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Take these quick surveys to assess the current mindset within yourself, your students, your classroom, and your school, and identify areas where you can develop your mindset.

Assess your current personal mindset and how it may be impacting your success.

Assess your students' current motivational behavior in the classroom.

Assess the mindset of your current classroom environment and how it may be impacting your students' motivation.

Assess the mindset of your current school environment and how it may be impacting the motivation and success of both staff and students.

How can I develop a growth mindset in myself, my students, and my colleagues?

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Brainology is an online interactive program in which middle school students learn about how the brain works, how to strengthen their own brains, and how to better approach their own learning. In the process they develop a growth mindset whereby they think of their intelligence as something they can develop through study and learning rather than as something fixed, as explained by our co-founder Dr. Carol Dweck.

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Free personality test - take it to find out why our readers say that this personality test is so accurate, "it's a little bit creepy." No registration required!

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Research has shown that birth order has a substantial effect on our personalities and the way we live our lives. While some people fit their birth order, others do not.

What birth order personality are you most similar to? Does your personality reflect your actual birth order, or do you stray from the norm? This quiz will help you discover your "true birth order."

Created by: Lauren

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What birth order personality do you have?

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Research has shown that birth order has a substantial effect on our personalities and the way we live our lives. While some people fit their birth order, others do not. What birth order personality are you most similar to? Does your personality reflect your actual birth order, or do you stray from the norm?

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Take a fast demo IQ test of the Pro Certified Admissions IQ test of the International High IQ Society, or our Classical Intelligence test to get a taste of what a full length IQ test is like.
(Are you here to prepare for an assessment? Check out our Prep Packages.)
When you complete a free IQ test you will get an estimate of your IQ score or the number of questions you answered correctly. Share your IQ score with your friends. Learn if you might qualify for membership of the High IQ society.

Start the free test

Start the free test

What is an IQ test?

IQ is an abbreviation of Intelligence Quotient. So, OK, but what is IQ? The IQ is a measurement of your intelligence and is expressed in a number. It's an estimate also, there will always be a given amount of measurement error.

A person's IQ can be calculated by having the person take an intelligence test. The average IQ is 100 by definition. If you achieve a score higher than 100, you did better than the average person, and a lower score means you (somewhat) performed less.

What is a good IQ score?

The average IQ score is always 100, and your personal score tells you your IQ ranking compared to the average. IQ scores are based on comparisons with other people who took the test: the norm group. As 100 is the average score, your score tells you how your IQ score ranks compared to other people. Most people score between 85 and 115.

About 2% of the population has an IQ score lower than 69. Such a low IQ score often is hard to measure using a regular intelligence test. Very high IQ scores, say over 150, are also hard to determine accurately. This is because you need a lot of reference measurements to determine a specific score reliably. As very high and very low IQ scores simply do not occur often, it is hard to form such a reference group.

Can I practice IQ tests?

You can practice IQ tests, it will not make you more intelligent but it will increase your IQ score on a job test for example. Be sure to try any IQ test we offer for free in our IQ tests section. Especially for assessment preparation this will be very useful!

What IQ test types are there?

In a classic IQ test you will generally find questions related to numerical reasoning, logical reasoning, verbal intelligence and spatial intelligence. An IQ test that primarily measures abstract reasoning, either inductive or deductive, will often be a non-verbal IQ test. The latter is then called culture-fair because of that.

Both classic and non-verbal IQ tests make for valid and reliable IQ score measurements, although their definitions of intelligence do vary. Generally an IQ test consisting of more questions will have a higher reliability than shorter tests.

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IQ Test. Free and No registration, test your intelligence at 123test.com

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Test how smart you are in a few minutes with our free IQ test demos. Visit 123test for demos of the IQ test and culture fair intelligence test, check https://www.123test.com/iq-test/

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The Free IQ Test

The average IQ is 100. Have you wondered what your IQ score is? Our original IQ Test will give you a fast, free and accurate iq score. Take our fast and free IQ test and find out just how smart you are.

How do I Qualify for Mensa?

Tests often claim to determine an intelligence quotient, or IQ score, without really defining the term. In fact, there are many different types of IQ tests and IQ scoring scales, plus intelligence tests that don't even show results as an IQ score. For admission to Mensa, applicants must take a standard intelligence test and score at or above the 98th percentile.

What Do IQ Tests Test?

It is more valuable to look at what IQ tests correlate with than what they measure. IQ tests didn't arise as measurement tools for theories that immediately proved to correlate with notable outcomes. IQ tests have been tweaked and refined over time to show these correlations - a process similar to natural selection.

Why IQ Matters More Than Grit.

Lifespan, physical wellness, and economic success have legitimate correlations with IQ. Unfortunately, we have little control over our IQ scores and measurements; the level of intelligence we're born with is essentially what we'll have throughout life.

Trump Believes in IQ Tests. He's Not Wrong.

IQ tests don't just indicate how well you take IQ tests. People who do well on IQ tests have similar success in school and at work. They also tend to enjoy better physical and mental health, living longer than peers who don't score as well on IQ tests. Education and social class do not seem to impact these factors in the same way.

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Free IQ Test - Fast, Free and Accurate Online IQ Test

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The Free IQ Test The average IQ is 100. Have you wondered what your IQ score is? Our original IQ Test will give you a fast, free and accurate iq score. Take our fast and free IQ test and find out just how smart you are.

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How to Qualify for High IQ Societies

Most high IQ societies limit their membership to those who have scored above the 98th percentile on applicable IQ tests. Applicants who have already done so can apply for high IQ society membership by furnishing proof of their high scores. People who have lost their scores or simply want to take a new test can take any of the more widely recognized IQ tests, such as Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), or the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test. The score that they receive on the intelligence test will determine if they qualify for membership. However, applicants are encouraged to take practice tests first to help them prepare for the challenge of entering a high IQ society.

Practicing for IQ tests

One of the best resources for preparing yourself to take an IQ test are practice tests. They offer the same types of questions, and present concepts in a manner similar to what you would encounter on a real IQ test. Going over practice tests multiple times in order to break the questions down to their fundamental parts is key when it comes to doing well on an IQ test.

Taking an IQ Test

IQ tests work by assessing a person's ability to overcome a specific set of obstacles, either in the form of written questions or as visual puzzles. Depending on the test being taken, the questions can range from assessing quantitative reasoning ability, verbal reasoning ability, visuospatial abilities, etc. By allowing for a variety of unique intelligence variables to be measured about someone, IQ tests assist in quantifying a person's strengths and weaknesses.

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Free Online Practice IQ Tests | Genius Tests

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Most high IQ societies limit their membership to those who have scored above the 98th percentile on applicable IQ tests. Applicants who have already done so can apply for high IQ society membership by furnishing proof of their high scores.

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This is an adaptive test. The questions in each section start easy and get harder. Younger children will not usually finish all questions in each section, but age (entered later) is factored into the scoring formula and IQ is calculated in relation to children the same age.

