell from different places and
times on Country.

Created ethically

We're proudly Aboriginal owned and
led with all of our garments made
ethically and consciously.

Ethical, sustainable, purposeful.

Magpie Goose X Second Stitch

Sustainable is beautiful. We've teamed up with Second Stitch to transform our offcuts into something great. We're giving our excess fabric a second life by turning it into usable and wearable designs. This way, we're not just minimising our waste - we're also caring for Country.

Shop Now

Join the flock.

There's always room for one more.
Subscribe to our newsletter for updates on
new releases, sales, artist features and more!

Magpie Goose acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of the land on which we live, work and trade. We acknowledge their ongoing connection and custodianship for Country.

We pay our deep respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, particularly those who we work and collaborate with.
Always was, always will be.

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Magpie Goose - Unique Australian Stories

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Magpie Goose is a social enterprise clothing label that fosters the celebration of Aboriginal culture, people and stories. Designs by Aboriginal artists are hand screen printed onto natural fibres, and ethically made into wearable art pieces (in Australia). Aboriginal owned and led.

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Notice and Wonder Activity.

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Forida's Story | What She Makes | is not enough to live on

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Forida is 22 years old. She lives with her husband, a rice miller, and her toddler son in Kallyanpur, a slum area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She also supports her mother-in-law, who looks after her son while she is at work. Forida has hidden her identity with a headscarf, which isn't common among garment workers in Bangladesh.

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First Nations Perspectives // Supply Chains and Trading

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First Nations Perspectives // Supply Chains and Trading

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An important aspect of a distinct Aboriginal culture derives from the tradition of travel, and the tangible and intangible goods that were traded along communication routes that criss-crossed Australia. The external and internal trade of cultural products generated knowledge of other societies, and impacted on societies that traded. The movement of these tangible objects, and the movement of material culture, resulted in expert mapping and familiarity with the dispersion paths taken by Aboriginal travellers. In this movement coastal estuaries, river systems, and catchment areas played a major role in assisting Aboriginal travellers to move deep into the very heart of Australia. These paths were also later followed by European surveyors and stockmen.

The dreaming paths of Aboriginal nations across Australia formed major ceremonial routes along which goods and knowledge flowed. These became the trade routes that criss-crossed Australia and transported religion and cultural values. Aboriginal roads assisted the European colonisation of Australia by appropriating Aboriginal competence in terms of the landscape: by tapping into culinary and medicinal knowledge, water and resource knowledge, hunting, food collecting and path-finding. As a consequence of this assistance, Aboriginal dreaming paths and trading ways also became the routes and roads of colonisers.

Murrandoo Yanner, an Aboriginal leader from the Ganggalida nation, Mungubie (Burketown) North Queensland, talked in a personal communication in 1994 about the tradition and history of trading:

We had our domestic trade routes that went north, south, east and west, my people the Ganggalida traded for oysters, sea turtle and dugong from the north and in return we had goanna and turkey. We went to Normanton for gidgee lancewood and heavy wood for spears and clap sticks, we went west to Garawa for spear flints and stuff. We went south to the Waanyi and we also traded for a stone axe from the Kalkadoons.

We never just traded for goods, trading was a time for sharing of ideas and technology such as the woomera and outrigger canoes with sails. The didgeridoo started in a small place in Arnhem Land and by the time whites arrived it had spread over half the distance of Australia. There was also a lot of ceremony sharing, of food, of stories, of culture and time together. Trade was a time of catching up both pleasure and business. My mob when travelling would grind up the Mitchell grass and make Johnny cakes out of it.

Stone axes from the Mount Isa area found their way to areas along the eastern coast. In addition, the engraved pearl shells from the Dampier Peninsula, north-western Australia, actually reached the shores of the Great Australian Bight over 3200 kilometres, and the oval baler-shell ornaments from Cape York, north-eastern Australia.

One of the most important Aboriginal Highways is the 'Pituri Road'. According to Pamela Watson's 1983 monograph on the production, distribution and consumption of pituri, the Pituri Road 'encompassed a river system where the headwaters of numerous streams [flowed] north into the Gulf of Carpentaria'. These streams also lie close to the catchment area for the Channel Country, where the tributaries of the southward-flowing waters of the Diamantina and Georgina Rivers flow. The Diamantina and Georgina Rivers form the floodplains of the Channel Country and the Lake Eyre basin. In this area the Finke and other river systems flow south into South Australia and Central Australia. According to Watson, the direction of the water formed the main trunk route for trade also flowed along other numerous river systems branching out from the main trunk. The Pituri Road brought together 'religious and social institutions and inventors of technique'.

Pituri was also traded along these same story chains into Western Australia. The material was moved along the Two Dogs' Dreaming story, which formed a major trading route.

To provide a better understanding of the many devices used by Aboriginal people to move over the country, knowledge is required of tangible objects like the shield. Some of these objects are sacred while others are commonplace, everyday objects. The landscape, knowledge, story, song, graphic representation, and social relations all mutually interact, forming, according to David Turnbull in 1989, one 'cohesive knowledge network' to create way-finding devices.

Sandstone grinding dishes quarried at a site near Stuart Creek, south of Lake Eyre, were also taken north into Bedourie. Material culture of high economic significance was moved from one Aboriginal nation to another stage by stage. This may have taken years; and the value of the object increased as it got further from its point of origin. These items were moved along a major communication route from the west of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia and north to the Gulf of Carpentaria in Queensland. The latter route also linked with the route across Mount Isa to Cloncurry. Material culture that travelled up from the Flinders Ranges was red ochre, fine sandstone grinding dishes, and pituri. Material culture traded south from Cloncurry and the Gulf of Carpentaria included baler shell, stone axes, and pituri (the latter being the major commodity). The trading parties undertook major trading expeditions to the Flinders Ranges for red ochre and to Madlhu for pituri. These parties would travel several hundred kilometres, while others would possibly travel over 1000 kilometres.

The Simpson Desert was the hub of a major trading route along which goods travelled in all directions. It was a meeting place and a major trading centre for pituri. Tangible cultural material property as well as intangible cultural knowledge passed through the region. One such road that ran from Pituri Creek, on the Northern Territory and Queensland border, to Rockhampton is over 1600 kilometres long. Just outside of Rockhampton at the Carnarvon Ranges, baler shell stencils can be found. At the source of one pituri plantation at Woodnunajilla waterhole (Apwertetywernkwerre) (known as Salt Lake and related to the Snake Dreaming in Arrernte country), Urtneye was harvested and taken to Lake Caroline, where many groups would travel to trade for the tobacco. A.W. Howitt, W.E. Roth and pastoralist Lee Reese, have all noted the great distances that pituri trading took place - such as the 1600 kilometres Pituri Creek to Rockhampton route. Anne McConnell noted in 1976 that Boulia, Goyders Lagoon, and Kopperamanna also served as pituri trade centres.

The Aboriginal dreaming paths across Australia formed major ceremonial routes along which goods and knowledge flowed. Indeed, the European colonisation of Australia owes much of its success to the deliberate process of Aboriginal land management practices.

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Aboriginal dreaming paths and trading ways

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An important aspect of a distinct Aboriginal culture derives from the tradition of travel, and the tangible and intangible goods that were traded along communication routes that criss-crossed Australia. The external and internal trade of cultural products generated knowledge of other societies, and impacted on societies that traded.

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Recommendations for Clothing brands to improve their supply chain

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Read the ELK transparency report to discover an in depth and concise account detailing where and how ELK products are made and by whom. The report proposes goals, celebrates our achievements and highlights to all what we need to do to affect positive change into the future.

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This is a terrific infographic on how the Bangladesh Accord works