# data[].attributes.body
1. topic : animal's collective intelligence ( 동물의 집단 지성)

2. 글의 흐름 (글의 구조) : description

3. main idea: Each bird contributes a bit, and the flock’s concented choice is better than an individual bird’s would be.

4. word(s) : in unison, flock school swarm, collectivs intelligence

# data[].attributes.body
본문

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10622 이윤서 영어 수행평가

# data[].attributes.body
환경을 보호하면서도 일자리를 유지할 수 있는 구체적인 사례에 대해서 본문에서는 나오지 않아서 더욱 더 자세히 알아보고 싶어서 그 사례에 대해서 직접 조사해 보았습니다. 그 결과 미국의 전기차 회사인 ‘테슬라’에 대해 알게 되었습니다. 테슬라는순수 전기차 뿐만 아니라  유용하게 활용가능한 청정 에너지를 생성하고

# data[].attributes.body
저의 희망진로와는 연관은 없지만 제가 맡은 지문의 주제인 [불교식 마음방식] 을 포함한 여러 명상 방식들이 사람들의 정신적 지병을 치료하는 데 사용되고 있다는 것을 알게 되었고 이를 바탕으로 코로나 바이러스가 전세계적으로 퍼져나가고 있는 지금 이 명상 치료법이 실제 효과가 있는 지 궁금하여서 이 부분에 대하여 조사를 하였다.
(코로나의 여파, 명상치료법의 효과 연구 결과, 불교식 명상을 연구한 Jon Kabat-Zinn의 명언 참고, 등)

실제로 한 대학교에선 "learning to breathe" 라는 타이틀로 학생들에게 명상을 가르치는 시간을 가졌는데 조사 결과 명상 시간을 가진 학생들의 전염병 관련 외상 후 스트레스가 적은 걸로 밝혀졌고, 명상 치료법이 자존감, 집중력, 회복력, 정서 지능 등을 높여줄 수 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

물리적인 치료법이 아니라 사람의 심리 상태를 이용한 명상 치료법이 실제로 지금 같은 상황뿐만 아니라 심리적 상태를 치료하는 데 잘 쓰이고 있다는 점이 흥미로웠다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Can meditation actually help reduce anxiety_

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What intelligent machines can learn from a school of fish | Radhika Nagpal

# data[].attributes.body
바이오 플라스틱

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In partnership with the National Geographic Society.

More than eighteen trillion pounds of plastic have been produced to date, and eighteen billion pounds of plastic flows into the ocean every year. It ensnares the marine animals we cherish and the fish we put on our plates, it appears in the table salt we use, and it's even found in our own bodies.

As more research on the impact of using so much plastic comes to light, consumers and manufacturers are left scrambling for an alternative to the ubiquitous material, and bioplastics have emerged as a potential alternative.

At a glance, the name sounds promising, with a prefix that hints at an Earth-friendly product. But is bioplastic the panacea for our environmental woes? An easy-to-use single-use item that feels like plastic minus the guilt?

It's complicated, say scientists, manufacturers, and environmental experts, who warn its potential merits rest on many "ifs."

Bioplastic simply refers to plastic made from plant or other biological material instead of petroleum. It is also often called bio-based plastic.

It can either be made by extracting sugar from plants like corn and sugarcane to convert into polylactic acids (PLAs), or it can be made from polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) engineered from microorganisms. PLA plastic is commonly used in food packaging, while PHA is often used in medical devices like sutures and cardiovascular patches.

Because PLA often comes from the same large industrial facilities making products like ethanol, it's the cheapest source of bioplastic. It's the most common type and is also used in plastic bottles, utensils, and textiles.

Plants, oil, and the fight for food security

"The argument [for bio-based plastics] is the inherent value of reducing the carbon footprint," says chemical engineer Ramani Narayan from Michigan State University, who researches bioplastic.

About eight percent of the world's oil is used to make plastic, and proponents of bioplastic often tout a reduction in this use as a major benefit. This argument rests on the idea that if a plastic item does release carbon once it's discarded, as it degrades, bioplastics will add less carbon to the atmosphere because they're simply returning the carbon the plants sucked up while growing (instead of releasing carbon that had previously been trapped underground in the form of oil).

However, that's not the end of the story. One 2011 study from the University of Pittsburgh found other environmental issues associated with growing plants for bioplastic. Among them: pollution from fertilizers and land diverted from food production.

Using a substance like corn for plastic instead of food is at the center of a debate over how resources should be allocated in an increasingly food-scarce world.

"The other value proposition is that plant biomass is renewable," Narayan adds. "It's grown all over the world. Oil is concentrated in regions. Bioplastics support a rural, agrarian economy."

Bio-based plastics have benefits, but only when taking a host of factors into consideration, says environmental engineer and National Geographic explorer Jenna Jambeck, who is also at the University of Georgia.

"Where is it grown? How much land does it take up? How much water is needed?" she gives as examples of important questions.

Whether bio-based plastics are ultimately better for the environment than oil-derived ones "is a big question based on many 'ifs,'" she says. In other words, there's no clear answer at present.

What happens when we're done with it?

Depending on the type of polymer used to make it, discarded bioplastic must either be sent to a landfill, recycled like many (but not all) petroleum-based plastics, or sent to an industrial compost site.

Industrial composting is necessary to heat the bioplastic to a high enough temperature that allows microbes to break it down. Without that intense heat, bioplastics won't degrade on their own in a meaningful timeframe, either in landfills or even your home compost heap. If they end up in marine environments, they'll function similarly to petroleum-based plastic, breaking down into micro-sized pieces, lasting for decades, and presenting a danger to marine life.

"If PLA [bioplastic] does leak out, it also will not biodegrade in the ocean," says Jambeck. "It's really not any different from those industrial polymers. It can be composted in an industrial facility, but if the town doesn't have one, then it's not any different."

One of the largest manufacturers of bioplastic in the U.S. is Colorado's Eco Products. They buy raw corn-based PLA from NatureWorks, a chemical manufacturer in Blair, Nebraska.

Eco Products deferred questions about their products to the Plastics Industry Assocation (PLASTICS), who said that demand for bioplastics has increased in the past decade or so.

Consumer interest in sustainable alternatives to plastics and more efficient technology are driving that growth, says PLASTICS Assistant Director of Regulatory and Technical Affairs Patrick Krieger.

Addressing criticism that bioplastics may divert land away from growing food, Krieger said companies represented by Plastics partner with groups like the World Wildlife Fund's Bioplastic Feedstock Alliance to ensure crops are grown sustainably.

But environmentalists still say a serious dearth of industrial compost sites mean bioplastics will do little to curb the amount of plastic entering waterways.

Dune Ives is the executive director of the Lonely Whale, an environmental non-profit geared toward business-oriented solutions, particularly around plastics. In 2017, the group headed a "Strawless in Seattle" campaign to lobby for a plastic straw ban. As part of that effort, Lonely Whale investigated whether they would tout bioplastic straws as an alternative. One of the things they learned: Among local businesses that did have compost bins, few reported bioplastic items actually making it into the appropriate places, says Ives.

"We quickly realized that the idea of compostable plastic sounds very interesting, especially if you look at an area like Seattle, but there's still that human element of you and me," she says.

Dune adds that without adequate composting infrastructure and consumer know-how, bioplastic products can end up an example of greenwashing, a phrase coined by environmentalists to indicate when consumers are misled about how sustainable a product truly is.

"The marketing is getting us to feel good about what we're buying," she says, "but the reality is the systems aren't in place to accommodate for those materials."

The Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI) is a non-profit formed to advocate for biodegradable products and waste infrastructure. They see bioplastics and industrial composting as untapped potential.

"Composting is inherently local," says Rhodes Yepsen, the executive director of BPI. "It won't make sense to ship food waste to another country. It rots quickly, and it's primarily water. It's heavy and messy."

He points out that recycling is often inefficient, capturing less than a fifth of recyclable material produced in the world.

"Fifty percent of the waste we generate is biodegradable waste like food and paper," says Narayan, who also serves as a scientific adviser for BPI. He thinks landfills should be eliminated altogether and replaced by more robust and comprehensive waste collection.

"Landfills are tombs. We are preserving garbage. That makes no sense," he says.

Ives points to opportunities to create sustainable alternatives that don't have any plastic.

Plastic made from petroleum or plants like corn is among the cheapest material for things like packaging, but smaller-scale manufacturers are developing even more natural alternatives. In the U.K., one boutique is growing fungus into lightweight furniture, and in the U.S., the Department of Agriculture is using a milk film to create packaging that keeps food fresh.

"This is a field right now for entrepreneurial investors. There's no shortage of incredible opportunity for alternatives that are marine degradable, that don't overtax the land and our food production system," Ives says.

Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated products manufactured by NatureWorks. This article has also been updated to clarify that PLA is made from plant sugar, not contained in the plant itself.

In communities that don't offer compost collection services, industrial compost sites can be found using findacomposter.com.

National Geographic is committed to reducing plastics pollution. Learn more about our non-profit activities at natgeo.org/plastics. This story is part ofPlanet or Plastic?-our multiyear effort to raise awareness about the global plastic waste crisis. Learn what you can do toreduce your own single-use plastics, andtake your pledge.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What you need to know about plant-based plastics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In partnership with the National Geographic Society. More than eighteen trillion pounds of plastic have been produced to date, and eighteen billion pounds of plastic flows into the ocean every year. It ensnares the marine animals we cherish and the fish we put on our plates, it appears in the table salt we use, and it's even found in our own bodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What if Earth existed for only 24 hours?

# data[].attributes.body
조사에 사용된 자료(2)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Food & Your Mood: How Food Affects Mental Health - Aetna | Foods That Help Your Brain Health

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Nutrition doesn't just play a key role in your physical health, it affects your mental health, too. Find out how food affects your brain, along with some suggested brain healthy foods.

# data[].attributes.body
조사에 사용된 자료(1)
(단어에 칠해진 노란 밑줄은 무시하셔도 돼요!!!)

# data[].attributes.body
추가자료조사 4. 기펜재

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In economics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is a product that people consume more of as the price rises and vice versa-violating the basic law of demand in micro economics. For any other sort of good, as the price of the good rises, the substitution effect makes consumers purchase less of it, and more of substitute goods; for most goods, the income effect (due to the effective decline in available income due to more being spent on existing units of this good) reinforces this decline in demand for the good. But a Giffen good is so strongly an inferior good in the minds of consumers (being more in demand at lower incomes) that this contrary income effect more than offsets the substitution effect, and the net effect of the good's price rise is to increase demand for it. Also known as Giffen Paradox. A Giffen good is considered to be the opposite of an ordinary good.

Giffen goods are named after Scottish economist Sir Robert Giffen, to whom Alfred Marshall attributed this idea in his book Principles of Economics, published in 1890. Giffen first proposed the paradox from his observations of the purchasing habits of the Victorian era poor.

It has been suggested by Etsusuke Masuda and Peter Newman that Simon Gray described "Gray goods" in his 1815 text entitled The Happiness of States: Or An Inquiry Concerning Population, The Modes of Subsisting and Employing It, and the Effects of All on Human Happiness. The chapter entitled A Rise in the Price of Bread Corn, beyond a certain Pitch, tends to increase the Consumption of it, contains a detailed account of what have come to be called Giffen goods, and which might better be called Gray goods.

For almost all products, the demand curve has a negative slope: as the price increases, demand for the good decreases. (See Supply and demand for background.) Giffen goods are an exception to this general rule. Unlike other goods or services, the price point at which supply and demand meet results in higher prices and greater demand whenever market forces recognize a change in supply and demand for Giffen goods. As a result, when price goes up, the quantity demanded also goes up. To be a true Giffen good, the good's price must be the only thing that changes to produce a change in quantity demanded. A Giffen good should not be confused with products bought as status symbols or for conspicuous consumption ( Veblen goods), although there may be some overlap as consumers are more likely to engage in conspicuous consumption as a way to engage in "aspirational spending" as a way to increase their social status.

The classic example given by Marshall is of inferior quality staple foods, whose demand is driven by poverty that makes their purchasers unable to afford superior foodstuffs. As the price of the cheap staple rises, they can no longer afford to supplement their diet with better foods, and must consume more of the staple food.

As Mr. Giffen has pointed out, a rise in the price of bread makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families and raises the marginal utility of money to them so much that they are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it.

There are three necessary preconditions for this situation to arise:[citation needed ]

1. the good in question must be an inferior good,

2. there must be a lack of close substitute goods, and

3. the goods must constitute a substantial percentage of the buyer's income, but not such a substantial percentage of the buyer's income that none of the associated normal goods are consumed.

If precondition #1 is changed to "The goods in question must be so inferior that the income effect is greater than the substitution effect" then this list defines necessary and sufficient conditions. The last condition is a condition on the buyer rather than the goods itself, and thus the phenomenon is also called a "Giffen behavior".

This can be illustrated with a diagram. Initially the consumer has the choice between spending their income on either commodity Y or commodity X as defined by line segment MN (where M = total available income divided by the price of commodity Y, and N = total available income divided by the price of commodity X). The line MN is known as the consumer's budget constraint. Given the consumer's preferences, as expressed in the indifference curve I ₀, the optimum mix of purchases for this individual is point A.

A price drop for commodity X causes two effects. The reduced price alters relative prices in favour of commodity X, known as the substitution effect. This is illustrated by a movement down the indifference curve from point A to point B (a pivot of the budget constraint about the original indifference curve). At the same time, the price reduction increases consumer purchasing power, known as the income effect (an outward shift of the budget constraint). This is illustrated by the shifting out of the dotted line to MP (where P = income divided by the new price of commodity X). The substitution effect (point A to point B) raises the quantity demanded of commodity X from X a to X b while the income effect lowers the quantity demanded from X b to X c. The net effect is a reduction in quantity demanded from X a to X c making commodity X a Giffen good by definition. Any good where the income effect more than compensates for the substitution effect is a Giffen good.

Evidence for the existence of Giffen goods has generally been limited. A 2008 paper by Robert Jensen and Nolan Miller made the claim that rice and wheat/ noodles are Giffen goods in parts of China.

Another 2008 paper by the same authors experimentally demonstrated the existence of Giffen goods among people at the household level by directly subsidizing purchases of rice and wheat flour for extremely poor families. It is easier to find Giffen effects where the number of goods available is limited, as in an experimental economy: DeGrandpre et al. (1993) provide such an experimental demonstration. In 1991, Battalio, Kagel, and Kogut published an article arguing that quinine water is a Giffen good for some lab rats. However, they were only able to show the existence of a Giffen good at an individual level and not the market level.

Giffen goods are difficult to study because the definition requires a number of observable conditions. One reason for the difficulty in studying market demand for Giffen goods is that Giffen originally envisioned a specific situation faced by individuals in poverty. Modern consumer behaviour research methods often deal in aggregates that average out income levels, and are too blunt an instrument to capture these specific situations. Complicating the matter are the requirements for limited availability of substitutes, as well as that the consumers are not so poor that they can only afford the inferior good. For this reason, many text books use the term Giffen paradox rather than Giffen good.

