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Using a Multimeter
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/references/how-to-use-a-multimeter

Circuits Symbols
http://electronicsclub.info/circuitsymbols.htm

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Wires | Supplies | Output devices | Switches | Resistors | Capacitors | Diodes | Transistors | Audio & Radio | Meters | Sensors | Logic gates

Next Page: Electricity and the Electron

Also see: Circuit Diagrams

Circuit symbols in diagrams

Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams showing how a circuit is connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram.

To build a circuit you need a different diagram showing the layout of the parts on breadboard (for temporary circuits), stripboard or printed circuit board.

A circuit diagram

Wire and connection symbols

Wire

Connects components and passes current easily from one part of a circuit to another.

Wires joined

A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right.

Wires not joined

In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. The simple crossing on the left is correct but may be misread as a join where the 'blob' has been forgotten. The bridge symbol on the right leaves no doubt!

Power supply symbols

Cell

Supplies electrical energy. The larger line is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly speaking a battery is two or more cells joined together.

Battery

Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger line is positive (+).

Solar Cell

Converts light to electrical energy.
The larger line is positive (+).

Supplies electrical energy.
DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.

Supplies electrical energy.
AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.

Fuse

A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.

Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core, there is no electrical connection between the coils.

Earth (Ground)

A connection to earth. For some electronic circuits this symbol is used for the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Output device symbols

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard.

Heater

A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.

Motor

A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).

Bell

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. There may be an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something magnetically.

Switch symbols

A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell.

This type of push switch is normally closed = on, it is open = off only when the button is pressed.

SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. Current flows only when the switch is in the closed =on position.

SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw. A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.

DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw. A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections.

DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.
This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches have a central off position.

An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch an AC mains circuit. The rectangle represents the coil.
NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed.

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Resistor symbols

A resistor restricts the flow of charge. Uses include limiting the current passing through an LED, and slowly charging a capacitor in a timing circuit.
Some publications use the old resistor symbol:

A rheostat has 2 contacts and is usually used to control current. Uses include controlling lamp brightness or motor speed and changing the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit.

A potentiometer has 3 contacts and is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal.

A preset is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment. Presets are cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects to reduce the cost.

Capacitor symbols

A capacitor stores electric charge. It can be used with a resistor in a timing circuit, for smoothing a supply (it provides a reservoir of charge) and can be used as a filter (blocking DC signals but passing AC signals). Unpolarised capacitors usually have small values, less than 1µF.

A capacitor stores electric charge. Polarised capacitors must be connected the correct way round. They usually have larger values, 1µF and greater. See above for uses.

A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.

This type of variable capacitor is designed to be set when a circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.

Diode symbols

A device which allows current to flow in only one direction.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. Usually abbreviated to LED.

A zener diode can be used to maintain a fixed voltage.

Photodiode

A light-sensitive diode.

Transistor symbols

A transistor amplifies current and can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit. This symbol is for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the type you are most likely to use at first.

A transistor amplifies current and can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit. This symbol is for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the type you are most likely to use at first.

Phototransistor

A light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio symbols

Microphone

A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Amplifier (general symbol)

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really this is a block diagram symbol because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.

Aerial (Antenna)

A device to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope

Measures voltage. The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference' but voltage is more widely used.

Measures current.

A very sensitive meter used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.

Measures resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.

An oscilloscope is used to display the 'shape' of electrical signals - showing how they vary with time. It can be used to measure voltage and time periods.

Sensors (input devices)

A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical property). LDR = Light Dependent Resistor

A transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance (an electrical property).

Logic gate symbols

Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off). For more information please see the page on logic gates. There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).

A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate. The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true.

A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not OR gate. The output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are true.

An EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not EX-OR gate. The output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its inputs are the same (both true or both false).

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Wires | Supplies | Output devices | Switches | Resistors | Capacitors | Diodes | Transistors | Audio & Radio | Meters | Sensors | Logic gates Next Page: Electricity and the Electron Also see: Circuit Diagrams Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams showing how a circuit is connected together.

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9 Volt Battery

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Academic Kids "Automaton" https://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Automaton

Museum of Art and Design "The History of Automata" from the Middle Ages through Modern Times

https://themadmuseum.co.uk/history-of-automata/

Automata website history page - http://www.mechanical-toys.com/History%20page.htm - to identify other cultural sources of information regarding automata around the world. Some of the automata listed may be stereotypical representations of a culture as contrasted to actual automata created by members of the culture.

YouTube (Engineer’s Playground). (2013, September 6). Sesame Street mechanical toys. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0jTwW82Ma4&list=PLvkZjl6Lcii-NdSbGBz2otkdCGIiHTzRy&index=6

YouTube (ryo000001). (2011, August 2012). The amazing Japanese traditional “Karakuri” automata. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5zYK9FxORI

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The most famous Japanese "Karakuri" automata that have made 200 years ago.

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The "Karakuri" automata is the traditional handcraft of Edo period(1603-1868). Their movements are caused by the power of springs. Japan boasts to the world the ultimate reproduction of "Karakuri" automata. The "Karakuri" automata that bend arrow has been achieved by Hisasige Tanaka, the first president of Toshiba.

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Add links here to meet the needs of all learners.