About the ISIQ - Children's Version Administered by FunEducation

This Child IQ test is professionally designed for children ages 6-16 years old and takes about 40-60 minutes to complete. A child does not have to complete the entire IQ test in one sitting. You can use the results of the IQ test to determine your child's natural intellectual strengths.

Information about the Test Administration Fee

We recommend only looking at a few questions if you are not sure if you want to pay the $19.97 Test Service Fee for the I.Q. Score result. When you are ready to take the full test, set aside about one hour where you will be in a quiet and uninterrupted environment. Thanks for your support and GOOD LUCK!

Intended Use: The ISIQ - Children's Version is intended as a test that parents of young children and teenagers can use over the Internet for measuring verbal intelligence. Scores obtained can help persons with self-awareness, self-understanding and making plans for schooling and/or career choices. Reports can be used by professionals as well, as in assessing for career planning, school placement and problem diagnosis. For example, when diagnosing ADHD, learning disabilities and dyslexia, it is important to rule out mental retardation.

Description and Design: The ISIQ - Children's Version is a 201-item multiple choice measure of verbal intelligence designed for children ages 6 to 16. The test items were written by Dr. William A. McConochie, Ph.D., to measure a range of ability from a mentally slow 6 year old to a bright 16 year old.

It has about 40 items for each of five of the content areas measured: information, similarities, arithmetic, comprehension and vocabulary. Similar to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd and 4th Editions (Verbal WISC III and WISC IV), the ISIQ - Children's Version results are reliable and accurate. Indeed, the reliabilities hold up very well across all ages from 6 through 16. For example, the mean reliability of the section scores for 10 year olds is .84. For the same five Wechsler III tests for 10 to 11 year olds the mean is .81. The total reliability of the ISIQ test for 10 year olds is .96, computed by the Kuder-Richardson 21 formula. For the WISC III total it is 93. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the ISIQ total verbal I.Q. for 14 year olds is .97 while the same measure for 14 year olds on the WISC III total verbal I.Q. is .95. The Wechsler tests are highly regarded and widely used by clinical psychologists in the United States and were thus chosen for comparative analysis. The author is very familiar with the Wechsler tests, having administered them in his private clinical practice for over 40 years. He is familiar with test design, having constructed clinical, industrial and research tests for over 20 years.

A multiple-choice format was chosen to permit Internet administration and automatic, computer scoring. Each item has 5 options, four that are possible answers and one for "I don't Know". There is only one correct answer for each item. When a child misses 5 items in a row, that section of the test is discontinued and the next begun. Test-takers are urged to be serious and complete the entire test carefully. Young children should be guided by an adult to assure reliable and valid scores.

Scores do not vary substantially by gender, ethnic group or nationality, suggesting that the test is relatively culture-free and free of ethnic bias for English-speaking children with access to the Internet.

Report Format: The $19.97 "Test Service Fee" provides the I.Q. score of the test-taker as well as the comprehensive test report. I.Q. scores are calculated by the standard deviation formula with a mean I.Q. set at 100 and standard deviation of 15. After payment of the Test Service Fee you will receive immediate access to a written report and certificate of intelligence quotient that can be printed for personal use. Scores are given in terms of both I.Q. and percentile levels for all five sections and the total score. The printed Test Report provides a description of verbal intelligence, reliability data and recommended interpretation of scores.

Norms: The test norms are periodically updated and are currently based on a sample of over 100,000 children from around the world. As there are no substantial differences in scores by gender, scores are based on comparison of the test taker's scores with those of other children the same age.

Value: Determining if a child is gifted or has special needs can give parents a valuable insight into their child's emotional, academic and social development - this children's IQ test can be immensely helpful in determining if your child has special needs or is eligible for higher placement in school. Research has shown that one of the first steps to raising a gifted child is to have him or her take an IQ test along with other forms of testing to determine his or her strengths, weaknesses and abilities. In today's crowded educational environment, parents cannot rely solely on their child's school to determine if their child is gifted or would benefit from being placed in a special academic environment. Parents should take the initiative as early as possible by having their children take an intelligence test.

In many school districts, the best way for a child to get a quality education is to be admitted into the gifted classes or attend a special magnet school. Unfortunately, these programs often have limited enrollments so countless parents compete for a few, coveted spots. Further, parents who are looking to get their children into these programs often need to provide proof that their child belongs in a special or gifted program.

For years IQ testing was often an expensive and time-consuming process affordable by only the wealthiest of parents. The process needed to be administered by a licensed and trained child psychologist who charges anywhere from $200 to $400 for a basic assessment. This is no longer the case. The ISIQ - Children's Version is a valid and accurate assessment of a child's intelligence quotient and just as accurate as the Wechsler IQ tests for children. Join the other parents from around the world who use the ISIQ - Children's Version to quickly and affordably determine their child's level of intelligence.

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Child IQ Test, IQ Testing Quiz, Kids, IQ Test for Children, Scores

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Providing educational and IQ testing software products for kids and students. We offer Kids IQ test software as well as online IQ test for children. Take our IQ test for children today and find out your child' IQ test score!

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There are 12 zodiac signs, and each sign has its own strengths and weaknesses, its own specific traits, desires and attitude towards life and people. By analyzing the projection of the position of planets, and the Sun and the Moon on the Ecliptic at the moment of birth. Astrology can give us a glimpse of a person's basic characteristics, preferences, flaws and fears.

We made it simple for you to find out what your zodiac sign is, Its complete profile and it's compatibility with other zodiac signs. By selecting your sign from the detailed zodiac sign dates list you will discover everything on the character of your Sun sign, it's , traits, profile, history, myth and love compatibility.

Each of the 12 horoscope signs belongs to one of the four elements - Air, Fire, Water and Earth. These elements represent an essential type of energy that acts in each of us. aims to help us focus these energies on the positive aspects and to gain a better understanding of our potential and our positive traits and deal with negative ones.

These four elements help describe the unique personality types associated with astrological signs. The four zodiac elements exhibit profound influence on basic character traits, emotions, behavior and thinking.

Water Signs

Earth Signs

Fire: Aries, Leo, Sagittarius

Earth: Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn

Air: Gemini, Libra, Aquarius

Water: Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces

Chinese Astrology

Chinese astrology is based on the traditional astronomy. The development of Chinese astrology is tied to that of astronomy which came to flourish during the Han Dynasty. The Chinese Zodiac is one of the oldest known horoscope system in the world and consists of twelve animals that represent a certain year. According to Chinese astrology, the year of a person's birth is represented by one of these animals. The twelve animal signs or zodiac symbols are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. Chinese astrology also has five elements of nature namely: water, wood, fire, earth and metal. According to Chinese astrology, a person's destiny can be determined by the position of the planets and the positions of the Sun and Moon at the person's time of birth. Chinese believe that our birth year can determine our attitude and potential and that animal birth signs have symbolism and represent a specific behavior.