Some types of premium goods (such as expensive French wines, or celebrity-endorsed perfumes) are sometimes called Giffen goods-via the claim that lowering the price of these high status goods decreases demand because they are no longer perceived as exclusive or high status products. However, to the extent that the perceived nature of such high status goods actually changes significantly with a substantial price drop, this behavior disqualifies them from being considered Giffen goods, because the Giffen goods analysis assumes that only the consumer's income or the relative price level changes, not the nature of the good itself. If a price change modifies consumers' perception of the good, they should be analysed as Veblen goods. Some economists[who? ] question the empirical validity of the distinction between Giffen and Veblen goods, arguing that whenever there is a substantial change in the price of a good its perceived nature also changes, since price is a large part of what constitutes a product.[citation needed ] However the theoretical distinction between the two types of analysis remains clear, which one should apply to any actual case is an empirical matter.

Great Famine in Ireland

Potatoes during the Irish Great Famine were once considered to be an example of a Giffen good. However, Gerald P. Dwyer and Cotton M. Lindsey challenged this idea in their 1984 article Robert Giffen and the Irish Potato, where they showed the contradicting nature of the Giffen "legend" with respect to historical evidence.

The Giffen nature of the Irish potato was also later discredited by Sherwin Rosen of the University of Chicago in his 1999 paper Potato Paradoxes. Rosen showed that the phenomenon could be explained by a normal demand model.

Charles Read has shown with quantitative evidence that bacon pigs showed Giffen-style behaviour during the Irish Famine, but that potatoes did not.

Other proposed examples

Some suggest that a number of other goods, such as cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, might be Giffen. While the arguments are theoretically sound (i.e., they accord with Marshall's basic intuition), in each case the supporting empirical evidence has been found unconvincing.[citation needed ]

Anthony Bopp (1983) proposed that kerosene, a low-quality fuel used in home heating, was a Giffen good. Schmuel Baruch and Yakar Kanai (2001) suggested that , a Japanese distilled beverage, might be a Giffen good. In both cases, the authors offered supporting econometric evidence. However, the empirical evidence has been generally considered incomplete. In a 2005 article, Sasha Abramsky of conjectured that gasoline, in certain circumstances, may act as a Giffen good. However, no supporting evidence was offered, and evidence from the large increases in oil prices in 2008 would suggest that quantity demanded for gasoline did actually fall as a result of increased prices. Of course, the lack of evidence at the aggregate level does not rule out that the proposed goods may have been Giffen for certain groups of consumers-in particular for poor consumers.

Abramsky, Sasha (October 17, 2005). "Running on Fumes". . pp. 15-19.

Jensen, Robert; Miller, Nolan (2008). "Giffen Behavior and Subsistence Consumption". American Economic Review. 98 (4): 1553-77. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1553. PMC . PMID 21031158.

Baruch, Schmuel; Kannai, Yakar (2001). "Inferior Goods, Giffen Goods, and Shochu" (PDF).

Bopp, Anthony (1983). "The Demand for Kerosene: a Modern Giffen Good". Applied Economics. 15 (4): 459-467. doi:10.1080/00036848300000017.

Masuda, Etsusuke; Newman, Peter (1981). "Gray and Giffen Goods". The Economic Journal. 91 (364): 1011-1014. doi:10.2307/2232507. JSTOR 2232507.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In economics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is a product that people consume more of as the price rises and vice versa-violating the basic law of demand in micro economics.

# data[].attributes.body
추가자료조사 3. 소스타인 베블런

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Thorstein Bunde Veblen (30 July 1857 - 3 August 1929) was an American economist and sociologist, who during his lifetime emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism.

In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concept of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. Historians of economics regard Veblen as the founding father of the institutional economics school. Contemporary economists still theorize Veblen's distinction between "institutions" and "technology", known as the Veblenian dichotomy.

As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era in the United States of America, Veblen attacked production for profit. His emphasis on conspicuous consumption greatly influenced economists who engaged in non-Marxist critiques of capitalism and of technological determinism.

Veblen was born on July 30, 1857, in Cato, Wisconsin, to Norwegian American immigrant parents, Thomas Veblen and Kari Bunde - the fourth of twelve children in the Veblen family. His parents had emigrated from Norway to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on September 16, 1847, with few funds and no knowledge of English. Despite their limited circumstances as immigrants, Thomas Veblen's knowledge in carpentry and construction paired with his wife's supportive perseverance allowed them to establish a family farm - now a National Historic Landmark - in Nerstrand, Minnesota.[citation needed ]

Veblen began his schooling at the age of five. Since Norwegian was his first language, he learned English from neighbors and at school. His parents also learned to speak English fluently, though they continued to read predominantly Norwegian literature with and around their family on the farmstead. The family farm eventually grew more prosperous, allowing Veblen's parents to provide their children with formal education. Unlike most immigrant families of the time, Veblen and all of his siblings received training in lower schools and went on to receive higher education at the nearby Carleton College. Veblen's sister, Emily, was reputedly the first daughter of Norwegian immigrants to graduate from an American college. The eldest Veblen child, Andrew Veblen, ultimately became a professor of physics at Iowa State University and the father of one of America's leading mathematicians, Oswald Veblen of Princeton University.

Several commentators have seen Veblen's Norwegian background and his relative isolation from American society as essential to the understanding of his writings. Sociologist and educator David Riesman maintains that his background as a child of immigrants meant that Veblen was alienated from his parents' previous culture, but that his living in a Norwegian society within America made him unable to completely "assimilate and accept the available forms of Americanism". According to George M. Fredrickson the Norwegian society Veblen lived in was so isolated that when he left it "he was, in a sense, emigrating to America".

At age 17, in 1874, Veblen was sent to attend nearby Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota. Early in his schooling, he demonstrated both the bitterness and the sense of humor that would characterize his later works. Veblen studied economics and philosophy under the guidance of the young John Bates Clark, who went on to become a leader in the new field of neoclassical economics. Clark's influence on Veblen was great, and as Clark initiated him into the formal study of economics, Veblen came to recognize the nature and limitations of hypothetical economics that would begin to shape his theories. Veblen later developed an interest in the social sciences, taking courses within the fields of philosophy, natural history, and classical philology. Within the realm of philosophy, the works of Herbert Spencer were of greatest interest to him, inspiring several preconceptions of socio-economics. In contrast, his studies in natural history and classical philology shaped his formal use of the disciplines of science and language respectively.

After Veblen graduated from Carleton in 1880 he traveled east to study philosophy at Johns Hopkins University. While at Johns Hopkins he studied under Charles Sanders Peirce. When he failed to obtain a scholarship there he moved on to Yale University, where he found economic support for his studies, obtaining a Doctor of Philosophy in 1884, with a major in philosophy and a minor in social studies. His dissertation was titled "Ethical Grounds of a Doctrine of Retribution". At Yale, he studied under renowned academics such as philosopher Noah Porter and sociologist William Graham Sumner.

After graduation from Yale in 1884, Veblen was essentially unemployed for seven years. Despite having strong letters of recommendation, he was unable to obtain a university position. It is possible that his dissertation research on "Ethical Grounds of a Doctrine of Retribution" (1884) was considered undesirable. However this possibility can no longer be researched because Veblen's dissertation has been missing from Yale since 1935. Apparently the only scholar who ever studied the dissertation was Joseph Dorfman, for his 1934 book Thorstein Veblen and His America. Dorfman says only that the dissertation, advised by evolutionary sociologist William Graham Sumner, studies such evolutionary thought as that of Herbert Spencer, as well as the moral philosophy of Kant. Some historians have also speculated that this failure to obtain employment was partially due to prejudice against Norwegians, while others attribute this to the fact that most universities and administrators considered him insufficiently educated in Christianity. Most academics at the time held divinity degrees, which Veblen did not have. Also, it did not help that Veblen openly identified as an agnostic, which was highly uncommon for the time. As a result, Veblen returned to his family farm, a stay during which he had claimed to be recovering from malaria. He spent those years recovering and reading voraciously. It is suspected that these difficulties in beginning his academic career later inspired portions of his book The Higher Learning in America (1918), in which he claimed that true academic values were sacrificed by universities in favor of their own self-interest and profitability.

In 1891, Veblen left the farm to return to graduate school to study economics at Cornell University, under the guidance of economics professor James Laurence Laughlin. With the help of Professor Laughlin, who was moving to the University of Chicago, Veblen became a fellow at that university in 1892. Throughout his stay, he did much of the editorial work associated with the Journal of Political Economy, one of the many academic journals created during this time at the University of Chicago. Veblen used the journal as an outlet for his writings. His writings also began to appear in other journals, such as the American Journal of Sociology, another journal at the university. While he was mostly a marginal figure at the University of Chicago, Veblen taught a number of classes there.

In 1899, Veblen published his first and best-known book, titled The Theory of the Leisure Class. This did not immediately improve Veblen's position at the University of Chicago. He requested a raise after the completion of his first book, but this was denied.

Veblen's students at Chicago considered his teaching "dreadful". Stanford students considered his teaching style "boring". But this was more excusable than some of Veblen's personal affairs. He offended Victorian sentiments with extramarital affairs while at the University of Chicago. At Stanford in 1909, Veblen was ridiculed again for being a womanizer and an unfaithful husband. As a result, he was forced to resign from his position, which made it very difficult for him to find another academic position. One story claims that he was fired from Stanford after Jane Stanford sent him a telegram from Paris, having disapproved of Veblen's support of Chinese coolie workers in California.

With the help of Herbert J. Davenport, a friend who was the head of the economics department at the University of Missouri, Veblen accepted a position there in 1911. Veblen, however, did not enjoy his stay at Missouri. This was in part due to his position as a lecturer being of lower rank than his previous positions and for lower pay. Veblen also strongly disliked the town of Columbia, Missouri, where the university was located. Although he may not have enjoyed his stay at Missouri, in 1914 he did publish another of his best-known books, The Instincts of Worksmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts (1914). After World War I began, Veblen published Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (1915). He considered warfare a threat to economic productivity and contrasted the authoritarian politics of Germany with the democratic tradition of Britain, noting that industrialization in Germany had not produced a progressive political culture.

By 1917, Veblen moved to Washington, D.C. to work with a group that had been commissioned by President Woodrow Wilson to analyze possible peace settlements for World War I, culminating in his book An Inquiry into the Nature of Peace and the Terms of Its Perpetuation (1917). This marked a series of distinct changes in his career path. Following that, Veblen worked for the United States Food Administration for a period of time. Shortly thereafter, Veblen moved to New York City to work as an editor for a magazine, . Within the next year, the magazine shifted its orientation and he lost his editorial position.

In the meantime, Veblen had made contacts with several other academics, such as Charles A. Beard, James Harvey Robinson, and John Dewey. The group of university professors and intellectuals eventually founded The New School for Social Research. Known today as The New School, in 1919 it emerged out of American modernism, progressivism, the democratic education. The group was open to students and aimed for a "an unbiased understanding of the existing order, its genesis, growth, and present working". From 1919 to 1926, Veblen continued to write and maintain a role in The New School's development. It was during this time that he wrote The Engineers and the Price System. In it, Veblen proposed a soviet of engineers. According to Yngve Ramstad, the view that engineers, not workers, would overthrow capitalism was a "novel view". Veblen invited Guido Marx to the New School to teach and to help organize a movement of engineers, by such as Morris Cooke; Henry Gantt, who had died shortly before; and Howard Scott. Cooke and Gantt were followers of Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management theory. Scott, who listed Veblen as being on the temporary organizing committee of the Technical Alliance, perhaps without consulting Veblen or other listed members, later helped found the technocracy movement.

The skepticism of the German Historical School regarding laissez-faire economics was also adopted by Veblen.

American pragmatism distrusted the notion of the absolute, and instead recognized the notion of free will. Rather than God's divine intervention taking control of the happenings of the universe, pragmatism believed that people, using their free will, shape the institutions of society. Veblen also recognized this as an element of causes and effects, upon which he based many of his theories. This pragmatist belief was pertinent to the shaping of Veblen's critique of natural law and the establishment of his evolutionary economics, which recognized the purpose of man throughout.

Thorstein Veblen laid the foundation for the perspective of institutional economics with his criticism of traditional static economic theory. As much as Veblen was an economist, he was also a sociologist who rejected his contemporaries who looked at the economy as an autonomous, stable, and static entity. Veblen disagreed with his peers, as he strongly believed that the economy was significantly embedded in social institutions. Rather than separating economics from the social sciences, Veblen viewed the relationships between the economy and social and cultural phenomena. Generally speaking, the study of institutional economics viewed economic institutions as the broader process of cultural development. While economic institutionalism never transformed into a major school of economic thought, it allowed economists to explore economic problems from a perspective that incorporated social and cultural phenomena. It also allowed economists to view the economy as an evolving entity of bounded rationale.

In his most famous work, The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen writes critically of the leisure class for its role in fostering wasteful consumption. In this first work Veblen coined the term " conspicuous consumption", which he defined as spending more money on goods than they are worth. The term originated during the Second Industrial Revolution when a nouveau riche social class emerged as a result of the accumulation of capital wealth. He explains that members of the leisure class, often associated with business, are those who also engage in conspicuous consumption in order to impress the rest of society through the manifestation of their social power and prestige, be it real or perceived. In other words, social status, Veblen explained, becomes earned and displayed by patterns of consumption rather than what the individual makes financially. Subsequently, people in other social classes are influenced by this behavior and, as Veblen argued, strive to emulate the leisure class. What results from this behavior, is a society characterized by the waste of time and money. Unlike other sociological works of the time, The Theory of the Leisure Class focused on consumption, rather than production.

Conspicuous leisure, or the non-productive use of time for the sake of displaying social status, is used by Veblen as the primary indicator of the leisure class. To engage in conspicuous leisure is to openly display one's wealth and status, as productive work signified the absence of pecuniary strength and was seen as a mark of weakness. As the leisure class increased their exemption from productive work, that very exemption became honorific and actual participation in productive work became a sign of inferiority. Conspicuous leisure worked very well to designate social status in rural areas, but urbanization made it so that conspicuous leisure was no longer a sufficient means to display pecuniary strength. Urban life requires more obvious displays of status, wealth, and power, which is where conspicuous consumption becomes prominent.

In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen writes critically of conspicuous consumption and its function in social-class consumerism and social stratification. Reflecting historically, he traces said economic behaviors back to the beginnings of the division of labor, or during tribal times. Upon the start of a division of labor, high-status individuals within the community practiced hunting and war, notably less labor-intensive and less economically productive work. Low-status individuals, on the other hand, practiced activities recognized as more economically productive and more labor-intensive, such as farming and cooking. High-status individuals, as Veblen explains, could instead afford to live their lives leisurely (hence their title as the leisure class), engaging in symbolic economic participation, rather than practical economic participation. These individuals could engage in conspicuous leisure for extended periods of time, simply following pursuits that evoked a higher social status. Rather than participating in conspicuous consumption, the leisure class lived lives of conspicuous leisure as a marker of high status. The leisure class protected and reproduced their social status and control within the tribe through, for example, their participation in war-time activities, which while they were rarely needed, still rendered their lower social class counterparts dependent upon them. During modern industrial times, Veblen described the leisure class as those exempt from industrial labor. Instead, he explains, the leisure class participated in intellectual or artistic endeavors to display their freedom from the economic need to participate in economically productive manual labor. In essence, not having to perform labor-intensive activities did not mark higher social status, but rather, higher social status meant that one would not have to perform such duties.

