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https://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/311933?terms=rwanda+&sType=quick

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https://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/312187?terms=rwanda+&sType=quick

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https://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1853336?terms=rwanda%20&webSiteCode=SLN_HMOD&returnToPage=%2fSearch%2fDisplay%2f1853336%3fterms%3drwanda+&sType=quick&token=89B8CBA672359D966562E8A37670977E&casError=False

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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26875506

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The Belgians relied heavily on indigenous Tutsi leaders to govern the colony. This served to reinforce Tutsi control and provided apparatus to repress the masses of the people. Belgian leaders excluded Hutus from government service and from higher education.

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The Hutu and Tutsi are descended from ancestors sharing a common language

, Kinyerwanda, who settled the Rwanda-Burundi area of east central Africa more than 1,000 years ago.

Two forms of subsistence developed among these people.

One group relied strictly on cultivation and farming.

The other relied on cattle raising. Over time, the farmers came to be known as Hutus and the pastoralists as Tutsis.

In this culture, cattle were a marker of wealth. With time, Hutu and Tutsi became class markers with the pastoral Tutsi as the wealthier members of the society.

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Hutu leaders were successful in exploiting the decolonization process to gain power throughout Rwanda. When Rwanda revolted against Belgium and secured its independence in 1961, the class roles were reversed, and the Hutu held the positions of power.

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Tutsi rebels challenged Hutu rule immediately. In response to cross-border rebel incursions, the Hutu government massacred some 20,000 Rwandan Tutsis and forced 300,000 to flee. In the aftermath, a military dictatorship solidified its power in Rwanda. Over the next two decades, the standard of living in Rwanda declined steadily.

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About 85% of Rwandans are Hutus but the Tutsi minority has long dominated the country. In 1959, the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi monarchy and tens of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighbouring countries, including Uganda.

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As the economic decline in Rwanda continued, the power base of the military leadership eroded. Rebel groups, most notably the Rwandan Patriotic Front, began to challenge the government from camps in neighboring states. Tutsi participation with the rebels gave justification for further repression of the Tutsi.

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The Tutsi are the minority class of citizens that occupy the region of Rwanda-Burundi. The Tutsi ruled Rwanda for centuries before they lost power in 1961. In 1994, they were the victims of genocide at the hands of the Hutu majority.

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The Tutsi minority held the tribal leadership positions. The German colonizers did little to interfere with the social makeup of the indigenous people.

When Belgium assumed control over Rwanda at the close of World War I, the situation changed. The Belgians relied heavily on indigenous Tutsi leaders to govern the colony.

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During the 1950s, Tutsi control over Rwanda began to weaken as the United Nations supervised decolonization. The Hutu were successful in exploiting the decolonization process to gain power throughout Rwanda. When Rwanda revolted against Belgium and secured its independence in 1961, the class roles were reversed, and the Hutu held the positions of power.

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In 1998, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda determined that the massacre was a genocide and was the first tribunal to convict on those grounds. The trials were completed in 2012. Ninety-three individuals were tried for genocide-related crimes and 61 of those individuals were found guilty and sentenced to prison. Today, most Tutsi live as refugees in nations bordering Rwanda and within Rwanda, it is illegal to talk about ethnicity.

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A group of Tutsi exiles formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which invaded Rwanda in 1990 and fighting continued until a 1993 peace deal was agreed.

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Neighbours killed neighbours and some husbands even killed their Tutsi wives, saying they would be killed if they refused.

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Relatives of those who died during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide participate in 10-year commemorations in Kigali, Rwanda on April 7, 2004. As the 20th anniversary was reached in 2014, two former Rwandan military officials were acquitted of charges, sparking outrage among Rwanda's people.