Vedic Astrology

Jyotisha is traditional Hindu system of astrology and astronomy, which is also known as Hindu or Indian astrology or more recently Vedic astrology. Vedic astrology horoscopes are divided into three main branches: Indian astronomy, Mundane astrology and Predictive astrology. Indian astrology can reveal our character, guide our future and reveal which are our most compatible signs. One of the greatest tools that Vedic astrology has given us is the position of the Moon and Nakshatras. The Nirayana (sidereal zodiac) is a fictional belt of 360 degrees which like the tropical zodiac is divided into twelve equal parts. Unlike Western astrology which uses the moving zodiac, Vedic astrology uses the fixed zodiac. So, in the Vedic zodiac system you most likely will no longer be the same star signs you thought you were although there are some exceptions.

Mayan Astrology

Mayan astrology is based on the Mayan calendar and it's one of the most forward-thinking kinds of astrology. The Mayan calendar or Tzolkin is based on the intangible energy of the cosmos and the evolution of creation. The Tzolkin calendar consists of twenty day signs (solar tribes) and thirteen Galactic numbers, making a 260-day calendar year. Ancient Mayans believed that in order to have peace and harmony in life, you had to understand and align yourself with this universal energy. Each of these twenty signs represents a day in a Mayan calendar, thus allowing individuals of different months and years to share the same day glyph. One's Mayan day sign defines his/her personality.

Why Do We Believe in Astrology

Although astrology is not a religion, it offers comfort, faith and a deeper understanding of the world we live in. Interpretations often offer assurances of one's future, but more importantly, they are supposed to show us a way to resolve our issues and to improve our relationships with our partners, family, and friends and mainly tools to meet ourselves and discover our own inner worlds in a different light.

Astrology claims that nothing in life is coincidental and everything that happens to us happens for a particular reason. Astrology can provide us some good answers as to why these things happen to us and it guides us on our steps forward. In this way, astrology actually helps people to understand themselves and the world around them much better.

Astrology works, astrologers don't. Most of the people who visit astrologers or read their horoscopes regularly, end up with a sensation of fulfillment and satisfaction somewhat like euphoria. This does not mean that the astrologers have accurately predicted the individuals future or present based on their horoscope dates, but it means that having a horoscope cast can be actually a very fulfilling experience.

The Earth is positioned under the constellations that were known as our star signs millenniums ago. Although signs don't coincide with the constellations anymore, we are still under the influence of seasons and planetary movements in the same way as we were back then. Many people diligently follow their horoscopes and believe in their astrology signs meanings. This isn't surprising, as astrology is widely popular and everyone in the world knows which are their horoscope dates and signs. People enjoy reading their horoscope signs forecasts and this often leads to changes in personalities, behaviors and decision-making processes.

Astrology can be a real lifesaver because it lets you know of the future obstacles and problems in advance. It is up to you whether you want to believe the advice and precautions suggested in a horoscope reading and save yourself from the pain without doing much. Here is your first problem - There is no salvation "without doing much". This is the main problem with approach to chart readings - everyone has to put up a strong effort to change things in their lives.

Some People believe in astrology because others before them did and curiosity it a basic human nature, but the further drawn into astrology the more clear things become. The zodiac dates, the signs. We can associate zodiac signs to almost all aspects of our lives and we will see they are truly insightful and correct. Our horoscopes are unique and they can help us find and reveal our strengths, weaknesses as well as our natural qualities.

Astrology can also help us find, which relationships are compatible - and which are not. Horoscope compatibility can improve our relationships with other zodiac signs. By knowing about your love potential you can make the best use of opportunities and take appropriate measures leading to a happy love or married life.

Astrology takes into account two major aspects - our birth potential and the effects of the planets and the stars on our personal horoscope. It can help us choose the right career and education path in order to make a good and successful life.

Last, but not least - we believe in astrology because it's about us. My horoscope is like a blueprint of my life that got created precisely at the time I was born. That means that my birth chart is almost as unique as my fingerprints. Each planet's placement in my horoscope can reveal a lot about my personality and destiny.

Astrocartography is one method of locational astrology which claims to identify varying life conditions through differences in geographic location. Reportedly, by comparing your natal chart to different areas in the world, you can determine the area where you'll be most successful.

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12 Astrology Zodiac Signs Dates, Meanings and Compatibility | ZodiacSign.com

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There are 12 zodiac signs, and each sign has its own strengths and weaknesses, its own specific traits, desires and attitude towards life and people. By analyzing the projection of the position of planets, and the Sun and the Moon on the Ecliptic at the moment of birth.

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Multiple Intelligences Test (Free) - Personality Max

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Take our free Multiple Intelligences test to learn how strong your intelligences. Your personalized report includes charts and more. No registration.

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Where Do Zodiac Signs Come From? Here's the True History Behind Your Horoscope

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Astrology is not a science, but there's a real, fascinating history behind humans attaching meaning to the stars. Here's what to know.

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How are you smart? Ever wanted to know why you learn the way you do or why some activities or tasks come so easily while others require more effort? Find out which intelligence type you possess and how you can use them to your advantage in every aspect of your life!

Examine the following statements and indicate which option applies best to you. In order to receive the most accurate results, please answer as honestly as possible.

After finishing this test you will receive a FREE snapshot report with a summary evaluation and graph. You will then have the option to purchase the full results for $6.95

This test is intended for informational and entertainment purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional diagnosis or for the treatment of any health condition. If you would like to seek the advice of a licensed mental health professional you can search Psychology Today's directory here.

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How are you smart? Ever wanted to know why you learn the way you do or why some activities or tasks come so easily while others require more effort? Find out which intelligence type you possess and how you can use them to your advantage in every aspect of your life!

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Similar to Western astrology, Chinese astrology has 12 zodiac signs-which are represented by animals. However, in Chinese astrology, the zodiac sign seasons last all year long-as opposed to Western astrology's four-week seasons.

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The quintessential guide to the Chinese Zodiac from Astrology.com is based on the ancient origin story of the Great Race, which determined each animal’s position in the zodiac. Read more about the various signs today.

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Are you Gryffindor? Are you Hufflepuff? Are you Slytherin? Are you Ravenclaw?

Find out with the Hogwarts Sorting Experience created by J.K. Rowling.

Now, we're assuming you're more than familiar with the four houses of Hogwarts, but here's a quick refresher, just in case.

Hogwarts was founded over a thousand years ago by four powerful wizards: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. They chose to split the students into four 'houses', each bearing their surnames and featuring young wizards and witches who displayed abilities and personalities they wanted to nurture.

To do this, Godric Gryffindor used his magical hat - henceforward known as the Sorting Hat - to decide which children should go into which house, and so it has been ever since with a yearly Sorting Ceremony that places each new pupil into their own new home.

The four houses have different entry requirements, and nobody summed them up better than the old Sorting Hat itself in its welcoming song...

Gryffindor

Notable members include (of course) Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley.

Hufflepuff

Notable members include Newt Scamander, Cedric Diggory and Nymphadora Tonks.