Assessment of the rich:

Veblen expanded upon Adam Smith's assessment of the rich, stating that "The leisure class used charitable activities as one of the ultimate benchmarks of the highest standard of living" (Ganley, 1998). Veblen insinuates that the way to convince those who have money to share is to have them receive something in return. Behavioral economics also tells us that rewards and incentives are very important aspects of every-day decision making. When the rich shift their mindset from feeling as though they are forced to give their hard-earned money to feeling pride and honor from giving to charitable organizations there is benefit for every party involved. Veblen (1899) referred to communities without a leisure class as "non-predatory communities" and stated that "The accumulation of wealth at the upper end of the pecuniary scale implies privation at the lower end of the scale." Veblen believed that inequality was natural, and that it gave housewives something to focus their energy on. The members of the leisure class planning events and parties did not actually help anyone in the long run, according to Veblen.

The central problem for Veblen was the friction between "business" and "industry". Veblen identified "business" as the owners and leaders whose primary goal was the profits of their companies but, in an effort to keep profits high, often made efforts to limit production. By obstructing the operation of the industrial system in that way, "business" negatively affected society as a whole (through higher rates of unemployment, for example). With that said, Veblen identified business leaders as the source of many problems in society, which he felt should be led by people such as engineers, who understood the industrial system and its operation, while also having an interest in the general welfare of society at large.

In sociology, trained incapacity is "that state of affairs in which one's abilities function as inadequacies or blind spots." It means that people's past experiences can lead to wrong decisions when circumstances change. Veblen coined the concept in 1933.

Veblen's economics and politics

Veblen and other American institutionalists were indebted to the German Historical School, especially Gustav von Schmoller, for the emphasis on historical fact, their empiricism and especially a broad, evolutionary framework of study. Veblen admired Schmoller, but criticized some other leaders of the German school because of their overreliance on descriptions, long displays of numerical data and narratives of industrial development that rested on no underlying economic theory. Veblen tried to use the same approach with his own theory added.

Veblen developed a 20th-century evolutionary economics based upon Darwinian principles and new ideas emerging from anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Unlike the neoclassical economics that emerged at the same time, Veblen described economic behavior as socially determined and saw economic organization as a process of ongoing evolution. Veblen rejected any theory based on individual action or any theory highlighting any factor of an inner personal motivation. According to him, such theories were "unscientific". This evolution was driven by the human instincts of emulation, predation, workmanship, parental bent, and idle curiosity. Veblen wanted economists to grasp the effects of social and cultural change on economic changes. In The Theory of the Leisure Class, the instincts of emulation and predation play a major role. People, rich and poor alike, attempt to impress others and seek to gain advantage through what Veblen termed "conspicuous consumption" and the ability to engage in "conspicuous leisure". In this work Veblen argued that consumption is used as a way to gain and signal status. Through "conspicuous consumption" often came "conspicuous waste", which Veblen detested. He further spoke of a "predatory phase" of culture in the sense of the predatory attitude having become the habitual spiritual attitude of the individual.

Politically, Veblen was sympathetic to state ownership. Scholars mostly disagree about the extent to which Veblen's views are compatible with Marxism, socialism, or anarchism.[citation needed ]

The Veblenian dichotomy is a concept first suggested by Veblen in 1899, in The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. Veblen made the concept fully into an analytical principle in his 1904 book, The Theory of Business Enterprise. To Veblen, institutions determine how technologies are used. Some institutions are more "ceremonial" than others. A project for Veblen's idealized economist is to be identifying institutions that are too wasteful, and pursuing institutional "adjustment" to make instituted uses of technology more "instrumental". Veblen defines "ceremonial" as related to the past, supportive of "tribal legends" or traditional conserving attitudes and conduct; while the "instrumental" orients itself toward the technological imperative, judging value by the ability to control future consequences.

The theory suggests that although every society depends on tools and skills to support the life process, every society also appears to have a "ceremonial" stratified structure of status that runs contrary to the needs of the "instrumental" (technological) aspects of group life.

The two primary relationships that Veblen had were with his two wives, although he was known to engage in extramarital affairs throughout his life.

During his time at Carleton, Veblen met his first wife, Ellen Rolfe, the niece of the college president. They married in 1888. While some scholars have attributed his womanizing tendencies to the couple's numerous separations and eventual divorce in 1911, others have speculated that the relationship's demise was rooted in Ellen's inability to bear children. Following her death in 1926, it was revealed that she had asked for her autopsy to be sent to Veblen, her ex-husband. The autopsy showed that Ellen's reproductive organs had not developed normally, and she had been unable to bear children. A book written by Veblen's stepdaughter asserted that "this explained her disinterest in a normal wifely relationship with Thorstein" and that he "treated her more like a sister, a loving sister, than a wife".

Veblen married Ann Bradley Bevans, a former student, in 1914 and became stepfather to her two girls, Becky and Ann. For the most part, it appears that they had a happy marriage. Ann was described by her daughter as a suffragette, a socialist, and a staunch advocate of unions and workers' rights. A year after he married Ann, they were expecting a child together, but the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. Veblen never had any children of his own.

After his wife Ann's premature death in 1920, Veblen became active in the care of his stepdaughters. Becky went with him when he moved to California, looked after him there, and was with him at his death in August 1929, just a few months shy of the Great Depression, the economic crisis he had anticipated in Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times. Prior to his death, Veblen had earned a comparatively high salary from the New School. Since he lived frugally, Veblen invested his money in California raisin vineyards and the stock market. Unfortunately, after returning to northern California, Veblen lost the money he had invested and was living in a house on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park (that once belonged to his first wife) while earning $500 to $600 a year from royalties and was sent $500 a year from a former Chicago student.

Veblen is regarded as one of the co-founders of the American school of institutional economics, alongside John R. Commons and Wesley Clair Mitchell. Economists who adhere to this school organize themselves in the Association for Institutional Economics (AFIT). The Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) gives an annual Veblen-Commons award for work in Institutional Economics and publishes the Journal of Economic Issues. Some unaligned practitioners include theorists of the concept of " differential accumulation".

Veblen's work has remained relevant, and not simply for the phrase " conspicuous consumption". His evolutionary approach to the study of economic systems is again gaining traction and his model of recurring conflict between the existing order and new ways can be of value in understanding the new global economy. In this sense some authors have recently compared the Gilded Age, studied by Veblen, with the New Gilded Age and the contemporary processes of refeudalization, argueing for a new global leisure class and distinctive luxury consumption.

Veblen has been cited in the writings of feminist economists. Veblen believed that women had no endowments, instead women's behavior reflect the social norms of a time and place. Veblen theorized that women in the industrial age remained victims of their "barbarian status". This has, in hindsight, made Veblen a forerunner of modern feminism.

Veblen's work has also often been cited in American literary works. He is featured in The Big Money by John Dos Passos, and mentioned in Carson McCullers' The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and Sinclair Lewis's Main Street. One of Veblen's Ph.D. students was George W. Stocking, Sr., a pioneer in the emerging field of industrial organization economics. Another was Canadian academic and author Stephen Leacock, who went on to become the head of Department of Economics and Political Science at McGill University. The influence of Theory of the Leisure Class can be seen in Leacock's 1914 satire, Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich.[citation needed ]

To this day, Veblen is little known in Norway. President Clinton honored Veblen as a great American thinker when addressing King Harald V of Norway.

"Kant's Critique of Judgement", Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 1884.

"Some Neglected Points in the Theory of Socialism", Annals of AAPSS 1891. in JSTOR

"Bohm-Bawerk's Definition of Capital and the Source of Wages", Quarterly Journal of Economics (QJE), 1892, .

"The Overproduction Fallacy", QJE, 1892. in JSTOR

"The Food Supply and the Price of Wheat", Journal of Political Economy (JPE), 1893. in JSTOR

"The Army of the Commonweal", JPE, 1894. in JSTOR

"The Economic Theory of Women's Dress", Popular Science Monthly, 1894.

"Review of Karl Marx's Poverty of Philosophy", JPE, 1896.

"Review of Werner Sombart's Sozialismus", JPE, 1897.

"Review of Gustav Schmoller's Über einige Grundfragen der Sozialpolitik", JPE, 1898.

"Review of Turgot's Reflections", JPE, 1898.

"Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science?", QJE, 1898.

"The Beginnings of Ownership", American Journal of Sociology, 1898.

"The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor", American Journal of Sociology, 1898.

"The Barbarian Status of Women", American Journal of Sociology, 1898.

"The Preconceptions of Economic Science", QJE1899 in JSTOR, and 1900. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.

"Industrial and Pecuniary Employments", Publications of the AEA, 1901. in JSTOR

"Gustav Schmoller's Economics", QJE, 1901. in JSTOR

"Arts and Crafts", JPE, 1902. in JSTOR

"Review of Werner Sombart's Der moderne Kapitalismus", JPE, 1903. in JSTOR

"Review of J.A. Hobson's Imperialism", JPE, 1903. in JSTOR

"An Early Experiment in Trusts", JPE, 1904. in JSTOR

"Review of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations", JPE, 1904. in JSTOR

"Credit and Prices", JPE, 1905. in JSTOR

"The Place of Science in Modern Civilization", American J of Sociology, 1906. in JSTOR

"Professor Clark's Economics", QJE, 1906. in JSTOR

"The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers", (1906, 1907), QJE.

"Fisher's Capital and Income", Political Science Quarterly, 1907.

"On the Nature of Capital", 1908, QJE, 1908. in JSTOR

"Fisher's Rate of Interest", Political Science Quarterly, 1909.

"The Limitations of Marginal Utility", JPE, 1909.; in JSTOR

"Christian Morals and the Competitive System", International J of Ethics, 1910. in JSTOR

"The Mutation Theory and the Blond Race", Journal of Race Development, 1913. in JSTOR

"The Blond Race and the Aryan Culture", Univ of Missouri Bulletin, 1913.

"The Opportunity of Japan", Journal of Race Development, 1915. in JSTOR

"On the General Principles of a Policy of Reconstruction", J of the National Institute of Social Sciences, 1918.

"Passing of National Frontiers", Dial, 1918.

"Menial Servants during the Period of War", Public, 1918.

"Farm Labor for the Period of War", Public, 1918.

"The War and Higher Learning", Dial, 1918.

"The Modern Point of View and the New Order", Dial, 1918.

"The Intellectual Pre-Eminence of Jews in Modern Europe", Political Science Quarterly, 1919. in JSTOR

"On the Nature and Uses of Sabotage", Dial, 1919.

"Bolshevism is a Menace to the Vested Interests", Dial, 1919.

"Peace", Dial, 1919.

"The Captains of Finance and the Engineers", Dial, 1919.

"The Industrial System and the Captains of Industry", Dial, 1919.

The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and other essays, 1919.

"Review of J.M.Keynes' Economic Consequences of the Peace, Political Science Quarterly, 1920.

"Economic theory in the Calculable Future", AER, 1925.

"Introduction" in The Laxdæla Saga, 1925.

Adair, David (1970). The Technocrats 1919-1967: A Case Study of Conflict and Change in a Social Movement (PDF) (M.A.). Simon Fraser University.

Bell, Daniel (Autumn 1963). "Veblen and the New Class". The American Scholar. The Phi Beta Kappa Society. 32 (4): 616-638. JSTOR 41209141.

Chavance, Bernard (2009). Institutional Economics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415449113.

Duggar, William M. (December 1979). "The Origins of Thorstein Veblen's Thought". Social Science Quarterly. University of Texas Press. 60 (3): 424-431.

Fredrickson, George M. (Autumn 1959). "Thorstein Veblen: The Last Viking". American Quarterly. 11 (3): 403-415. doi:10.2307/2710392. JSTOR 2710392.

Horowitz, Irving Louis, ed. (2001). Veblen's Century: A Collective Portrait. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. ISBN 978-0-7658-0099-2.

Knoedler, Janet & Mayhew, Anne (Summer 1999). "Thorstein Veblen and the Engineers: A Reinterpretation". History of Political Economy. 31 (2): 255-272. doi:10.1215/00182702-31-2-255.

Mayhew, Anne (1999). "Institutional Economics". In Peterson, Janice & Lewis, Margaret (eds.). The Elgar Companion To Feminist Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781843768685.00063. ISBN 9781843768685.

Nitzan, Jonathan & Bichler, Shimshon (2002). The Global Political Economy of Israel. Pluto Press.

Ramstad, Yngve (1994). "Veblen, Thorstein". In Hodgson, Geoffrey M.; Samuels, Warren J. & Tool, Marc R. (eds.). The Elgar Companion To Institutional And Evolutionary Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781843768661.00169. ISBN 9781843768661.

Ritzer, George (2011). Sociological Theory (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780078111679.

Rutherford, Malcolm (1980). "Veblen on owners, managers, and the control of industry". History of Political Economy. 12 (3): 434-440. doi:10.1215/00182702-12-3-434.

Simich, J. L. & Tilman, Rick (1982). "Thorstein Veblen and his Marxist Critics: An Interpretive Review". History of Political Economy. 14 (3): 323-341. doi:10.1215/00182702-14-3-323.

Veblen, Thorstein (1898). "Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 12 (4): 373-397. doi:10.2307/1882952. JSTOR 1882952.

Veblen, Thorstein (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York: MacMillan.

Veblen, Thorstein (November 1901). "Gustav Schmoller's Economics". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 16 (1): 69-93. doi:10.2307/1882903. JSTOR 1882903.

Waller, Jr., William T. (September 1982). "The Evolution of the Veblenian Dichotomy: Veblen, Hamilton, Ayres, and Foster". Journal of Economic Issues. 16 (3): 757-771. doi:10.1080/00213624.1982.11504031. JSTOR 4225214.

Wood, John (1993). The Life of Thorstein Veblen and Perspectives on his Thought. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07487-8.

Zahavi, Amotz (2010). The theory of signal selection and its implications to theories of indirect selection and altruism (Lecture recording). UCLA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Thorstein Bunde Veblen (30 July 1857 - 3 August 1929) was an American economist and sociologist, who during his lifetime emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism. In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concept of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure.

# data[].attributes.body
추가자료조사 2. Ted(Life Lessons From An Ad Man)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Get a daily email featuring the latest talk, plus a quick mix of trending content.

By subscribing, you understand and agree that we will store, process and manage your personal information according to our Privacy Policy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Rory Sutherland: Life lessons from an ad man

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Advertising adds value to a product by changing our perception, rather than the product itself. Rory Sutherland makes the daring assertion that a change in perceived value can be just as satisfying as what we consider "real" value -- and his conclusion has interesting consequences for how we look at life.

# data[].attributes.body
추가자료조사 1. Ted(The Origin Of Pleasure)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Why do we like an original painting better than a forgery? Psychologist Paul Bloom argues that human beings are essentialists -- that our beliefs about the history of an object change how we experience it, not simply as an illusion, but as a deep feature of what pleasure (and pain) is.

# data[].attributes.body
추가자료조사

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10608 김혜연 베블런재 추가자료조사

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Get a daily email featuring the latest talk, plus a quick mix of trending content.

By subscribing, you understand and agree that we will store, process and manage your personal information according to our Privacy Policy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Andrew Forrest: A radical plan to end plastic waste

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Plastic is an incredible substance for the economy -- and the worst substance possible for the environment, says entrepreneur Andrew Forrest. In a conversation meant to spark debate, Forrest and head of TED Chris Anderson discuss an ambitious plan to get the world's biggest companies to fund an environmental revolution -- and transition industry towards getting all of its plastic from recycled materials, not from fossil fuels.

