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native; originating in a particular place

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The complex of indigenous cultures that developed on parts of Mexico and Central America prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th century

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A confederacy of Native American Indians which was originally composed if 5 tribes which are the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca peoples.

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a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion

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french colonist, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler

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an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States

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a spanish labor system

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occured in 1680 and it was an indian uprising. It was caused by the Spanish Roman Catholic mission in New Mexico began to oppress the natives by attempting to derive them of their religious customs.

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a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

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Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

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the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies

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when farmers grow food crops to feed themselves and their families

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English puritan lawyer and of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years.

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a part of a religion that produces cereals for the rest of it

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an English colonial proprietor and the son of admiral and politician Sir William Penn

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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Squanto was a member of the Patuxet tribe best known for being an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower Pilgrims who made their settlement at the site of Squanto's former summer village.

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Pocahontas was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.

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Britain's unofficial policy initiated by prime minister Robert Walpole to relax the enforcement of strict regulations,  particularly trade laws, imposed on the American colonies late in the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth centuries

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the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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any of several acts of Parliament between 1651 and 1847 designed primarily to expand British trade and limit trade by British colonies with countries that were rivals of Great Britain.

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a tax of six cents per gallon on imports of molasses from non-English colonies

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gave the French Canadians complete religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law.

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intellectual movement in 17th and 18th century emphasizing the reason and individualism rather than tradition

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Natural rights are rights that believe it is important for all animals or even living beings to have out of natural law.

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an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits

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an English philosopher and physician who believes in natural rights (life, liberty, and property)

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a french philosopher who believed in the separation of powers

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a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and the 13 colonies between the 1730s and 1740s

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the act of being taxed by an authority without the benefit of having elected representatives. The term became part of an anti-British slogan when the original 13 American colonies aimed to revolt against the British Empire.

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the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789

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a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west

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chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory.

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an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts in opposition to a debt crisis among the citizenry and the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades

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a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine advocating from Great Britain to people in the thirteen colonies

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the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

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The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.

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a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority.

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US history a person who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1789 and thereafter allied with Thomas Jefferson's Anti Federalist Party, which opposed extension of the powers of the federal Government. (often not capital) any person who opposes federalism.

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a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising and existing constitution

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agreement that large and small states during the constitutional convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and the representation that each state would have under the US constitution

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compromises the first 10 amendments to the US

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the judicial branch should be composed of one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress from time to time established.

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Alexander Hamilton presented four major reports that dealt with the financial, social, and constitutional future of the United States. Three were public documents, presented to Congress as proposals for policies that Congress might enact.

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a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington, ultimately under the command of American Revolutionary war veteran Major James McFarlane

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The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798

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political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The Virginia Resolutions contemplate joint action by the states.

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in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution (as opposed to the state's own constitution)

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The Democratic-Republican Party was an American political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the early 1790s. The party championed republicanism, political equality, and expansionism.

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the supporters of the proposed Constitution called themselves "Federalists." Their adopted name implied a commitment to a loose, decentralized system of government. In many respects "federalism" — which implies a strong central government — was the opposite of the proposed plan that they supported.

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a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

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(Nov. 19, 1794), agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial prosperity.

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also commonly known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain.

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Battle of Fallen Timbers/ Treaty of Greenville

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Battle of Fallen Timbers/ Treaty of Greenville

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The fighting took place on the Maumee River, near present-day Toledo. With the Treaty of Greenville, signed in present-day Greenville, Ohio, in August 1795, the Indians ceded much of present-day Ohio, which, in 1803, became America's 17th state

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a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.

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The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, which broke out during the beginning of John Adams's presidency.

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"Who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age" (26th Amendment, 1971)

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Abigail Adams was the wife and closest advisor of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States, and is now designated as the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States, although these titles were not used at the time.

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Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, was a U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws, statutes, and some government actions that violate the Constitution of the United States.

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The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi.

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross the western portion of the United States

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The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807. It prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.

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The Non-Intercourse Act prohibited commerce with Great Britain and its allies and with France and the countries controlled by France. The Non-Intercourse Act permitted trade and commerce with the rest of the world.

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Tecumseh was a Native American Shawnee warrior and chief, who became the primary leader of a large, multi-tribal confederacy in the early 19th century.

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The Battle of Fallen Timbers was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy and a British-Canadian militia company, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory.

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The Prophet is a book of 26 prose poetry fables written in English by the Lebanese-American poet and writer Kahlil Gibran. It was originally published in 1923 by Alfred A. Knopf. It is Gibran's best known work

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members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. The War Hawks tended to be younger congressmen from southern and western states. Their desire for war was prompted by expansionist tendencies.

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Impressment, colloquially "the press" or the "press gang", is the taking of men into a military or naval force by compulsion, with or without notice. Navies of several nations used forced recruitment by various means

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fought on January 8, 1815 between British troops led by General Edward Pakenham and American forces led by General Andrew Jackson. Despite being outnumbered 2:1, the Americans, who had constructed sophisticated earthworks, won a decisive victory against the British assault.

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The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Both sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, United Netherlands.

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The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing

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a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812.

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the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States. It was followed by a general collapse of the American economy that persisted through 1821.

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the legislation that provided for the admission of Maine to the United States as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate.

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the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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occurred in 19th century United States, is a historical model which argues that there was a drastic change of the economy that disoriented and coordinated all aspects of the market economy in line with both nations and the world.

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a national economic plan put forth by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and the Whig party throughout the first half of the 19th century. The plan consisted of three major components: Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues.

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was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, served as seventh speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, and served as the ninth U.S. secretary of state

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was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

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Lowell is a city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Located in Middlesex County, Lowell was a county seat until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999

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in New York, United States that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran 363 miles from the Hudson River in Albany to Lake Erie in Buffalo

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a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823.

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also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.

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the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States. It was followed by a general collapse of the American economy that persisted through 1821. The Panic heralded the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe toward an independent economy.

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a French diplomat, political scientist and historian. He was best known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution.

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a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction, to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time.

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a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision

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a period during American History when people with fundamental opinions began to build their own perfect communities or societies and they possessed highly suitable or perfect qualities.

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an organized effort during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

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was an author, teacher and reformer. Her efforts on behalf of the mentally ill and prisoners helped create dozens of new institutions across the United States and in Europe and changed people's perceptions of these populations.

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an American educational reformer and Whig politician known for his commitment to promoting public education. A central theme of his life was that "it is the law of our nature to desire happiness. This law is not local, but universal; not temporary, but eternal.

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The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in the Wesleyan Chapel of the town of Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.

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a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

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an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement

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a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement.

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an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. a doctrine holding that religious, moral, social, or political perfection is attainable, especially the theory that human moral or spiritual perfection should be or has been attained.

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was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death, 14 years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religion that continues to the present.

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The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War.

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Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois. ... During the 1850s, Douglas was one of the foremost advocates of popular sovereignty, which held that each territory should be allowed to determine whether to permit slavery within its borders.