Ravenclaw

Notable members include Luna Lovegood, Gilderoy Lockhart and Filius Flitwick.

Slytherin

Notable members include Severus Snape, Draco Malfoy and (rather unfortunately) Lord Voldemort.

Once you've tried the Hogwarts Sorting Experience, you can find out more about your house, and how the houses came to be in the first place.

You can read more about the founders of Hogwarts or the wily old Sorting Hat and even your house ghost.

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Discover your Hogwarts house on Pottermore | Wizarding World

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Are you Gryffindor? Are you Hufflepuff? Are you Slytherin? Are you Ravenclaw? Find out with the Hogwarts Sorting Experience created by J.K. Rowling. Now, we're assuming you're more than familiar with the four houses of Hogwarts, but here's a quick refresher, just in case.

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Personality Quizzes: Test How Others REALLY See You!

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How romantic are you? Are you overly concerned about your appearance? Take one of our personality quizzes and find out. Click here to start now.

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our <a href="http://infospace.com/terms/privacy.html">privacy policy</a> and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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What Disney Princess Are You, Based on Your Myers-Briggs Type?

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our privacy policy and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our <a href="http://infospace.com/terms/privacy.html">privacy policy</a> and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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What "Star Wars" Character Are You, Based on Your Myers-Briggs Type?

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Taking a test to figure out your Myers-Briggs personality type can be an out-of-this-world experience. To make it a little more fun, take this quiz out for a spin to see which character from Star Wars you are from a galaxy far far away.

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our <a href="http://infospace.com/terms/privacy.html">privacy policy</a> and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our privacy policy and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our <a href="http://infospace.com/terms/privacy.html">privacy policy</a> and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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Which Animal Are You Really, Based on Your Myers-Briggs Personality?

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Anyone who's ever owned a pet (or spent time at a petting zoo) knows that animals have strong personalities. Find out what type of animal is most closely aligned to your Meyers-Briggs personality type with this quiz!

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our <a href="http://infospace.com/terms/privacy.html">privacy policy</a> and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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Are You a Shark, Dolphin or Whale, Based on Your Myers-Briggs Personality?

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The seas are full of graceful creatures with fins. Some of them are majestic. Some are playful and intelligent. Some will eat you alive! Take our Myers-Briggs Personality Test and we'll tell you which marine animal you are!

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Playing quizzes is free! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. By clicking "Sign Up" you are agreeing to our <a href="http://infospace.com/terms/privacy.html">privacy policy</a> and confirming that you are 13 years old or over.

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What Dog Breed Are You Based on Your Myers-Briggs Personality Type?

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Are you an absolute dog lover? Are you curious to find out what dog breed you would be? Take this fun and easy quiz to find out what dog breed you would be according to your Myers-Briggs personality type!

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Learn more how you react to both anticipated and unexpected situations. Gain valuable understanding into how you make adjustments according to the circumstances at hand.

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Our fascination with personality typing isn't just an American phenomenon, it's a universal one. More than 50 million people around the world are estimated to have taken a test based on the work of Isabel Briggs Myers; that figure is growing at an estimated rate of 2.5 million people per year. Personality in the wider sense has been studied and assessed in over 30 countries, on all continents, in multiple languages. Wherever we are in the world, we trust personality theory to give us valuable insights into our quirks, ambitions, and behaviors. And there's no doubt that it gives us a common language to think about these things.

But is personality type really the same in Japan, in Greece, in Sri Lanka, in Libya? Can we take a single system of personality typing, translate it, and use it to completely explain the modes of human behavior in other cultures besides our own? Or is the depth of human experience too great to make comparisons cross-culturally?

Personality typing - what's the fuss?

Type theories come in all shapes and sizes but fundamentally, they are an evaluation of personality that reveals a person's preferences for interacting with the world. Tests based on the theory put forward by Briggs and Myers, for example, ask people a series of questions designed to position that person on each of four variables or scales:

The direction of your energy - Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)

How you process information - Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)

How you make decisions - Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)

How you deal with the outside world - Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

These choices (I/ E, S/N, T/F, J/P) mark your "type." There are 16 permutations of letters; hence, there are 16 personality types.

Why use personality typing? Lots of reasons. Job seekers, psychologists, educational institutions, businesses and curious individuals rely on personality typing to gain a greater understanding of themselves and to aid personal growth. Specific uses include team building, communication, career development, time management, and organization development.

But we don't turn to personality theories just to be flattered. We want them to be a shortcut for understanding - a way of comparing ourselves to others and finding common behaviors and attitudes or conversely, explaining behaviors that, without the decoder tool of personality, might not make sense.

The problem with personality assessments

At this point, it's worth noting that personality tests such as Typefinder or the Big Five are self-reported inventories. It is up to the test-taker themselves to answer a series of questions about their interests, values, preferences, traits and behaviors and thus, put themselves in a personality box.

For Anglo-American citizens, it's easy to work off those experiences. Most of the popular personality tests were created and tested in the USA, and it is reasonable to infer that the questions will reflect the norms and values of American culture. Whenever instruments are translated into other languages for use in other cultures, it is done with the tacit assumption that the tests somehow transcend human language and culture. This fits with Jung's original hypothesis that personality is universal and rises above the diversity of human cultures. The 16-type personality theory is based on Jung's work.

Is Jung's hypothesis correct? It has certainly been met with skepticism. We know, for example, that the U.S. and Western Europe are individualist cultures that value independence with each person working to their own individual goals. But what about the citizens of collectivist cultures where group goals and cooperation are valued, e.g. Japan? Would these people approach personality typing in the same way?

To answer this question, we must return to the nature of the personality test. Since most tests are self-reported, it is fair to say that they will only have value to other cultures if it can be shown that:

The test questions make sense to the test taker

The type descriptions make sense to the test taker; and

The type descriptions are autobiographical, i.e. the test taker can recognize themselves in the type description.

Essentially, we are asking whether behavior has the same meaning in all cultures, even if the cultural perception and understanding of that behavior differs greatly.

What does the research say?

Many studies have compared cultures on various personality measures, but only a few have examined a sufficiently broad sample of subjects and cultures. Despite the limited data, researchers have made some statistically meaningful observations:

In every culture studied to date, every single one of the 16 type preferences (E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P) has been self-reported and observed.

Test takers in different cultures report that 16-type and Big Five type descriptions are appropriate and make sense to them.

Specific distributions of the 16 personality types differ across countries. However, distribution patterns are similar across all cultures, with STJ types predominating in every case.

Gender differences in the Big Five personality traits have been observed consistently across a number of cultures. Across the globe, women tend to score higher on neuroticism and agreeableness.

In one fascinating piece of research, business people in North America, Europe, Africa and Asia were grouped according to their Keirsey temperament pairs (NF, NT, SJ and SP). When asked to choose an animal that represented their temperament, participants made remarkably similar choices: Idealist NF types chose good-natured, companionable animals, Rational NT types chose animals of wisdom and vision, Guardian SJ types selected loyal and industrious animals, and Artisan SP types chose adaptable, self-reliant animals.