# data[].attributes.body
관심있는 연예인이 방송에서 제로 웨이스트를 실천하는 모습을 본 이후로 환경 문제에 관심을 가지게 되었다. firm environmental behavior과 관련하여 실제 기업의 친환경 정책을  찾아보았다.

탄소 배출 감소와 제로 웨이스트 달성을 위한 마이크로소프트 사장의 약속글(올 해 8월)을 보게 되었는데 모든 데이터 센터, 건물 및 캠퍼스에서 소비하는 탄소 방출 전력의 100 %를 녹색 에너지 공급으로 전환할 것이고, 서버와 하드웨어를 처리 시설로 운송하고 배송하는 비용을 줄여 탄소 배출량을 줄이겠다는 내용이 있었다.

플라스틱 재활용과 관련해 지금껏 알고 있던 사실과 다른 충격적 글을 보았다. 그동안 재활용 된 플라스틱 은 10 % 미만이지만 대중은 이러한 사실 대해 거의 알지 못했다고 한다.

사용한 플라스틱은 모두 새로운 것으로 바꿀 수 있지만, 종류가 많기 때문에 그것을 골라 분류하고 녹이는 것은 비용이 많이 든다. 플라스틱은 재사용 할 때마다 성능이 저하되기 때문에 한두 번 이상 재사용 할 수 없다. 플라스틱 쓰레기보다 기름으로 플라스틱을 만드는 것이 저렴하기 때문에 그 길을 택하지 않고 석유화학 기업들은 그것을 알고도 그린마케팅으로 재활용을 홍보했다고 한다. 국내도 다를 것이 없을 것 같다. 결국 사용량을 줄이는 것이 유일한 방법인 것 같다.

플라스틱을 대체할 수 있는 신소재인 바이오플라스틱도 해양 환경에 빠지면 석유 기반 플라스틱과 유사하게 기능하여 마이크로 크기로 분해되어 수십 년 동안 지속되며 해양 생물에게 위험을 초래한다는 실망스런 소식도 알게 되었다. 플라스틱을 대신할 포장재를 내가 만든다면 정말 뿌듯할 것 같다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Note: An audio version of this story aired on NPR's Planet Money. Listen to the episode here.
Laura Leebrick, a manager at Rogue Disposal & Recycling in southern Oregon, is standing on the end of its landfill watching an avalanche of plastic trash pour out of a semitrailer: containers, bags, packaging, strawberry containers, yogurt cups.

None of this plastic will be turned into new plastic things. All of it is buried.

"To me that felt like it was a betrayal of the public trust," she said. "I had been lying to people ... unwittingly."

Rogue, like most recycling companies, had been sending plastic trash to China, but when China shut its doors two years ago, Leebrick scoured the U.S. for buyers. She could find only someone who wanted white milk jugs. She sends the soda bottles to the state.

But when Leebrick tried to tell people the truth about burying all the other plastic, she says people didn't want to hear it.

"I remember the first meeting where I actually told a city council that it was costing more to recycle than it was to dispose of the same material as garbage," she says, "and it was like heresy had been spoken in the room: You're lying. This is gold. We take the time to clean it, take the labels off, separate it and put it here. It's gold. This is valuable."

But it's not valuable, and it never has been. And what's more, the makers of plastic - the nation's largest oil and gas companies - have known this all along, even as they spent millions of dollars telling the American public the opposite.

NPR and PBS Frontline spent months digging into internal industry documents and interviewing top former officials. We found that the industry sold the public on an idea it knew wouldn't work - that the majority of plastic could be, and would be, recycled - all while making billions of dollars selling the world new plastic.

The industry's awareness that recycling wouldn't keep plastic out of landfills and the environment dates to the program's earliest days, we found. "There is serious doubt that [recycling plastic] can ever be made viable on an economic basis," one industry insider wrote in a 1974 speech.

Yet the industry spent millions telling people to recycle, because, as one former top industry insider told NPR, selling recycling sold plastic, even if it wasn't true.

"If the public thinks that recycling is working, then they are not going to be as concerned about the environment," Larry Thomas, former president of the Society of the Plastics Industry, known today as the Plastics Industry Association and one of the industry's most powerful trade groups in Washington, D.C., told NPR.

In response, industry representative Steve Russell, until recently the vice president of plastics for the trade group the American Chemistry Council, said the industry has never intentionally misled the public about recycling and is committed to ensuring all plastic is recycled.

"The proof is the dramatic amount of investment that is happening right now," Russell said. "I do understand the skepticism, because it hasn't happened in the past, but I think the pressure, the public commitments and, most important, the availability of technology is going to give us a different outcome."

Here's the basic problem: All used plastic can be turned into new things, but picking it up, sorting it out and melting it down is expensive. Plastic also degrades each time it is reused, meaning it can't be reused more than once or twice.

On the other hand, new plastic is cheap. It's made from oil and gas, and it's almost always less expensive and of better quality to just start fresh.

All of these problems have existed for decades, no matter what new recycling technology or expensive machinery has been developed. In all that time, less than 10 percent of plastic has ever been recycled. But the public has known little about these difficulties.

It could be because that's not what they were told.

Starting in the 1990s, the public saw an increasing number of commercials and messaging about recycling plastic.

"The bottle may look empty, yet it's anything but trash," says one ad from 1990 showing a plastic bottle bouncing out of a garbage truck. "It's full of potential. ... We've pioneered the country's largest, most comprehensive plastic recycling program to help plastic fill valuable uses and roles."

These commercials carried a distinct message: Plastic is special, and the consumer should recycle it.

It may have sounded like an environmentalist's message, but the ads were paid for by the plastics industry, made up of companies like Exxon, Chevron, Dow, DuPont and their lobbying and trade organizations in Washington.

Industry companies spent tens of millions of dollars on these ads and ran them for years, promoting the benefits of a product that, for the most part, was buried, was burned or, in some cases, wound up in the ocean.

Documents show industry officials knew this reality about recycling plastic as far back as the 1970s.

Many of the industry's old documents are housed in libraries, such as the one on the grounds of the first DuPont family home in Delaware. Others are with universities, where former industry leaders sent their records.

At Syracuse University, there are boxes of files from a former industry consultant. And inside one of them is a report written in April 1973 by scientists tasked with forecasting possible issues for top industry executives.

Recycling plastic, it told the executives, was unlikely to happen on a broad scale.

"There is no recovery from obsolete products," it says.

It says pointedly: Plastic degrades with each turnover.

"A degradation of resin properties and performance occurs during the initial fabrication, through aging, and in any reclamation process," the report told executives.

Recycling plastic is "costly," it says, and sorting it, the report concludes, is "infeasible."

And there are more documents, echoing decades of this knowledge, including one analysis from a top official at the industry's most powerful trade group. "The costs of separating plastics ... are high," he tells colleagues, before noting that the cost of using oil to make plastic is so low that recycling plastic waste "can't yet be justified economically."

Larry Thomas, the former president of the Society of the Plastics Industry, worked side by side with top oil and plastics executives.

He's retired now, on the coast of Florida where he likes to bike, and feels conflicted about the time he worked with the plastics industry.

"I did what the industry wanted me to do, that's for sure," he says. "But my personal views didn't always jibe with the views I had to take as part of my job."

Thomas took over back in the late 1980s, and back then, plastic was in a crisis. There was too much plastic trash. The public was getting upset.

In one document from 1989, Thomas calls executives at Exxon, Chevron, Amoco, Dow, DuPont, Procter & Gamble and others to a private meeting at the Ritz-Carlton in Washington.

"The image of plastics is deteriorating at an alarming rate," he wrote. "We are approaching a point of no return."

He told the executives they needed to act.

The "viability of the industry and the profitability of your company" are at stake.

Thomas remembers now.

"The feeling was the plastics industry was under fire - we got to do what it takes to take the heat off, because we want to continue to make plastic products," he says.

At this time, Thomas had a co-worker named Lew Freeman. He was a vice president of the lobbying group. He remembers many of the meetings like the one in Washington.

"The basic question on the table was, You guys as our trade association in the plastics industry aren't doing enough - we need to do more," Freeman says. "I remember this is one of those exchanges that sticks with me 35 years later or however long it's been ... and it was what we need to do is ... advertise our way out of it. That was the idea thrown out."

So began the plastics industry's $50 million-a-year ad campaign promoting the benefits of plastic.

"Presenting the possibilities of plastic!" one iconic ad blared, showing kids in bike helmets and plastic bags floating in the air.

"This advertising was motivated first and foremost by legislation and other initiatives that were being introduced in state legislatures and sometimes in Congress," Freeman says, "to ban or curb the use of plastics because of its performance in the waste stream."

At the same time, the industry launched a number of feel-good projects, telling the public to recycle plastic. It funded sorting machines, recycling centers, nonprofits, even expensive benches outside grocery stores made out of plastic bags.

Few of these projects actually turned much plastic into new things.

NPR tracked down almost a dozen projects the industry publicized starting in 1989. All of them shuttered or failed by the mid-1990s. Mobil's Massachusetts recycling facility lasted three years, for example. Amoco's project to recycle plastic in New York schools lasted two. Dow and Huntsman's highly publicized plan to recycle plastic in national parks made it to seven out of 419 parks before the companies cut funding.

None of them was able to get past the economics: Making new plastic out of oil is cheaper and easier than making it out of plastic trash.

Both Freeman and Thomas, the head of the lobbying group, say the executives all knew that.

"There was a lot of discussion about how difficult it was to recycle," Thomas remembers. "They knew that the infrastructure wasn't there to really have recycling amount to a whole lot."

Even as the ads played and the projects got underway, Thomas and Freeman say industry officials wanted to get recycling plastic into people's homes and outside on their curbs with blue bins.

The industry created a special group called the Council for Solid Waste Solutions and brought a man from DuPont, Ron Liesemer, over to run it.

Liesemer's job was to at least try to make recycling work - because there was some hope, he said, however unlikely, that maybe if they could get recycling started, somehow the economics of it all would work itself out.

"I had no staff, but I had money," Liesemer says. "Millions of dollars."

Liesemer took those millions out to Minnesota and other places to start local plastic recycling programs.

But then he ran into the same problem all the industry documents found. Recycling plastic wasn't making economic sense: There were too many different kinds of plastic, hundreds of them, and they can't be melted down together. They have to be sorted out.

"Yes, it can be done," Liesemer says, "but who's going to pay for it? Because it goes into too many applications, it goes into too many structures that just would not be practical to recycle."

Liesemer says he started as many programs as he could and hoped for the best.

"They were trying to keep their products on the shelves," Liesemer says. "That's what they were focused on. They weren't thinking what lesson should we learn for the next 20 years. No. Solve today's problem."

And Thomas, who led the trade group, says all of these efforts started to have an effect: The message that plastic could be recycled was sinking in.

"I can only say that after a while, the atmosphere seemed to change," he says. "I don't know whether it was because people thought recycling had solved the problem or whether they were so in love with plastic products that they were willing to overlook the environmental concerns that were mounting up."

But as the industry pushed those public strategies to get past the crisis, officials were also quietly launching a broader plan.

In the early 1990s, at a small recycling facility near San Diego, a man named Coy Smith was one of the first to see the industry's new initiative.

Back then, Smith ran a recycling business. His customers were watching the ads and wanted to recycle plastic. So Smith allowed people to put two plastic items in their bins: soda bottles and milk jugs. He lost money on them, he says, but the aluminum, paper and steel from his regular business helped offset the costs.

But then, one day, almost overnight, his customers started putting all kinds of plastic in their bins.

"The symbols start showing up on the containers," he explains.

Smith went out to the piles of plastic and started flipping over the containers. All of them were now stamped with the triangle of arrows - known as the international recycling symbol - with a number in the middle. He knew right away what was happening.

"All of a sudden, the consumer is looking at what's on their soda bottle and they're looking at what's on their yogurt tub, and they say, 'Oh well, they both have a symbol. Oh well, I guess they both go in,' " he says.

The bins were now full of trash he couldn't sell. He called colleagues at recycling facilities all across the country. They reported having the same problem.

Industry documents from this time show that just a couple of years earlier, starting in 1989, oil and plastics executives began a quiet campaign to lobby almost 40 states to mandate that the symbol appear on all plastic - even if there was no way to economically recycle it. Some environmentalists also supported the symbol, thinking it would help separate plastic.

Smith said what it did was make all plastic look recyclable.

"The consumers were confused," Smith says. "It totally undermined our credibility, undermined what we knew was the truth in our community, not the truth from a lobbying group out of D.C."

But the lobbying group in D.C. knew the truth in Smith's community too. A report given to top officials at the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1993 told them about the problems.

"The code is being misused," it says bluntly. "Companies are using it as a 'green' marketing tool."

The code is creating "unrealistic expectations" about how much plastic can actually be recycled, it told them.

Smith and his colleagues launched a national protest, started a working group and fought the industry for years to get the symbol removed or changed. They lost.

"We don't have manpower to compete with this," Smith says. "We just don't. Even though we were all dedicated, it still was like, can we keep fighting a battle like this on and on and on from this massive industry that clearly has no end in sight of what they're able to do and willing to do to keep their image the image they want."

"It's pure manipulation of the consumer," he says.

In response, industry officials told NPR that the code was only ever meant to help recycling facilities sort plastic and was not intended to create any confusion.

Without question, plastic has been critical to the country's success. It's cheap and durable, and it's a chemical marvel.

It's also hugely profitable. The oil industry makes more than $400 billion a year making plastic, and as demand for oil for cars and trucks declines, the industry is telling shareholders that future profits will increasingly come from plastic.

And if there was a sign of this future, it's a brand-new chemical plant that rises from the flat skyline outside Sweeny, Texas. It's so new that it's still shiny, and inside the facility, the concrete is free from stains.

This plant is Chevron Phillips Chemical's $6 billion investment in new plastic.

"We see a very bright future for our products," says Jim Becker, the vice president of sustainability for Chevron Phillips, inside a pristine new warehouse next to the plant.

"These are products the world needs and continues to need," he says. "We're very optimistic about future growth."

With that growth, though, comes ever more plastic trash. But Becker says Chevron Phillips has a plan: It will recycle 100% of the plastic it makes by 2040.

Becker seems earnest. He tells a story about vacationing with his wife and being devastated by the plastic trash they saw. When asked how Chevron Phillips will recycle 100% of the plastic it makes, he doesn't hesitate.

"Recycling has to get more efficient, more economic," he says. "We've got to do a better job, collecting the waste, sorting it. That's going to be a huge effort."

Fix recycling is the industry's message too, says Steve Russell, the industry's recent spokesman.

"Fixing recycling is an imperative, and we've got to get it right," he says. "I understand there is doubt and cynicism. That's going to exist. But check back in. We're there."

Larry Thomas, Lew Freeman and Ron Liesemer, former industry executives, helped oil companies out of the first plastic crisis by getting people to believe something the industry knew then wasn't true: That most plastic could be and would be recycled.

Russell says this time will be different.

"It didn't get recycled because the system wasn't up to par," he says. "We hadn't invested in the ability to sort it and there hadn't been market signals that companies were willing to buy it, and both of those things exist today."

But plastic today is harder to sort than ever: There are more kinds of plastic, it's cheaper to make plastic out of oil than plastic trash and there is exponentially more of it than 30 years ago.

And during those 30 years, oil and plastic companies made billions of dollars in profit as the public consumed ever more quantities of plastic.

Russell doesn't dispute that.

"And during that time, our members have invested in developing the technologies that have brought us where we are today," he says. "We are going to be able to make all of our new plastic out of existing municipal solid waste in plastic."

Recently, an industry advocacy group funded by the nation's largest oil and plastic companies launched its most expensive effort yet to promote recycling and cleanup of plastic waste. There's even a new ad.

"We have the people that can change the world," it says to soaring music as people pick up plastic trash and as bottles get sorted in a recycling center.

Freeman, the former industry official, recently watched the ad.

"Déjà vu all over again," he says as the ad finishes. "This is the same kind of thinking that ran in the '90s. I don't think this kind of advertising is, is helpful at all."

Larry Thomas said the same.

"I don't think anything has changed," Thomas says. "Sounds exactly the same."

These days as Thomas bikes down by the beach, he says he spends a lot of time thinking about the oceans and what will happen to them in 20 or 50 years, long after he is gone.

And as he thinks back to those years he spent in conference rooms with top executives from oil and plastic companies, what occurs to him now is something he says maybe should have been obvious all along.

He says what he saw was an industry that didn't want recycling to work. Because if the job is to sell as much oil as you possibly can, any amount of recycled plastic is competition.

"You know, they were not interested in putting any real money or effort into recycling because they wanted to sell virgin material," Thomas says. "Nobody that is producing a virgin product wants something to come along that is going to replace it. Produce more virgin material - that's their business."
Cat Schuknecht contributed to this report.
And they are. Analysts now expect plastic production to triple by 2050.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Big Oil Misled The Public Into Believing Plastic Would Be Recycled

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An NPR and PBS Frontline investigation reveals how the oil and gas industry used the promise of recycling to sell more plastic, even when they knew it would never work on a large scale.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Every year, more than 11 billion tons of waste are produced worldwide according to the United Nations Environment Programme. A byproduct of our daily lives and every sector of the world's economies, the trash we discard pollutes our land, clogs our waterways, depletes our natural resources and contaminates the very air we breathe. We recognize the urgent need to protect the world's ecosystems and reduce the carbon emissions that come from the creation, distribution and disposal of waste. That's why we're announcing today our goal to achieve zero waste for Microsoft's direct operations, products and packaging by 2030.

Our zero waste goal is the third sprint in Microsoft's broad environmental sustainability initiative launched earlier this year focusing on carbon, water, ecosystems and waste. We are setting ambitious goals for each and empowering our customers with the technology and our learnings to do the same.

To address our own waste creation, Microsoft will reduce nearly as much waste as we generate while reusing, repurposing or recycling our solid, compost, electronics, construction and demolition, and hazardous wastes. We'll do this by building first-of-their-kind Microsoft Circular Centers to reuse and repurpose servers and hardware in our datacenters. We'll also eliminate single-use plastics in our packaging and use technology to improve our waste accounting. We will make new investments in Closed Loop Partners' funds. And finally, we'll enlist our own employees to reduce their own waste footprints.

By 2030, we will divert at least 90 percent of the solid waste headed to landfills and incineration from our campuses and datacenters, manufacture 100 percent recyclable Surface devices, use 100 percent recyclable packaging (in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD, countries), and achieve, at a minimum, 75 percent diversion of construction and demolition waste for all projects. This work builds on our ongoing waste reduction efforts that started in 2008 which resulted in the zero waste certifications of our Puget Sound Campus and our datacenters in Boydton, Virginia and Dublin, Ireland.
Microsoft Circular Centers
To meet the growing demand for our cloud services, our datacenter footprint - and the 3 million servers and related hardware that power it - must expand. Today, these servers have an average lifespan of five years and contribute to the world's growing e-waste problem. To reduce this waste, we plan to repurpose and recycle these devices through new Microsoft Circular Centers, which will be located first on our new major datacenter campuses or regions, and eventually added to existing ones.

YouTube Video

Click here to load media

Using machine learning, we will process servers and hardware that are being decommissioned onsite. We'll sort the pieces that can be reused and repurposed by us, our customers, or sold. We will use our learnings about reuse, disassembly, reassembly and recycling with design and supply chain teams to help improve the sustainability of future generations of equipment. Microsoft Circular Centers build on our earlier circular cloud initiatives to extend the lifecycle of our servers and minimize the waste sent to landfills.

In Amsterdam, our Microsoft Circular Center pilot reduced downtime at the datacenter and increased the availability of server and network parts for our own reuse and buy-back by our suppliers. It also reduced the cost of transporting and shipping servers and hardware to processing facilities, which lowered carbon emissions. We expect the Microsoft Circular Centers to increase the reuse of our servers and components by up to 90 percent by 2025.
To align with upcoming definitions in circular economy regulations and more accurately describe the steps we are taking operationally to meet our commitment, in 2022, we are adjusting our terminology to "reuse and recycling of servers and components." The operational scope, strategy and metric has not changed. Eliminating single-use plastics in packaging
Approximately 300 million metric tons of plastic are produced every year, 50 percent of which is used one time. And, half of this plastic waste comes from packaging. The scale of this problem and its impact on our oceans, waterways and land requires bold action, which is why we are eliminating single-use plastics from our packaging by 2025. This includes plastic film, primary product packaging and our IT asset packaging in our datacenters.
Click here to load media Improving waste data Click here to load media
Today, there is no consistent, high-quality data about the amount of waste, the type and quality, where it is generated and where it goes. In addition, data differs considerably depending on the waste category. For example, data about hazardous waste and electronics is well accounted for and tracked due to regulations and robust management systems for both. However, data about construction and demolition waste does not have consistent measurements or reporting. Waste data needs a standardized methodology, better transparency and higher quality. Without more accurate data, it's nearly impossible to understand the impact of operational decisions, what goals to set, and how to assess progress, as well as an industry standard for waste footprint methodology.
Climate Innovation Fund investment: Closed Loop Partners
Since we can't solve a problem that we don't fully understand, we are investing to digitize waste data across the company to identify opportunities to improve waste data collection. This digital solutions for our operations will include technology to track and report on dashboard waste, Power BI platforms for e-waste chain-of-custody, and improving Microsoft Power Apps which helps us capture real-time waste data. As we gain clarity and confidence in our broader waste footprint we will include more precise waste data in our public reporting.
Empowering our customers
We're investing $30 million in Closed Loop Partners' funds to help accelerate the infrastructure, innovation and business models for supply chain digitization, e-waste collection, food waste reduction, and recycling industry products to build a more circular economy at scale. Closed Loop Partners is a pioneering investor in circular economy innovation with a track record of working with corporate partners to pilot new solutions. In addition to benefiting from the technologies that are being developed, we plan to use learnings from our partnership to inform Microsoft's circular economy initiatives in our devices and cloud value chains, specifically packaging, e-waste and waste diversion from landfills.

We will share our learning from our own zero waste journey with our customers, who are already using our technology to better understand, measure and reduce their own waste footprint. In 2019, Microsoft along with H&M Group, Target, PVH Corp. and others partnered with Eon to explore the need and to formulate a suggestion of global standard powered by Azure called Circular ID. This platform tracks a garment in an effort to create a more sustainable fashion economy by enabling reusing clothing through rental, resale or recycle, rather than being discarded.

Dutch nonprofit Madaster Foundation is also using digital identities to eliminate waste. Madaster's platform tags materials with an identity, so they can be recycled, resold and reused, driving more sustainable construction decisions. Vancouver-based Spud.ca and its eGrocery software platform platform FoodX, an online organic food delivery company, built a logistics platform on Microsoft Azure and Dynamics 365 that uses AI to lower food waste. In one year, SPUD diverted 265,971 kilograms of waste from the landfill, preventing 444 tons of carbon from entering the atmosphere, and saved 3,564,275 liters of water.

Of course, recycling and reusing materials to divert them from landfills is key to reducing waste. Colchester Borough Council in the U.K. provide services to 192,500 residents, from licensing to recycling. The council is moving function-specific systems to Dynamics 365, unifying its data across intelligent business applications. The recycling tracking system provides reporting via Microsoft Power BI, showing data like heatmaps of problem spots for collections or where residents need more encouragement to recycle.
Enlisting our employees
Resource management firm Veolia is embracing technology to transform its business with circularity in mind. It is using Microsoft technology across its business, from dispatch and garbage collection, and with the use of sensors to collect data including vehicle location, bin weight and location, photo capture of bin contents and more. The data is used for a wide range of scenarios including flagging improper bin contents to prevent problems with downstream recycling and processing.

Our employees play an important role in our company's waste footprint. As we did with our carbon and ecosystems announcement, we are inviting our employees to participate in our waste reduction efforts. To show employees the impact of their actions and how much waste they generate, we are developing an internal Power BI waste data dashboard. This will be available starting with employees based at the Puget Sound campus and expand to campuses around the world. The dashboard will display the average waste generated per employee and can be used to test effectiveness of waste reduction campaigns, implementation of waste prevention initiatives and more.
Our collective challenge
In addition, we will launch our first waste reduction challenge, a month-long, online challenge connecting individual action to collective impact later this year. Our employees will have the opportunity to learn how they can participate in Microsoft's corporate waste program and commit to taking impactful action in their daily lives. The challenge will focus on actions employees can take at home during the global health crisis. These challenges will incorporate themes of waste prevention, material reuse, circular economy and waste equity. We will also create more opportunities for our employees to become actively involved, both in company-wide activities, like our annual weeklong hackathon that will include a call for proposals on waste reduction.

No one person or organization can solve the global waste problem. It will take all of us doing our part, including using better data to understand the problem and make smart waste policy decisions.

Zero waste is an ambitious goal, but minimizing our own waste footprint is essential to preserving the natural resources and reducing waste-associated carbon emissions to ensure our economies and societies around the world thrive for generations to come.

Tags: Brad Smith, Environment, sustainability, zero waste

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Microsoft commits to achieve 'zero waste' goals by 2030 - The Official Microsoft Blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Updated Dec. 2, 2022 Every year, more than 11 billion tons of waste are produced worldwide according to the United Nations Environment Programme. A byproduct of our daily lives and every sector of the world's economies, the trash we discard pollutes our land, clogs our waterways, depletes our natural resources and contaminates the very air...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The scientific consensus is clear. The world confronts an urgent carbon problem. The carbon in our atmosphere has created a blanket of gas that traps heat and is changing the world's climate. Already, the planet's temperature has risen by 1 degree centigrade. If we don't curb emissions, and temperatures continue to climb, science tells us that the results will be catastrophic.

As the scientific community has concluded, human activity has released more than 2 trillion metric tons of greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere since the start of the First Industrial Revolution in the mid-1700s. Over three-quarters of this is carbon dioxide, with most of this carbon emitted since the mid-1950s. This is more carbon than nature can re-absorb, and every year humanity pumps more than 50 billion metric tons of additional greenhouse gases into the air. This isn't a problem that lasts a few years or even a decade. Once excess carbon enters the atmosphere it can take thousands of years to dissipate.

The world's climate experts agree that the world must take urgent action to bring down emissions. Ultimately, we must reach "net zero" emissions, meaning that humanity must remove as much carbon as it emits each year. This will take aggressive approaches, new technology that doesn't exist today, and innovative public policy. It is an ambitious - even audacious - goal, but science tells us that it's a goal of fundamental importance to every person alive today and for every generation to follow.

Microsoft: Carbon negative by 2030

While the world will need to reach net zero, those of us who can afford to move faster and go further should do so. That's why today we are announcing an ambitious goal and a new plan to reduce and ultimately remove Microsoft's carbon footprint.

By 2030 Microsoft will be carbon negative, and by 2050 Microsoft will remove from the environment all the carbon the company has emitted either directly or by electrical consumption since it was founded in 1975.

We recognize that progress requires not just a bold goal but a detailed plan. As described below, we are launching today an aggressive program to cut our carbon emissions by more than half by 2030, both for our direct emissions and for our entire supply and value chain. We will fund this in part by expanding our internal carbon fee, in place since 2012 and increased last year, to start charging not only our direct emissions, but those from our supply and value chains.

We are also launching an initiative to use Microsoft technology to help our suppliers and customers around the world reduce their own carbon footprints and a new $1 billion climate innovation fund to accelerate the global development of carbon reduction, capture, and removal technologies. Beginning next year, we will also make carbon reduction an explicit aspect of our procurement processes for our supply chain. Our progress on all of these fronts will be published in a new annual Environmental Sustainability Report that will detail our carbon impact and reduction journey. And lastly, all this work will be supported by our voice and advocacy supporting public policy that will accelerate carbon reduction and removal opportunities.

Taking a principled approach

Whenever we take on a new and complex societal issue, we strive first to learn and then to define a principled approach to guide our efforts. This has been fundamental to our work around the protection of privacy and the ethical development of artificial intelligence, and it's the approach we're taking to pursue our aggressive carbon goals as well. We've concluded that seven principles, or elements, will be vital as we continually innovate and take additional steps on an ongoing basis.

1. Grounding in science and math. We will continually ground our work in the best available science and most accurate math, as we describe further below.

2. Taking responsibility for our carbon footprint. We will take responsibility for all our emissions, so by 2030 we can cut them by more than half and remove more carbon than we emit each year.

3. Investing for new carbon reduction and removal technology. We will deploy $1 billion of our own capital in a new Climate Innovation Fund to accelerate the development of carbon reduction and removal technologies that will help us and the world become carbon negative.

4. Empowering customers around the world. Perhaps most importantly, we will develop and deploy digital technology to help our suppliers and customers reduce their carbon footprints.

5. Ensuring effective transparency. We will publish an annual Environmental Sustainability Report that provides transparency on our progress, based on strong global reporting standards.

6. Using our voice on carbon-related public policy issues. We will support new public policy initiatives to accelerate carbon reduction and removal opportunities.

7. Enlisting our employees. We recognize that our employees will be our biggest asset in advancing innovation, and we will create new opportunities to enable them to contribute to our efforts.

Grounding in science and math

It's vital that our work as a company to address carbon issues stay grounded in ongoing scientific advances and an accurate reliance on the basic but fundamental mathematical concepts involved. And this is true for all of us as individual consumers and the business community more broadly.

In some respects, the situation is straightforward. As shown in the graph below, advances in human prosperity, as measured by GDP growth, are inextricably tied to the use of energy. This is true for the future as well as the past. If we're going to continue to create more economic opportunity and prosperity, it likely will require even more energy use. This is true everywhere in the world, and it's perhaps especially true among the world's developing economies, which deserve the opportunity to catch up with the level of prosperity in more industrialized nations.

For more than two centuries and especially since the 1950s, economic development has required an ever-increasing amount of carbon emissions. This is the part of the past that we need to change. In short, we need to use more energy while reducing our emission of carbon.

The importance of this issue is underscored by the advances in scientific research during the past few years. These findings make clear both that the average temperature on the planet has risen by 1 degree Celsius during the past 50 years and that carbon dioxide emissions have been a primary driver of this and this temperature increase. Indeed, if we fail to change substantially and quickly, there is a high risk that average temperatures will increase between another one and four degrees Celsius by the end of this century. And the impact of such a temperature increase would be catastrophic.

A big part of the challenge is that as a society we have not committed sufficiently to reduce emissions. One conclusion we've reached is that we all need to learn - and get real - about "carbon math." This is the basic mathematical concepts that are important to understanding how the carbon issue applies to each of us, whether as individuals, families, businesses, or other organizations.