Males within each culture report a preference for Thinking that is 10 - 25 percent higher than that reported by females.

Research of business managers in the Philippines, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia showed that the overall dominant leadership personality type of the four Asian country groups was Extraversion, Thinking, and Judging - exactly the same as in the US and UK. Over half of all European managers also have a TJ preference.

These and other studies support the theory that personality typing is applicable, accessible and to some degree universal across cultures.

What's missing?

For researchers seeking to scrutinize personality traits across cultures, one of the more troublesome problems has been the comprehensiveness of an Anglo-American personality test. While the tests are fine as far as they go, some researchers suggest that important aspects of certain cultures are not captured by Western-based personality theories.

For example, a 2009 analysis of Chinese "Big Five" personality traits actually found seven factors, only three of which resembled the Anglo-American Big Five traits. And a Filipino study based on the revised NEO personality inventory (which is closely aligned to the Big Five) found that indigenous traits such as social curiosity (Pagkamadaldal) and risk-taking (Pagkamapagsapalaran) gave a more accurate personality prediction than tests based on the Big Five alone. Similar results have been observed in an isolated forager-farming community in Bolivia. Rather than displaying a Big Five of personality traits, the Bolivian Tsimane were found to display a "Big Two": industriousness and prosociality. These findings represent the unique personality development of highly communal, subsistence societies.

More research is needed before we can draw any real conclusions. But the existence of other traits besides the Western-based 16 types or Big Five is a fascinating proposition which may ultimately improve our understanding of personality across different cultures.

Summing It Up

Is personality type consistent across cultures? The research so far suggests that it might be. Empirically, the theory put forward by Briggs and Myers has been shown to work in different languages and cultures, and the data seems to point in the direction of Jung's theory of personality unity.

But even if type theory is shown to be robust across cultures, it does not mean that the individual types are distributed in the same proportions, or that they manifest in the same behavior, or even that they carry the same status or desirability. An Extravert in India might behave quite differently from an Extravert in America, and that is down to the norms and expectations of their particular culture. What is clear however, is that we are in the early stages of the global evolution of type theory, and much more research needs to be done.

In part II of this series on culture and personality, we'll take a closer look at type distributions and examine why certain personality types are more prevalent in some cultures than others, and what that means in terms of observable behavior. Stay tuned!

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Is Personality Type Universal Across Cultures?

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Our fascination with personality typing isn't just an American phenomenon, it's a universal one. More than 50 million people around the world are estimated to have taken a test based on the work of Isabel Briggs Myers; that figure is growing at an estimated rate of 2.5 million people per year.

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Auditory

If you are an auditory learner, you learn by hearing and listening. You understand and remember things you have heard. You store information by the way it sounds, and you have an easier time understanding spoken instructions than written ones. You often learn by reading out loud because you have to hear it or speak it in order to know it.

As an auditory learner, you probably hum or talk to yourself or others if you become bored. People may think you are not paying attention, even though you may be hearing and understanding everything being said.

Here are some things that auditory learners like you can do to learn better.

Sit where you can hear.

Have your hearing checked on a regular basis.

Use flashcards to learn new words; read them out loud.

Read stories, assignments, or directions out loud.

Record yourself spelling words and then listen to the recording.

Have test questions read to you out loud.

Study new material by reading it out loud.

Remember that you need to hear things, not just see things, in order to learn well.

Visual

If you are a visual learner, you learn by reading or seeing pictures. You understand and remember things by sight. You can picture what you are learning in your head, and you learn best by using methods that are primarily visual. You like to see what you are learning.

As a visual learner, you are usually neat and clean. You often close your eyes to visualize or remember something, and you will find something to watch if you become bored. You may have difficulty with spoken directions and may be easily distracted by sounds. You are attracted to color and to spoken language (like stories) that is rich in imagery.

Here are some things that visual learners like you can do to learn better:

Sit near the front of the classroom. (It won't mean you're the teacher's pet!)

Have your eyesight checked on a regular basis.

Use flashcards to learn new words.

Try to visualize things that you hear or things that are read to you.

Write down key words, ideas, or instructions.

Draw pictures to help explain new concepts and then explain the pictures.

Color code things.

Avoid distractions during study times.

Remember that you need to see things, not just hear things, to learn well.

Tactile

If you are a tactile learner, you learn by touching and doing. You understand and remember things through physical movement. You are a "hands-on" learner who prefers to touch, move, build, or draw what you learn, and you tend to learn better when some type of physical activity is involved. You need to be active and take frequent breaks, you often speak with your hands and with gestures, and you may have difficulty sitting still.

As a tactile learner, you like to take things apart and put things together, and you tend to find reasons to tinker or move around when you become bored. You may be very well coordinated and have good athletic ability. You can easily remember things that were done but may have difficulty remembering what you saw or heard in the process. You often communicate by touching, and you appreciate physically expressed forms of encouragement, such as a pat on the back.

Here are some things that tactile learners like you can do to learn better:

Participate in activities that involve touching, building, moving, or drawing.

Do lots of hands-on activities like completing art projects, taking walks, or acting out stories.

It's OK to chew gum, walk around, or rock in a chair while reading or studying.

Use flashcards and arrange them in groups to show relationships between ideas.

Trace words with your finger to learn spelling (finger spelling).

Take frequent breaks during reading or studying periods (frequent, but not long).

It's OK to tap a pencil, shake your foot, or hold on to something while learning.

Use a computer to reinforce learning through the sense of touch.

Remember that you learn best by doing, not just by reading, seeing, or hearing.

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What's Your Learning Style? 20 Questions

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Auditory If you are an auditory learner, you learn by hearing and listening. You understand and remember things you have heard. You store information by the way it sounds, and you have an easier time understanding spoken instructions than written ones.

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This form can help you determine which intelligences are strongest for you. If you're a teacher or tutor, you can also use it to find out which intelligences your learner uses most often. Many thanks to Dr. Terry Armstrong for graciously allowing us to use his questionnaire.

Instructions: Read each statement carefully. Choose one of the five buttons for each statement indicating how well that statement describes you.

1 = Statement does not describe you at all
2 = Statement describes you very little
3 = Statement describes you somewhat
4 = Statement describes you pretty well
5 = Statement describes you exactly

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This form can help you determine which intelligences are strongest for you. If you're a teacher or tutor, you can also use it to find out which intelligences your learner uses most often. Many thanks to Dr. Terry Armstrong for graciously allowing us to use his questionnaire. Instructions: Read each statement carefully.

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You've probably taken your fair share of personality tests in your professional life; assessments like Myers-Briggs, DISC, and StrengthsQuest can help uncover insights into your communication style, combative tendencies, and internal motivations. In your private life, you might rely on your zodiac sign for clues to your romantic and familial relationships. But what if you combined the two? If your Myers-Briggs personality type and zodiac sign align, you're probably on a great track to professional and personal success. Did we get yours right?