One aspect of this is relatively simple but quite important. Scientists account for carbon emissions by classifying them into three categories, or "scopes."

Scope 1 emissions are the direct emissions that your activities create - like the exhaust from the car you drive, or for a business, the trucks it drives to transport its products from one place to another or the generators it might run.

Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions that come from the production of the electricity or heat you use, like the traditional energy sources that light up your home or power the buildings owned by a business.

Scope 3 emissions are the indirect emissions that come from all the other activities in which you're engaged, including the emissions associated with producing the food you eat, or manufacturing the products that you buy. For a business, these emission sources can be extensive, and must be accounted for across its entire supply chain, the materials in its buildings, the business travel of its employees, and the full life cycle of its products, including the electricity customers may consume when using the product. Given this broad range, a company's scope 3 emissions are often far larger than its scope 1 and 2 emissions put together.

This makes clear that we need to measure all three of these scopes. At Microsoft, we expect to emit 16 million metric tons of carbon this year. Of this total, about 100,000 are scope 1 emissions and about 4 million are scope 2 emissions. The remaining 12 million tons all fall into scope 3. Given the wide range of scope 3 activities, this higher percentage of the total is probably typical for most organizations.

There's another aspect of carbon math that's also essential. This is the difference between being "carbon neutral" and being "net zero." While they sound similar, in fact they're different.

Given common usage, companies have typically said they're "carbon neutral" if they offset their emissions with payments either to avoid a reduction in emissions or remove carbon from the atmosphere. But these are two very different things. For example, one way to avoid a reduction in emissions is to pay someone not to cut down the trees on the land they own. This is a good thing, but in effect it pays someone not to do something that would have a negative impact. It doesn't lead to planting more trees that would have a positive impact by removing carbon.

In contrast, "net zero" means that a company actually removes as much carbon as it emits. The reason the phrase is "net zero" and not just "zero" is because there are still carbon emissions, but these are equal to carbon removal. And "carbon negative" means that a company is removing more carbon than it emits each year.

While we at Microsoft have worked hard to be "carbon neutral" since 2012, our recent work has led us to conclude that this is an area where we're far better served by humility than pride. And we believe this is true not only for ourselves, but for every business and organization on the planet.

Like most carbon-neutral companies, Microsoft has achieved carbon neutrality primarily by investing in offsets that primarily avoid emissions instead of removing carbon that has already been emitted. That's why we're shifting our focus. In short, neutral is not enough to address the world's needs.

While it is imperative that we continue to avoid emissions, and these investments remain important, we see an acute need to begin removing carbon from the atmosphere, which we believe we can help catalyze through our investments.

In addition, we've identified another shortcoming that we and many other companies need to overcome. Historically we've focused on Microsoft's scope 1 and 2 emissions, but other than employee travel, we haven't calculated as thoroughly our scope 3 emissions. That's why we're committing to becoming carbon negative for 2030 for all three scopes.

Taking responsibility for our carbon footprint

Based on this science and math, we're launching today an aggressive plan to reduce Microsoft's own carbon emissions. It has three broad components.

First, we will drive down our scope 1 and 2 emissions to near zero by the middle of this decade through the following steps:

By 2025, we will shift to 100 percent supply of renewable energy, meaning that we will have power purchase agreements for green energy contracted for 100 percent of carbon emitting electricity consumed by all our data centers, buildings, and campuses.

We will electrify our global campus operations vehicle fleet by 2030.

We will pursue International Living Future Institute Zero Carbon certification and LEED Platinum certification for our Silicon Valley Campus and Puget Sound Campus Modernization projects.

Second, we will reduce our scope 3 emissions by more than half by 2030 through new steps, including the following:

In July 2020, we will start phasing in our current internal carbon tax to cover our scope 3 emissions. Currently this fee is $15/metric ton and covers all scope 1 and 2 emissions, plus scope 3 travel emissions. Unlike some other companies, our internal carbon tax isn't a "shadow fee" that is calculated but not charged. Our fee is paid by each division in our business based on its carbon emissions, and the funds are used to pay for sustainability improvements.

Starting in July, all our business divisions will also pay an internal carbon fee for all their scope 3 emissions. We will start at a lower price per ton than our current fee for other emissions, but we will phase in increases over time until all our scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions are charged the same rate. This will both increase incentives across the company to reduce all scope 3 emissions and fund the added work to reduce our own scope 3 emissions and invest in carbon removal activities.

By July of 2021, we will begin to implement new procurement processes and tools to enable and incentivize our suppliers to reduce their scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. We will work with our suppliers to implement consistent and accurate reporting and pursue effective steps to make progress against scientifically based targets.

Third, by 2030 Microsoft will remove more carbon than it emits, setting us on a path to remove by 2050 all the carbon the company has emitted either directly or by electrical consumption since it was founded in 1975. We will achieve this through a portfolio of negative emission technologies (NET) potentially including afforestation and reforestation, soil carbon sequestration, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCs), and direct air capture (DAC).

Microsoft will form its carbon removal portfolio annually by assessing NET attributes pertaining to four criteria: (1) scalability; (2) affordability; (3) commercial availability and (4) verifiability. Given the current state of technology and pricing, we will initially focus on nature-based solutions, with the goal of shifting to technology-based solutions between now and 2050, when they become more viable.

Investing for new carbon reduction and removal technology

Solving our planet's carbon issues will require technology that does not exist today. That's why a significant part of our endeavor involves putting Microsoft's balance sheet to work to stimulate and accelerate the development of carbon removal technology. Our new Climate Innovation Fund will commit to invest $1 billion over the next four years into new technologies and expand access to capital around the world to people working to solve this problem. We understand that this is just a fraction of the investment needed, but our hope is that it spurs more governments and companies to invest in new ways as well.

We will primarily deploy this capital in two areas: (1) to accelerate ongoing technology development by investing in project and debt finance; and (2) to invest in new innovations through equity and debt capital.

We'll focus our funding on investments primarily based on four criteria: (1) strategies that have the prospect of driving meaningful decarbonization, climate resilience, or other sustainability impact; (2) additional market impact in accelerating current and potential solutions; (3) relevance to Microsoft by creating technologies we can use to address our unpaid climate debt and future emissions; and (4) consideration of climate equity, including for developing economies.

In addition to this new fund, we will continue to invest in carbon monitoring and modeling projects through our AI for Earth program, which has grown over the past two years to support more than 450 grantees across more than 70 countries.

Empowering customers around the world

We believe that Microsoft's most important contribution to carbon reduction will come not from our own work alone but by helping our customers around the world reduce their carbon footprints through our learnings and with the power of data science, artificial intelligence, and digital technology. For many customers, sustainability is already a core part of their business, while others are just beginning their work to mitigate their carbon impact. Regardless of where organizations are on their journey, we're committed to being of help.

Better tracking of carbon starts by creating greater transparency on the carbon impact of services and products. Today we're launching a new tool, the Microsoft Sustainability Calculator that analyzes the estimated emissions from Azure services through a Power BI dashboard. This helps customers better understand the carbon impact of their cloud workloads, discover the potential benefits from fully migrating to Azure, and assists them in reporting their carbon footprint for IT services for the often hard-to-track Scope 3 emissions.

We will follow this with new solutions and offerings that go further, including providing insight across Scopes 1, 2 and 3 and material circularity related to all Microsoft Azure services. We will also provide greater transparency on the carbon performance of Teams, Edge and other services and solutions. This work builds on a foundation of science-based methodologies and transparency on environmental performance of our cloud infrastructure and supply chain.

We are also launching a new 24/7 matching solution with Vattenfall - a first-of-its-kind approach that gives customers the ability to choose the green energy they want and ensure their consumption matches that goal using Azure IoT. This new level of transparency can enable users to adjust their business operations to better fit the availability of the green energy they prefer, further decreasing their carbon footprint.

We are also committed to pursuing new partnerships with our customers to address carbon reduction. This will include co-innovating with customers and partners to develop low-carbon solutions, as we've done with L&T Technology Services, ABB, and Johnson Controls on sustainable smart building solutions capable of reducing energy consumption by 40 percent; embedding sustainability into our strategic alliances as we've pioneered with AT&T and NTT; driving cross-industry collaborations and coalitions to develop new standards and tools.

The significance and complexity of the task ahead is incredible and will require contributions from every person and organization on the planet. That's why we are committed to continuing to work with all our customers, including those in the oil and gas business, to help them meet today's business demands while innovating together to achieve the business needs of a net zero carbon future. Continued improvement in standards of living around the world will require more energy, not less. It's imperative that we enable energy companies to transition, including to renewable energy and to the development and use of negative emission technologies like carbon capture and storage and direct air capture. All this must be paired together to achieve the growing energy needs of an expanding global economy.

Ensuring effective transparency

When it comes to carbon reduction, real progress requires real transparency. As we're doing today, Microsoft will continue to disclose the carbon footprint of our services and solutions. We will support strong industry-wide standards for transparency and reporting on carbon emissions and removal, and we will apply these ourselves.

Today we are also signing the United Nations' 1.5-degree Business Ambition Pledge, and we hope many other companies will also join. We will publicly track our progress in our annual Environmental Sustainability Report.

Using our voice on carbon-related public policy issues

We will also use our voice to speak out on four public policy issues that we think can advance all of the world's carbon efforts:

The need to expand global basic and applied research efforts on carbon, funded by governments, and reorient them towards targeted outcomes and enhanced cross-border collaboration to develop the breakthrough technologies needed to achieve net zero global emissions.

The removal of regulatory barriers to help catalyze markets to enable carbon-reduction technologies to scale more quickly.

The use of market and pricing mechanisms so people and businesses can make more informed carbon decisions.

The empowerment of consumers through transparency based on universal standards to inform purchasers about the carbon content of goods and services.

Enlisting our employees

Finally, we'll capitalize on the energy and intellect of our employees by inviting and encouraging them to participate in our carbon reduction and removal efforts. As we've found with Microsoft's accessibility efforts, we believe that sustainability is a cause that is not only important to our employees, but an area where they can generate important insights and innovations across the company.

We will create more opportunities for our employees to become actively involved, both in company-wide activities and in the work of their individual teams. We're launching today an expanded internal site where our employees can learn more. Each year this work will culminate during our annual weeklong hackathon event that will include a specific focus and call for proposals on carbon reduction and removal.

The world's next moonshot

Reducing carbon is where the world needs to go, and we recognize that it's what our customers and employees are asking us to pursue. This is a bold bet - a moonshot - for Microsoft. And it will need to become a moonshot for the world.

It won't be easy for Microsoft to become carbon negative by 2030. But we believe it's the right goal. And with the right commitment, it's an achievable goal. We will need to continue to learn and adapt, both separately and even more importantly in close collaboration with others around the world. We believe we launch this new initiative today with a well-developed plan and a clear line of sight, but we have problems to solve and technologies that need to be invented. It's time to get to work.

Tags: Brad Smith, carbon footprint, Environment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Microsoft will be carbon negative by 2030 - The Official Microsoft Blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The scientific consensus is clear. The world confronts an urgent carbon problem. The carbon in our atmosphere has created a blanket of gas that traps heat and is changing the world's climate. Already, the planet's temperature has risen by 1 degree centigrade. If we don't curb emissions, and temperatures continue to climb, science tells us...

# data[].attributes.body
11회 31번 지문에서는 Topic이 뇌의 본질이긴 하였지만 뇌의 특성 중 하나인 '느리게 변화한다'라는 부분만을 설명하여서 개인적인 생각으로는 솔직히 뇌의 본질을 설명하는 지문이라기에는 부족한 점이 있다는 생각을 하였다. 그래서 뇌의 본질에 관한 궁극적인 답을 추가로 조사하여 알아내었다. 그리고 뇌의 신비에 관해 평소에 관심과 흥미가 있었는데 이번 기회를 통해 '뇌 존재의 의미'라는 심오한 이야기에 대하여 생각해볼 수 있는 기회가 된 것 같아 의미가 있었다. 자료는 TED에서 찾아내었고 이와 관련하여 Google Scholar에서 더 검색해 보았다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
영어 11회 31번 추가 자료 조사

# data[].attributes.body
내가 분석한 지문은 시간의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 이에 우리 인류에게 남은 시간이 얼마나 될까하는 생각을 하게 되었고, 우주의 역사를 24시간으로 환산하여 나타내보는 재미있는 주제를 찾게 되었다.
우주의 역사를 24시간으로 압축해보면 지구는 오후 4시쯤 생겼고, 공룡은 약 30분동안 살다 멸종하였다. 또 인류의 역사는 11시 59분 59초에 시작되었다. 그 짧은 찰나에 인류는 지금까지의 모든 성취를 이뤄냈다. 그러나 그 짧은 시간 동안 인간은 지구를 멸망시킬 만큼 커져버렸다. 인간은 자신의 보금자리인 지구를 소중한 동반자로 여기고 자연과 조화를 이루려는 삶을 살아가야 한다는 생각이 들었다. 그렇지 않으면 인류에게 더 이상의 시간은 없을 것이다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
WORLD HISTORY CONDENSED INTO A DAY_10626 정예림

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
산소가 없는 죽음의 바다 '데드 존', 한반도 연안에도...?

# data[].attributes.body
제약회사 연구원이 되어 치매치료제를 개발한는 것이 목표이기 때문에 암, 치매를 단백질과 연관지어 설명하는 영상을 찾아보았습니다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cancer, Alzheimer's & Protein Origami | David Pincus | TEDxBeaconStreet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The protein folding problem: a major conundrum of science: Ken Dill at TEDxSBU

# data[].attributes.body
추가 자료 조사 내용에 아이언맨 슈트가 웨어러블 기술을 이용했다는 내용이 있어 시각자료를 참고하면 좋을 것 같아 첨부합니다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic : Lesson that a clock showed
2. 글의 흐름 : description
고대 중국의 몇몇 초기 시계에 대해 설명한 후에  그 시계를 통해 얻을 수 있었던 교훈을 more importantly 뒤로 결론적으로 서술하고 있음
3. main idea : The water clock taught the students that once time was gone, it could never be recovered.
4. content word :
evenly : ad.균등하게, 고르게
constant : a. 불변의, 일정한
5. word usage :
used to & would, 부대상황의 분사구문, 주격관계대명사 + be동사의 생략,  taught + 간접목적어 + that 절( 직접목적어, that 생략가능)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
2학기 영어 주제발표수행

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is mindfulness? The founder of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction explains.

In 1979, Jon Kabat-Zinn recruited chronically ill patients not responding well to traditional treatments to participate in his newly formed eight-week stress-reduction program, which we now call Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Since then, substantial research has mounted demonstrating how mindfulness-based interventions improve mental and physical health -comparably so to other psychological interventions. We sat down with him as about his definition of mindfulness:

The Definition of Mindfulness:

Mindfulness is awareness that arises through paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment, non-judgementally," says Kabat-Zinn. "And then I sometimes add, in the service of self-understanding and wisdom."

"We all take ourselves too seriously because we believe that there's someone to take seriously. That "me." We become the star of our own movie. The story of "me", starring, of course, me! And everyone else becomes a bit player in our movie. And then we forget that it's a fabrication. It's a construction. And that it's not a movie and that there's no "you" that you can actually find if you were to peel back.

Are you your name? Are you your age? Are you your thoughts? Are you your opinions? Are you your genetic inheritance?