AQUARIUS (JANUARY 20 - FEBRUARY 18)

INFP: People born under the Aquarius sign are generally altruistic and intellectual. As humanitarians, they're known for being friendly to everyone they encounter. INFP personality types are also known for this quintessential loyalty and idealism, which is why these two are a natural pair.

PISCES (FEBRUARY 19 - MARCH 20)

ISFP: The introverted, kind ISFP personality types align well with the Pisces sign because of their shared sensitivity and intuition when it comes to dealing with people. ISFP personalities are known for being artistic as well, which complements Pisces' passion for creativity.

ARIES (MARCH 21 - APRIL 19)

ESTJ/ENTJ: Put simply, Aries are leaders. Their aptitude for taking charge comes from their organizational skills and competitive nature, which are traits they share with the ESTJ and ENTJ personality types. ESTJs are known for their practical, organization-driven leadership, whereas ENTJ types make their mark with their decisiveness.

TAURUS (APRIL 20 - MAY 20)

ISFJ/ISTP: ISFJ and ISTP are both Myers-Briggs types that have distinctive warmth and a commitment to their loved ones. Similarly, the Taurus sign signifies patience and a loving demeanor. These types and signs combine to denote kind, calculated individuals who are determined to be there for people.

GEMINI (MAY 21 - JUNE 20)

ESFP: The extroverted ESFP type and outgoing Gemini are a logical personality match because of their mutual desire for communication and fun. This type and sign both aim to bring a positive approach to new people and environments and thrive when doing something unfamiliar.

CANCER (JUNE 21 - JULY 22)

INFJ: Both the Cancer sign and the INFJ type are deeply intuitive when it comes to reading people and situations. For this reason, people under this personality category are generally cautious and stay true to their own values.

LEO (JULY 23 - AUGUST 22)

ENFJ: The generous, bold Leo sign is a natural pair with the ENFJ type because people with this personality are bold leaders who make decisions with their heart. The Leo is known as one of the most emotional zodiac signs, which complements the warmth ENFJ types are known for.

VIRGO (AUGUST 23 - SEPTEMBER 22)

INTJ/ISTP: Virgos are meticulous and practical, which makes them very detail-oriented - just like INTJ types, who are known for their ability to organize a job and see it through. ISTP types are also results-oriented and logical, making these three personalities a match made in the stars.

LIBRA (SEPTEMBER 23 - OCTOBER 22)

ESFJ/ESTP: Understood to be the most romantic and social of the zodiac signs, Libras are inherently charming and diplomatic, just like their ESFJ and ESTP counterparts. ESFJ types in particular are notably popular, and ESTP personalities are energetic risk-takers.

SCORPIO (OCTOBER 23 - NOVEMBER 21)

ENFP: As strong leaders, Scorpios have powerful, passionate tendencies that align well with ENFP types' energetic and spontaneous side. ENFPs and Scorpios tend to see the potential in everything and try to live life to the fullest.

SAGITTARIUS (NOVEMBER 22 - DECEMBER 21)

ENTP: The outgoing, quick-witted ENTP types are great at reading people - and just like their Sagittarius counterparts, they love to travel and experience tons of stimulation and change. Both types love a challenge.

CAPRICORN (DECEMBER 22 - JANUARY 19)

ISTJ/INTP: The serious Capricorn is practical and disciplined, just like the INTP type, who has strong internal motivation and a logical, methodical brain. ISTJ personalities align well with these two types because of their quiet dependability.

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Your Myers-Briggs Personality Type, According to Your Zodiac Sign

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You've probably taken your fair share of personality tests in your professional life; assessments like Myers-Briggs, DISC, and StrengthsQuest can help uncover insights into your communication style, combative tendencies, and internal motivations. In your private life, you might rely on your zodiac sign for clues to your romantic and familial relationships.

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subscribe to Hidden Brain podcast

subscribe to Hidden Brain podcast

In one of the most famous scenes from the Harry Potter series, a group of kids, new to the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, line up before an old and crumpled wizard's hat. It is the sorting hat. The hat will tell them which house they'll belong to during their Hogwarts education.

There is something deeply appealing about the sorting hat. It is wise. It seems to know people better than they know themselves.

We humans love this kind of insight. And our drive to better understand ourselves and the people around us has led to the creation of a multi-billion dollar industry built around personality testing.

Probably the most famous of all personality tests is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI. But there are plenty of others, too. These tests categorize people based on personality traits. Are you an introvert or an extrovert? Someone who likes unexpected challenges, or someone who prefers structure and calm? Many of America's most successful companies use personality tests to gain a better understanding of their workers. Many individuals use them to gain a better understanding of themselves.

One Hidden Brain listener, Ally Adler, took the Myers-Briggs test when she was 26 and miserable in her job.

"It really helped me understand myself in a way that I hadn't before so I could work around and manage challenges both in my personal and professional life," she says.

But other people say tests like these are deeply flawed. Listener Matthew Gale says the Myers-Briggs got him completely wrong.

"My experience with Myers-Briggs played no small part in ruining me emotionally for years," he says.

While the effectiveness of these tests can be endlessly debated, one thing is clear. With a few exceptions, most do not stand up to scientific scrutiny. They typically aren't peer reviewed and usually fail basic standards of validity and reliability. Adam Grant, a psychology and management professor at the University of Pennsylvania, has written of his concerns with the Myers-Briggs, particularly when companies use the results to guide hiring and firing decisions.

"It's a great way to weed out diversity," Grant says.

Allen Hammer, the former chair of the Myers & Briggs Foundation, disagrees. He believes the Myers-Briggs is as reliable as other personality tests. And he says Grant is wrong when it comes to evidence that the Myers-Briggs cannot predict real world outcomes; for example, he says, "when people matched roommates on their psychological type they got a 65 percent decrease in request for roommate changes."

This week, we delve into the world of personality tests, and discover new research that suggests the power of personality assessments may not be in pinpointing the person you are, but the person you have the potential to become.
Additional Resources:
"Can Superstition Create a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? School Outcomes of Dragon Children of China," by Naci H. Mocan and Han Yu, 2017.

Hidden Brain is hosted by Shankar Vedantam and produced by Jennifer Schmidt, Parth Shah, Rhaina Cohen, Laura Kwerel, and Thomas Lu. Our supervising producer is Tara Boyle. You can also follow us on Twitter @hiddenbrain, and listen for Hidden Brain stories each week on your local public radio station.

Editor's note: In the original version of this story, interviewee Adam Grant mixed up the definitions of scientific reliability and validity. This error has been corrected in this version of the story.

According to the American Psychological Association, validity is defined as "the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales support the adequacy and appropriateness of conclusions drawn from some form of assessment." The APA defines reliability as "the trustworthiness or consistency of a measure, that is, the degree to which a test or other measurement instrument is free of random error, yielding the same results across multiple applications to the same sample."