Even your genes,...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What is mindfulness? The founder of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction explains.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Meditation, in its simplest terms, refers to learning how to pay attention. When used properly, meditation allows you to slow down and observe the world without judgment.

If you live with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), meditation can also help to reduce worrying thoughts and bring about a feeling of balance, calm, and focus. For the 6.8 million Americans who live with chronic daily anxiety, meditation can offer a way to finally relax.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿

What Is Meditation?

Many methods of meditation have roots in Buddhist philosophy. When you think of meditation, it probably conjures up images of a room full of people sitting cross-legged and chanting the same word repeatedly. Transcendental meditation (TM) is one form of meditation that has the goal of helping you enter a deep state of relaxation or a state of restful alertness using a simple mantra.

Because meditation helps to reduce stress and fatigue, its helpfulness for those with generalized anxiety disorder﻿-who suffer from chronic anxiety and often insomnia -is easy to comprehend.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿

Press Play for Advice On Meditation

Hosted by Editor-in-Chief and therapist Amy Morin, LCSW, this episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast, featuring 'Good Morning America' anchor Dan Harris, shares a quick step-by-step process for beginners to try meditation. Click below to listen now.

Where Mindfulness Comes In

The concepts of meditation and mindfulness are very similar. While meditation typically involves trying to enter a different state of consciousness, mindfulness means becoming aware of the present moment. In this way, you might think of mindfulness as one step on the path toward meditation. Both of these practices may be helpful for reducing anxiety because they enable you to reduce worry and be aware without being fearful.

Mindfulness-Based Meditation

Meditation used in the treatment of anxiety disorders typically takes the form of mindfulness-based meditation. This type of meditation has its roots in the mindfulness movement started by Jon Kabat-Zinn, founder of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) approach.

The basic premise of the mindfulness-based stress reduction approach is to learn to detach from anxious thoughts. This is achieved by practicing awareness, identifying tension in the body, understanding your thinking patterns, and learning how to deal with difficult emotions.

MBSR is typically practiced with an instructor, but there are also online courses such as those offered by Palouse Mindfulness.

Research on Meditation and GAD

Research support for the benefits of meditation for generalized anxiety disorder has been positive. A 2013 randomized controlled trial was conducted with 93 individuals with DSM-IV diagnosed GAD comparing an 8-week manualized mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) group program with an attention control (stress management education, or SME).﻿﻿﻿﻿

MBSR was associated with significantly greater reductions in anxiety for three of the four study measures. Participants also showed a greater increase in positive self-statements. Additionally, a 2012 meta-analysis indicated strong support for mindfulness meditation for anxiety.﻿﻿﻿﻿

How to Practice Meditation for GAD

If you're living with generalized anxiety, practicing daily meditation may help you to overcome anxiety and reduce tension in your body.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ The key to learning to practice meditation is to accept the world around you from a place of curious observation. If you've ever taken a yoga class, you are already well on your way to practicing meditation.﻿﻿ Follow these simple steps to get started with meditation today.

Steps for Mindfulness Meditation

1. Sit upright in a chair and place your feet flat on the floor.

2. Begin paying attention to your breath. Don't try to change how you are breathing; simply observe your body as you inhale and exhale.

3. You might feel compelled to shift your focus elsewhere. Resist this urge and continue to focus on your breathing.

4. Anxious thoughts may pass through your mind. Acknowledge them, but then bring yourself back to awareness of your breathing.

5. Continue this quiet, nonjudgmental observation for about 10 minutes.

6. Open your eyes and notice how you feel. Don't evaluate, just observe.

Keep in mind that you don't need a lot of time to meditate. When you're first getting started, try to carve out a few minutes each day. You can gradually increase that time as you learn how to relax and discover what it feels like to be calm. This meditative practice may soon spill into other areas of your life, as you notice yourself observing rather than reacting during difficult situations or times of worry.

GAD primarily involves unrelenting worry. With meditation, you can learn to accept those worries without letting them upset you, which is likely to diminish your stress.

What If I Can't Meditate?

There are many reasons why you might find it hard to meditate or be mindful. You might have trouble observing without judging or you may feel impatient or as though there is "too much to do" to be sitting around breathing. Some people have trouble doing nothing, as they are used to always being on the go. Other times, you might find that you can't stop the negative thoughts from intruding as you try to relax.

The best advice to overcome these obstacles is twofold:

Recognize that the process takes time. Don't expect your first meditation session to be easy. As silly as it may sound, it takes practice to learn how to do nothing. Eventually, it will come easier.

Make time even when you're busy. Schedule meditation into your day just like your would for your job or an appointment. Over time, you can mindfully and intentionally turn mediation into a habit. Sometimes, when you've got too much to do and can't fit in time for a quiet moment, you may find afterward that the quiet moment helped you to return to your day more centered and better at problem-solving.

A Word From Verywell

As you begin to practice meditation, ask yourself questions such as the following:

Were you able to observe your anxious thoughts without judging them?

Did you achieve a state of focused observation?

Did you feel relaxed?

Keep a journal to track your progress and note if your anxiety is reduced. If, over time, you still face troubling anxiety that is chronic and severe, be sure to talk with your doctor about treatment options.

Additional Reading

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Benefits of Meditation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Meditation, in its simplest terms, refers to learning how to pay attention. When used properly, meditation allows you to slow down and observe the world without judgment. If you live with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), meditation can also help to reduce worrying thoughts and bring about a feeling of balance, calm, and focus.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
영어지문분석_10626 정예림

# data[].attributes.body
인간의 잠재력을 확장하는 웨어러블 기술에 관련된 강의 영상입니다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Wearable Tech Expands Human Potential | Lauren Constantini | TEDxMileHigh

# data[].attributes.body
생명과학에 많은 관심을 갖고 있는데, 그 중에서도 뇌와 정신에 관련된 것에 흥미를 가지고 있다. 해당 본문을 읽으며 식이요법이 신체적 건강에 신진대사 감량과, 근육량 손실 등의 문제를 가져온다는 것을 알게 되었는데, 그렇다면 식이요법과 음식이 정신 건강에 미치는 영향에는 어떤 것이 있고, 어떤 식이요법을 하는 것이 정신적으로 좋은지 알아보기 위해서 조사를 진행했다. DPI와 정신건강 사이의 관계를 실험한 자료와 관련 기사들을 통해 지중해식 식이요법이 우울증 예방에 효과적이라는 것을 알게 되었고, Phytochemical이라는 식물 속에 들어있는 화학물질이 산화 스트레스에 의한 뉴런의 손상을 줄어들게 해 우울증 발생을 줄일 수 있다는 것을 알게 되었다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is Dissolved Oxygen?

Almost all aquatic organisms require oxygen to live (some bacteria species do not), but many are unable to breathe atmospheric oxygen and must rely upon oxygen dissolved in the water. Although water molecules () contain one oxygen atom, this oxygen is bound and cannot be used by aquatic organisms. Dissolved Oxygen ( DO) is free oxygen () present in water, but not bonded to other elements. This results from an exchange of the oxygen between the water and atmosphere, and the photosynthetic production of oxygen by plants and algae. Many springs have naturally low oxygen due to the length of time the water has been underground where no photosynthesis can occur. After leaving the spring vent, gas exchange with the atmosphere and photosynthesis from plants and algae increases the oxygen level as the water flows down the spring run.

Factors Affecting Dissolved Oxygen

Several factors, such as temperature, control how much oxygen can be dissolved in water. As water warms, the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water is reduced. Oxygen in water is measured as either milligrams per liter of oxygen or percentage saturation. Percent saturation corrects for temperature by taking into account the maximum amount of oxygen that could be dissolved in water at any particular temperature, and is the value currently reported by the Suwannee River Water Management District. Due to naturally occurring seasonal changes in temperature and daily changes in photosynthetic production, dissolved oxygen typically shows both daily and seasonal fluctuations.

Florida Surface Water Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen

Florida has recently revised its surface water criteria for dissolved oxygen. The revised criteria are expressed as % saturation instead of the older concentration-based criteria. These revised criteria are designed to recognize the inherent natural variability in dissolved oxygen. The revised criteria are for both fresh and marine waters. In portions of the Suwannee, Withlacoochee, Waccasassa, New, and Santa Fe Rivers inhabited by the endangered Gulf Sturgeon and Oval Pigtoe mussel, the proposed criteria were modified to assure that the sturgeon and mussel were fully protected.

The new freshwater Class I and III criterion is that no more than 10% of the daily average percentage of DO saturation values shall be:

Below 67% in the Panhandle West bioregion

Below 38% in the Peninsula and Everglades bioregions

Below 34% in the Big Bend and Northeast bioregions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Almost all aquatic organisms require oxygen to live (some bacteria species do not), but many are unable to breathe atmospheric oxygen and must rely upon oxygen dissolved in the water. Although water molecules () contain one oxygen atom, this oxygen is bound and cannot be used by aquatic organisms. Dissolved Oxygen ( DO) is free oxygen () present in water, but not bonded to other elements.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10614 양현지_영어 발표 수행평가

# data[].attributes.body
저는 이번 지문을 읽으면서 보통 아이나 청소년의 학습을 다루는 것보다 신선했고, 성인의 학습을 빙산의 일각에 비유해서 표현한 것이 인상깊었습니다. 이 지문은 형식적인 형태의 순응적인 학습과 자기 주도적 학습의 차이를 드러내고 있고,이를 경험적이고 사회적인 것으로 간주하고 있습니다. 저는 이번 지문을 보고, 스스로 학습이 이기심과 연관이 있을까?하는 생각이 들어 이에 대해 깊이 조사하고 싶어졌습니다. 저는 포스트 휴먼이라는 sf영화를 보고 기계도 스스로 인지하고 학습하게 되면서 이기적으로 변하는 모습을 보고, 인간(인간 중에서도 충분한 교육을 마친 성인의 경우)도 이런 경우가 나타날 수 있을까?하는 생각이 들어 추가 자료를 조사하게 되었습니다.
https://artlecture.com/article/532

# data[].attributes.body
본문을 해석하는 과정에서 어떻게 황색저널리즘이라는 단어가 생성되었고, 그것이 실제로 대중에게 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지에 대한 궁금증이 생겼다. 그래서 본문의 내용과 관련하여 단어의 유래와 대중에게 미친 영향, 황색저널리즘을 멈추기 위한 방법 등에 대해 추가조사를 하였다.

단어의 유래에 대한 자료에서는 인기있는 신문만화에 등장하는 '노란아이'라는 등장인물이 황색저널리즘이라는 단어를 탄생시켰다는 것을 알게 되었고, 대중에게 미친 영향에 대한 자료에서는 황색저널리즘이 스페인-미국 전쟁이 일어나는 것에 기여했다는 사실을 알게 되었다.

전쟁을 유발할 정도로 언론의 힘이 크다는 것을 느꼈고 앞으로 나도 어떤 정보에 대한 기사를 객관적으로 볼 수 있도록 노력해야겠다고 생각했다.

# data[].attributes.body
평소 사람의 몸과 뇌, 생각의 흐름등에 관심이 있어서 본문에 나오는 성인의 뇌 가소성이라는 주제를 조금 더 알아보고자 추가자료를 조사했습니다. 처음에는 가소성이라는 말이 이해가 잘 되지 않았는데 알아보고 나니 생각보다 어렵지 않은 개념이라서 조사하는 내내 재미있었습니다. 가소성이란 플라스틱처럼 한 번 굳어지면 다시 움직이지 않거나 힘들다는 것을 의미하는데 일반적으로 어른이 되면 뇌가 굳는다는 표현을 사용하는것과 일맥상통합니다. 하지만 뇌는 변화할 수 있습니다. 물론 어린 아이만큼은 아니지만요. 만약 사람들의 뇌가 회로로 이루어져 있다면 사람들이 많이 하는 생각 (어떤것을 하는 방법같은 생각)이 다니는 회로는 넓고 쾌적합니다. 만약 이것과 다른 생각이나 사고가 등장한다면 새로운 회로로 생각이 다니게 됩니다. 새로운 회로의 이용이 잦아지고 오래된 회로의 사용이 적어지면 이 새로운 회로가 넓고 쾌적해져 생각이 더 잘 되는 회로가 되고, 오래된 회로는 그 길이 점점 좁아집니다. 또, 뇌의 가소성은 비단 생각에만 관련이 있는것이 아닙니다. 우리는 운동을 할 때도 뇌를 변화시킵니다. 만약 자전거를 탈 줄 모르는 사람이 처음 자전거를 배우게 된다면 새로운 회로를 개척하게 되고, 계속해서 자전거를 타는 것을 연습한다면 이 회로는 위 처럼 넓고 쾌적하게 됩니다. 따라서 자전거를 더 잘 타게 되는 것이지요. 이러한 자료들을 조사하면서 변하지 않는것이란 없구나 라는 생각도 들고, 뇌의 가소성을 잘 이용해서 학습을 하면 (반복학습 등) 원하는 목표를 이룰때 이러한 사실을 모르는것 보다는 훨씬 도움이 되겠구나 라는 것을 느꼈습니다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic: adult learning( 성인학습)

# data[].attributes.body
발표에서 사용할 이미지

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic: Two Aspects Of Lying(거짓말의 두가지 측면)
2.글의 흐름:  Comparison or Description (for instance, thus, however, for example, on the other hand)
(1), (4) 악의의 거짓말 설명
-(2),(3) 예시
(5) 선의의 거짓말 설명
-(6).(7) 예시
3.main idea: 거짓말은 간접적으로 해로운 영향을 미치는 것도 있지만 해로움보다 이로움이 더 큰 거짓말도 있다.
4. content words:
vanity (자만심), outweigh (~보다 크다), accelerate(가속화하다)
5. word usage: (1) 문법 설명

# data[].attributes.body
저의 지문은 디지털 세계에서의 신원도용에 대한 지문인데, 이 지문을 공부 하면서 디지털 세계 뿐만 아니라 다른곳에서의 신원도용이 궁금하였고, 저는 범죄? 이런쪽에 흥미가 많아서 범죄 신원도용에 대하여 추가조사 하였습니다. 조사 후, 범죄자에게 신원을 도용당하면 기록이 계속남을수도 있어 매우 위험하다는것을 알게 되었고, 지금 이 순간에도 언제 어디서 도용당할지 모르고,  계속 모르고 살다가 우연히 알아챈다는 것이 좀 무서웠습니다

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Credit: Colorado State University

Researchers at Colorado State University have found that teens who practice mindfulness techniques show fewer signs of stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic than those who do not.

Although the impacts of COVID-19 vary among individuals and families and are not yet fully understood, past research shows that stressful life experiences can damage mental health, especially for teenagers and college students. During adolescence, individuals are more susceptible to stressful experiences because of dynamic changes occurring in their social worlds, brains and bodies. Most mental health disorders begin during adolescence, making it important to understand how an event like the COVID-19 pandemic affects teenagers and college students, and what they are doing to cope.

"Teens who are more mindful report better health and less stress than other teens, but we don't know the extent to which mindfulness helps teens cope with stressful events as disruptive and unique as a pandemic," said Rachel Lucas-Thompson, an associate professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies.

A group of CSU researchers studied the mental health and mindfulness practices of participants in Campus Connections, a mentoring program that pairs college students at CSU with at-risk youth in the community. They surveyed participants at the beginning of the Spring semester as a baseline, not knowing that a pandemic was just around the corner.