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What Can A Personality Test Tell Us About Who We Are?

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The desire to find our tribe is universal. We like to know who we are and where we belong. This fascination has led to a thriving industry built on the marketing and sale of personality tests. These tests offer individuals - and, increasingly, employers - quick and easy insights that can be used to make some of life's biggest decisions.

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These two Enneagram tests help you determine which personality type you are.
Yourwing will also be indicated.
Some suggestions on getting the most accurate results are below.

Classical enneagram test

This test has pages with 9 questions or less (1 for each Enneagram type). You'll get less questions per page after having answered enough questions to establish which types you are not.

Enneagram test with instinctual variant

With this test you get pairs of character traits to rate. It is quicker than the other test, and indicates your instinctual subtype as well.

Getting accurate results from these Enneagram tests

It's important to answer the questions honestly. Try not to answer them in terms of how you would like to see yourself, but in terms of how you actually are, or have tended to be in the past.

Actually it is not so easy to answer the questions honestly, as we all want to see ourselves as better than we are, and we often have preconceived ideas about ourselves that are not really true.

For instance, if you resent being fearful, you might have worked to develop courage to compensate, but the fear is still there beneath the surface.
Sometimes a trait might be so inconsistent with our self-image, that we actually deny having it ourselves, but become annoyed by it when we see it in others. Also, we might falsely think that we possess some desirable quality that we admire in others.

To derive accurate results from any Enneagram test, it is important to be aware of these very natural tendencies, and to answer the questions honestly.

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These two Enneagram tests help you determine which personality type you are. Yourwing will also be indicated. Some suggestions on getting the most accurate results are below. This test has pages with 9 questions or less (1 for each Enneagram type). You'll get less questions per page after having answered enough questions to establish which types you are not.

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Let's look at how you can develop good skills in each area.

Self-Awareness (Questions 1, 8, 11)

In his 1995 book "Emotional Intelligence: Why it can Matter More Than IQ," Goleman explained that people with high self-awareness are "aware of their moods as they are having them." [2]

To increase self-awareness, learn about mindfulness. This involves focusing on the present moment - including how you're feeling. And keep a journal in which you write about and analyze the emotional situations you experience from day to day.

Self-Regulation (Questions 2, 4, 7)

Motivation (Questions 6, 10, 12)

Self-motivation is strongly affected by your emotions. When you're distracted by your emotions, you may find it hard to see tasks through.

Boost your motivation levels by developing self-discipline, and by looking for and celebrating small wins - simple jobs that, when you've completed them, give you a sense of achievement.

Empathy (Questions 3, 13, 15)

Empathy is the ability to recognize other people's emotions and understand their perspectives. Goleman calls this aspect of EI "the fundamental people skill."

Social Skills (Questions 5, 9, 14)

Even if you're not a natural "people person," it is possible to develop better social skills.

Start by taking our quiz to see which communication skills you need to improve on. Then, find out how you can develop trust and rapport with people - this is an essential part of building good working relationships.

Five Ways to Show Emotional Intelligence Infographic

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How Emotionally Intelligent Are You? - Boosting Your People Skills

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Take this quiz to find out how strong you are in five areas of emotional intelligence, and learn what you can do to boost it.

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Right-brained? Left-brained? Take the brain test!

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Which side of your brain is more dominant?
The 30-Second Brain Test

In which direction is the dancer turning?

Choose the color, not the word. You have 4 seconds for each task.

Thank you for your
participation.
We welcome your feedback.

The brain test is a fun and insightful game that helps us learn more about ourselves and the way we think. There are no right or wrong answers, it merely tests the balance between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The brain test doesn't measure knowledge like a brain training game does, and it is not designed for brain development, however it does tell us a lot about our brains; the result reveals to users how much they use the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Simply complete the quiz to get the result. Have fun!

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Right-brained? Left-brained? Take the brain test!

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Which side of your brain is more dominant? Take the popular ③⓪-second brain test and compare the result with your friends! ☕ Start your brain test now "

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Let's look at how you can develop good skills in each area.

Self-Awareness (Questions 1, 8, 11)

In his 1995 book "Emotional Intelligence: Why it can Matter More Than IQ," Goleman explained that people with high self-awareness are "aware of their moods as they are having them." [2]

To increase self-awareness, learn about mindfulness. This involves focusing on the present moment - including how you're feeling. And keep a journal in which you write about and analyze the emotional situations you experience from day to day.

Self-Regulation (Questions 2, 4, 7)

Motivation (Questions 6, 10, 12)

Self-motivation is strongly affected by your emotions. When you're distracted by your emotions, you may find it hard to see tasks through.

Boost your motivation levels by developing self-discipline, and by looking for and celebrating small wins - simple jobs that, when you've completed them, give you a sense of achievement.

Empathy (Questions 3, 13, 15)

Empathy is the ability to recognize other people's emotions and understand their perspectives. Goleman calls this aspect of EI "the fundamental people skill."

Social Skills (Questions 5, 9, 14)

Even if you're not a natural "people person," it is possible to develop better social skills.

Start by taking our quiz to see which communication skills you need to improve on. Then, find out how you can develop trust and rapport with people - this is an essential part of building good working relationships.

Five Ways to Show Emotional Intelligence Infographic

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How Emotionally Intelligent Are You? - Boosting Your People Skills

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Take this quiz to find out how strong you are in five areas of emotional intelligence, and learn what you can do to boost it.

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Learning Style Assessment - How To Study

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Learning Style Assessment Your preferred learning style is the way in which you learn best. Three learning styles that are often identified in students are: Auditory Visual Tactile/Kinesthetic

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Several quiz options

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uQuiz.com is a free online quiz making tool. Make quizzes, send them viral. Generate leads, increase sales and drive traffic to your blog or website.

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Zodiac Signs Personality Test

Do the traits you possess match those of your zodiac? Whether you consider astrology a pseudo science or a legitimate discipline, many of us can't help but wonder about and marvel over the mysteries of the cosmos.

Each of the zodiac signs possesses a distinct set of personality traits that set it apart from the rest. Taurus' are strong but stubborn, Cancers are nurturing but moody, and Leos are dominant but full of pride. So is your personality profile as clearly defined as the stars in the sky? Take this test to find out whether you are truly in line with your sign!

Read each question carefully and indicate which option best applies to you. There may be some questions describing situations that you may feel are not relevant. In such cases, select the answer you would most likely choose if you ever found yourself in similar circumstances.

After finishing the test, you will receive a Full Report with detailed, personalized interpretation of all your test scores, introduction, graphs, list of strengths and weaknesses and some practical advice.

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Zodiac Signs Personality Test Do the traits you possess match those of your zodiac? Whether you consider astrology a pseudo science or a legitimate discipline, many of us can't help but wonder about and marvel over the mysteries of the cosmos.

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Astrology has endured throughout the ages and it's just as strong and popular today as it ever was. People love reading their horoscopes and seeing what the future may hold in store for them! Overall, our zodiac signs offer us some very powerful information, but it's up to us to deduce and make sense of it all. Whether it's just for fun or something you take very seriously, astrology is endlessly fascinating and has stayed relevant all this time for a reason.

Was the bulk of your personality predetermined just based on when your birthday falls on the calendar? Is it written in the stars? Some people are very against this and think it's fake, but we just think that's the Virgo in them talking. Oops! That was about you, wasn't it? We know... Can we guess what your zodiac sign is, based on these 18 questions? There's only one way to find out!

Re-take Quiz

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Can We Guess Your Zodiac Sign Based on Your Personality?

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Astrology has endured throughout the ages and it's just as strong and popular today as it ever was. People love reading their horoscopes and seeing what the future may hold in store for them! Overall, our zodiac signs offer us some very powerful information, but it's up to us to deduce and make sense of it all.

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If you're looking for insight into the true you, there's a buffet of personality questionnaires available. Some are silly-like the internet quiz that tells everyone who takes it that they are procrastinators at the core. Other questionnaires, developed and sold as tools to help people hire the right candidate or find love, take themselves more seriously.

The trouble is, if you ask the experts, most of these might not be worth the money. "You should be skeptical," says Simine Vazire, a personality researcher at the University of California, Davis. "Until we test them scientifically we can't tell the difference between that and pseudoscience like astrology."

One famous example of a popular but dubious commercial personality test is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This questionnaire divides people into 16 different "types" and, often, the assessment will suggest certain career or romantic pairings. It costs $15 to $40 for an individual, but psychologists say the questionnaire is one of the worst personality tests in existence for a wide range of reasons. It is unreliable because a person's type may change from day to day. It gives false information ("bogus stuff," one researcher puts it). The questions are confusing and poorly worded. Vazire sums it up as "shockingly bad."

Personality questionnaires began evolving about a century ago, says Jim Butcher, an emeritus psychologist at the University of Minnesota. "They started asking questions about an individual's thinking and behavior during World War I," he says. "These were to study personality problems and mental health problems." And importantly, he adds, the U.S. military wanted the questionnaires to help weed out soldiers who weren't fit to fly military aircraft.

According to Butcher, during the first half of the 20th century many academics started creating different personality scales. "Not just on mental health diagnoses, but what personality is like," he says. The problem with practically all of the assessments at the time was they were a built on the creators' subjective feelings about personality, he notes. "Then people started to raise questions about do they really measure what they think they're measuring? How reliable are those conclusions, and are they valid?"

Butcher describes what followed as a mass culling of personality systems and questionnaires by the scientific method. There is one personality model that did survive the 20th century, though. It is popular among academics today, and is what Vazire uses in her research. It's called the Big 5 Personality Traits (aka 5-Factor Model), and it was developed over three decades beginning in 1961 at Brooks Air Force Base. From then to the 1990s, several psychologists including Lewis Goldberg, Warren Norman, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae helped develop the model into its modern form.

Vazire says in developing the Big 5 Personality model, psychologists tried to avoid pitfalls that plagued early personality researchers-like selecting criteria based primarily on intuition. Instead, the Big 5 model took a holistic tack by compiling every word that could be considered a personality trait and creating simple, straightforward questions about them. For example, on a scale of 1 to 5, are you outgoing, sociable? Have a forgiving nature? Based on how people answered initial surveys, researchers used statistical methods to group traits that seemed to cluster together (like "talkative" and "sociable") into five basic categories: extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness to experience. The other model, the HEXACO model of personality structure created in 2000 by psychologists Kibeom Lee at the University of Calgary and Michael Ashton at Brock University in Ontario, is similar but adds an extra category: honesty-humility.

The key to the Big 5 model is its simplicity. It doesn't sort anybody into a "type," just informs them where they fall on a continuum of personality traits. There are no tricks and no surprises to be revealed, Vazire says. "In a way, it's disappointing. It just means that personality tests can only tell you what you tell it." You won't learn anything that you didn't already know about yourself, she adds, and its accuracy comes entirely from how honest and self-reflective you were with your answers.

At best, Vazire says you could use it as a comparative tool that can tell you how you rank on extroversion compared with others who have taken the same test. There have been studies that show certain Big 5 factor scores correlate with certain outcomes-conscientiousness correlates with longer life, for instance, and extroversion correlates with higher sales for sales reps. "But that doesn't mean someone with high extroversion will be a better salesperson," Vazire says. Correlations are just that; they could be incidental. But commercial personality assessments seem to depend heavily on such correlations. For example, one assessment from The Predictive Index, a company that measures behavioral characteristics and matches personality profiles to jobs, views such correlations in their own studies as a measure of success. "[We showed] in one client, a retail jeweler, that increases in dominance or aggression was responsible for $125,000 in revenue," says Thad Peterson, one of the company's executives. The idea behind The Index, Peterson says, is to use those measures to help "marry people to [job] positions."

Such personality assessments-particularly those targeted toward hiring recruiters and managers-aim to uncover a kind of "hidden truth about the person," says Randy Stein, a psychologist at California Polytechnic State University, Pomona. "They assume that there is an essence of you and an essence of the job, and you should be matching up those two things in hiring," he says. "But I don't think there is a hidden truth-and even if there is, a personality test doesn't do it."

Like the Big 5 model, any personality or behavior assessment can't know things you haven't explicitly answered in the questionnaire, Stein says. Sometimes commercial personality tests ask odd questions-like, Do you identify with snakes? or How do you react to a certain color?-and try to draw inferences from your answers. Those kinds of conclusions venture into the pseudoscientific, Stein says.

There are other reasons why Stein thinks some personality assessments may be pseudoscientific. "What those tests will tell people is true or false is determined by what people are willing to pay for," he says. "Their process as a company is to tell people whatever will sell the product." By contrast, the Big 5 and HEXACO models were shaped by an empirical process and independent peer review that showed people's scores tended to be consistent, and predictions made using the models are reproducible. Without that, Stein says personality tests should be treated with extreme suspicion.

Some companies like The Predictive Index say their product meets such standards. The company invested in an audit, paying over $20,000 dollars to Norwegian classification firm DNV GL to review their product and certify that it complies with a standard set by the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations. Two Index representatives, Greg Barnett and Austin Fossey, also say predictions based on their methods are accurate.

Perhaps. U.C. Davis's Vazire says it is fairly easy to reach some level of validity. "If I just asked you to make a questionnaire on extroversion, you would probably do a pretty good job," she says. It is because we are all judges of character, and we often do well at intuiting whom to date or hire and who we are, Vazire says. If the process seems confusing or if questions veer off into the abstract, that's a red flag. Personality, she says, is just not that mysterious.

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If you're looking for insight into the true you, there's a buffet of personality questionnaires available. Some are silly-like the internet quiz that tells everyone who takes it that they are procrastinators at the core. Other questionnaires, developed and sold as tools to help people hire the right candidate or find love, take themselves more seriously.