When COVID-19 caused schools and universities to begin remote learning, the researchers pivoted their focus to look at the effects of the pandemic, using an online tool to survey 40 college student mentors and 33 of their teen mentees in June and July.
Impact of mindfulness
Among other things, the research team assessed the effect of mindfulness exercises that participants learned as part of Campus Connections. These techniques include breathing exercises and focusing on the present.

Participants also answered questions about their well-being, how COVID-19 has affected their lives, their exposure to media coverage about the pandemic as well as to what extent they were internalizing (for example, exhibiting anxiety and depression) or externalizing (displaying anger or acting out) their COVID-related stress.

The project was led by Ph.D. student Reagan Miller with her co-advisors, Lucas-Thompson and Associate Professor Lauren Shomaker, all in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies. Miller received a College of Health and Human Sciences Dean's Fellowship for 2020-21, which will support her continued work on the project. In addition, the study was funded with a grant from the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Before the pandemic prompted the university to switch to remote learning in March, the mentors and mentees in Campus Connections had four sessions using " Learning 2 Breathe," a mindfulness intervention for adolescents. Miller said preliminary survey results showed that the mentees who reported using mindfulness techniques also reported fewer symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder due to the pandemic. The researchers also found that overall, neither the mentors nor mentees showed signs of mental health decline as a result of COVID-19.
Arguments, stress and media
When asked if they were arguing with their parents about social distancing guidelines, 60% of the mentees and 74% of the mentors said rarely or never.

"That was very surprising to me, but that's a good thing," Miller said.

"Previous research by our team and others has shown how detrimental fighting with parents is for teens' mental and physical health, and their academic success," Lucas-Thompson added.

On average, both groups said they were moderately stressed by COVID-19. About 24% of the mentees and 21% of the mentors said that they sometimes worried that their families were in financial danger because of COVID-19. Approximately 23% of mentees and 33% of the college students said that they were sometimes anxious or fearful because of COVID-19.

Among the mentees, 75% reported spending less than an hour a day listening to or reading media coverage about COVID-19, while that figure was 46% among the mentors.

"It's encouraging that a majority of Fort Collins teens and nearly half of CSU college students in this study were reporting low frequency of media exposure to COVID-19," Shomaker said. "Being informed is good, but excessive or repetitive access to media coverage of the pandemic can be anxiety-provoking and unhelpful, especially for young people."
Other findings
Among the college students, lower scores on surveys that measured "acting with mindful awareness" and greater problems with sleep disturbance were associated with higher COVID-19 stress. Around 19% of the mentees and 34% of the mentors said they had someone they care about contract COVID-19. Only one respondent, a mentee, had contracted COVID-19.

When researchers asked both groups what they were doing to feel less stress around the pandemic, about half reported using mindfulness techniques.

"Overall, these initial findings suggest that by helping teenagers to cultivate and practice mindfulness," Miller said, "they may feel more capable of coping with the impacts of COVID-19, as well as other chronic stressors."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mindfulness techniques help teens reduce stress related to COVID-19

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Researchers at Colorado State University have found that teens who practice mindfulness techniques show fewer signs of stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic than those who do not. Although the impacts of COVID-19 vary among individuals and families and are not yet fully understood, past research shows that stressful life experiences can damage mental health, especially for teenagers and college students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
All it takes is 10 mindful minutes | Andy Puddicombe | TED

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10632 최서영 Buddhist-style Mindfulness (1)

# data[].attributes.body
Topic. 뇌의 본질(the nature of the brain)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
영어 주제발표 수행 ppt - 복사본

# data[].attributes.body
내가 발표한 지문은 '카리스마를 배울 수 있고 그 카리스마를 배우기 위해서는 연습과 행동이 필요하다' 라는 내용이 담긴 지문이었다. 이 지문을 다 읽고 나서  '이 지문에서는 카리스마를 연습과 행동을 통해 배울 수 있다고 하였는데 그렇다면 구체적으로 어떻게 해야 카리스마를 배울 수 있고, 카리스마가가 있는 사람이라고 할 수 있을까?'라는 궁금증이 생겨 그와 관련하여 카리스마 있는 사람이 되는 방법에 대하여 더욱 조사해보았다.  자료를 조사하고 나니 카리스마 있는 사람이 되기 위해서노력해야하는 부분이 생각보다 많다는 것을 알게 되었고, 이 조사를 통해 카리스마를 배우는 데에 연습과 행동이 필요하다는 지문의 main idea에 더욱 더 공감이 되었다.

# data[].attributes.body
발표 본문

# data[].attributes.body
1.topic: the spotlight effect(조명 효과)
2. 글의 흐름: description 앞 1,2 문장에서 조명효과의 정의에 대해 설명하고 3,4,5,6 문장에서 조명효과에 관한 실험을 함으로써 조명효과에 대해 설명하고 있음
3.main ides: 사람들이 자신에게 많은 집중을 한다고 생각하는 조명효과
4.content word: attention
5. word usage: 2번 문장

# data[].attributes.body
발표에서 사용할 이미지

# data[].attributes.body
본문 ppt

# data[].attributes.body
선생님 padlet에 올리니까 ppt가 깨지더라고요.. 그래서 깨지는 원본 ppt를 먼저 올렸고요. 지금 올린 ppt는 제 화면에서 안 깨진 ppt를 복사해 놓은 ppt입니다!!

# data[].attributes.body
본문 numdering

# data[].attributes.body
저는 제가 발표할 지문의 주제가 보편적(일반적) 지식과 특수영역 지식이었는데 지문을 분석하다 보니 일반적 지식과 특수영역의 지식의 경계가 뚜렸하지 않아서 일반적 지식의 정의를 알아보고 싶어서 그에 대하여 조사하였고, 저는 동물에 관하여 관심이 많은데, 동물을 기를 때  우리가 알고있는 일반적 지식과 굳이 알지 않아도 되는 특수영역 지식을 조사하였습니다. 또한 생물학 적으로  일반적 지식을 습득하는데에어떤 조건에 따라 차이가 있는지가 궁금하여 그에 대해서도 조사를 하였습니다.
조사 결과, 일반적 지식은 나이가 들어감에 따라서 증가하고, 흥미롭게도 여자가 일반적 지식의 영역이 큰 것을 알 수가 있었습니다. 또한 다양한 동물관련 일반적 지식을 알아보았는데, 예전에는 개의 후각이 좋다는 것을 활용할 부분이 없어서 영역 특수 지식이었지만, 최근들어 이를 활용하여 공항 마약탐지견, 인명구조견등 다양한 상황에서 이용되므로 일반적 지식이 되었다는 것을 통하여 일반적 지식의 범주가 절대적임이 아닌 것을 알게 되어서 좋았습니다. 또한 일반적 지식을 많이 아는 사람의 경우 지능도 높다는 연구결과가 매우 흥미로웠습니다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic : the liberalization of capital markets (자본 시장의 자유화)
2. 글의 흐름 : cause&effect. 보기 문장에 however 이 접속사로 쓰이고 자본의 자유로운 흐름에 대한 부정적 내용이 나옴. 따라서 앞에는 긍정적인 내용의 문장, 뒤에는 부정적인 문장이 와야 함.
3. main idea : 자본 시장의 자유화는 개발도상국과 투자자에게 이익이 되는 등 장점이 있지만 재정적 불안정성을 증가시킨다는 단점을 가지고 있다.
4. content word(s) : globalization (세계화), instability (불안정성),
5. word usage : 4번문장. with which, allow(4, 5형식)

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic : it pays to be green
2. 글의 흐름 : 논제 it pays to be green을 뒷받침하는 근거가 이어진다.
3. main idea:기업의 환경 행위(유해물질 배출 감소)가 기업 재무 성과에서 이득을 만든다.
4. content word(s) : to be green, positive correlation
5. word usage : 2번 문장 현재분사

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic: Inappropriate precision
2. content words: figure, decimal, propose
3. word usage: (7) 가정법과거완료에 대한 문법설명
4. main idea: 광고주들은 흔히 과도한 정밀성을 가진 정보를 우리에게 주지만 그것은 그들의 연구의 신뢰성부족을 숨기기 위한 의도로 간주 될 수 있다.
5.글의 흐름
Cause&Effect (2) For example

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic: defensive techniques (동물들의 방어기법)
2.  글의 흐름: 보편적이지 않은 방어 반응에대해 설명하는 글(description)
3. main idea: 특이한 방어기법
4. content word: defensive reaction
5, word usage: 2,4,5 번문장 설명

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
세상의 모든 법칙 - 내가 혼밥을 어려워하는 이유는?_#001

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10628조예인-영어발표자료

# data[].attributes.body
평소 약학이나 생명과학에 관심이 많아서 관련 기사나 자료를 자주 찾아보는데, 최근 바이오 계열 기업들의 주가가 급등했다는 것을 보게 되었습니다. 코로나 때문에 시장 경제가 침체되고 있는 상황에서 어떻게 주가가 오를 수 있는지에 대한 궁금증이 생겼습니다. 그래서 자본 시장의 자유화로 인한 해외 자본 유입으로 나타나는 영향에 대해 설명하는 본문의 내용과 관련해서 자본의 자유화가 현재 팬데믹 상황에 미치는 영향에 대해 추가조사해 보았습니다.
해외 투자자들이 국내 기업에 투자하는 경우가 증가하는 현재 상황과, 국가가 자국 산업을 보호하기 위해 어떤 조치를 취해야 하는지에 대해 설명하고 있는 이 기사를 보고 나서, 코로나 팬데믹 이후 세계 경제가 침체된 반면 성장 가능성이 높은 기업과 자산은 큰 인기를 얻었다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 경쟁력 있는 산업이 외국 자본에 인수될 가능성에 대비하기 위해 과다한 외국 자본의 유입을 막아야 한다는 것과 여러 나라가 이를 막기 위해  어떤 조치를 취했는지에 대해 알게 되었습니다. 또한 바이오 산업이 국제적인 경제 침체기 동안에 주목받을만큼 유망한 분야의 산업이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었습니다.

# data[].attributes.body
part1. 12회 40번
topic: 부적합한 정밀성(inappropriate precision)-광고주의 전락

# data[].attributes.body
본문

# data[].attributes.body
저는 부적합한 정밀성-광고주의전략에 관한 지문을 발표하게 되었는데 이 지문의 내용은 광고를 할때 설문조사결과를 정밀하게 나타내어 오히려 비과학적인 부분을 숨기기 위한 것이라는 내용이다. 나의 진로인 의사와 이 지문이 연관되는 조사주제를 생각하다가 요즘 많은 인플루언서나 유튜버들이 저지른 의료 뒷광고가 떠올라 의료광고규제에 대한 주제를 선정하여 조사해보았다.

그 내용은 의료광고가 정확히 무엇인지, 그 의료광고를 규제하는 이유나 의료광고규제의 긍정적모델, 부정적모델에 관한 내용을 조사하였습니다.

광고를 할때 많은 부분을 숨긴다는것을 새로 알게되었고
의료광고의 불법행위에 대해 알게되었다. 요즘 이슈인 내용에 대해 조사할 수 있어서 더욱 흥미로웠다

# data[].attributes.body
제가 고른 지문은 거짓말의 두가지 영향에 관한 지문인데 선의의 거짓말에 대한 내용이 악의의 거짓말보다 더 중요시되며 설명되어 있었습니다. 그러면서 약간 선의의 거짓말이 필요하다는 쪽으로 지문을 이어갔는데요. 하지만 제가 초등학생때 토론대회에서 선의의 거짓말이 필요한가?라는 토론 주제에 대해 반대측이었던 경험이 떠올라서 (저는 토론에 흥미가 굉장히 많습니다.)그때의 경험을 기억하며 본문의 내용과 관련하여 제가 토론대회에서 주장했던 내용 즉,선의의 거짓말의 문제점에 대해 추가조사하게 되었습니다. '10 백색 거짓말을 말하는 놀라운 방법은 정신 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다'라는 자료를 이용하여 선의의 거짓말 또한 악의의 거짓말처럼 후유증에 시달릴수 있다라는 것을 알게 되었습니다. 그 후유증에 대해 말씀드리자면 선의의 거짓말은 모든 유지 관리와 은폐가 진행되는 동안 불안감이 커질 수 있고 이야기를 똑바로 유지하거나 다른사람을 해칠까봐 걱정하는것 때문에 수면부족이 될수 있으며 그로 인해 더 큰 우울증을 유발시킬수 있다고 합니다. 그리고 선의의 거짓말 또한 악의의 거짓말처럼 누군가를 속이는 것이기 때문에 항상 진실을 말하는 것이 좋다고 조언해준것 또한 기억에 남습니다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10609 문주연 추가자료조사

# data[].attributes.body
(자연사진을 앞에두고 과학적으로 분석하는 사람과 심미적인 감상을 하는 사람을 동시에 나타냄)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skip to main content

Official websites use .gov
A.gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dissolved Oxygen and Water | U.S. Geological Survey

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water - the amount of oxygen available to living aquatic organisms. The amount of dissolved oxygen in a stream or lake can tell us a lot about its water quality.

# data[].attributes.body
저는 한 지문 전체를 가져오는 것이 아닌, 각기 다른 세가지 의문에 대한 세가지의 지문을 골라 가져왔습니다,

첫번째 지문을 가져온 이유는 이러합니다. 저는 지문을 읽으면서 과학과 심미적 감상이라는 것의 정확한 차이가 무엇인지 알고 싶어졌습니다. 그래서 본문에 내용과 관련하여, 과학적지식(science)와 심미적(aesthetic)의 차이점에 대한 추가 자료를 조사했고,그것을 간단하게 한문장으로 설명해주어 이해하기 쉬게 만들어 놓은 문장이 있어 첫번쨰 자료로 가져오게 되었습니다. 해당 문장은 science와 aesthetic의 사전적 의미를 비교하여 그  차이점을 나타내고 있고, 너무  길어 자르긴 했지만 아래에는  science와 aesthetic의 어원, 파생용어, 쓰임새 등을  나열하여 둘 사이에 어떤 차이점이 존재하는 지 더 자세한 사항을 알 수 있었습니다.

두번쨰 자료는 '과학이 설명하지 못하는 한계' 중, aesthetic에 관한 본문과는 다른 내용의 추가자료를 따 온 것 입니다. 이 글  역시 심미적 감상에 대한 과학의 한계를  설명하고  있지만,  본문과는 달리 자연에 감상에 대한 것이 아닌 음악, 공연 등의 예술을 감상할 떄의 과학적인 한계를 예를 들어 설명하고 있기에 흥미가 생겨 가져오게 되었습니다.본문이 빅토리아 폭포, 탄자니아의 분화구처럼 자연에 대한 감상을 예로 들었다면, 이 글은 '음악' '공연'등의 예술적 분야를 예를 들고 있는 것이 본문과의 차이점이다. 이 글을 본문과 비교하며 읽으면서, 같은 주제에 대한 다른 예시를 든 두 글을 main idea와 관련지어 어떤 공통적인 서술이 있는지 찾아내는 방법을 알게 되었다.

세번째 지문은 본문을 분석하고 발표를 준비하던 도중, 과학을 좋아하고 열심히 배우는 입장에서 과학에 한계가 있다는 사실에 대해서 흥미를 가지게 되었고, 심미적 감상에 대한 과학의 한계 외에도 또다른 한계가 있지 않을까 궁금증을 가지게 되어 과학의 여러가지 다른 한계를 추가로 조시하였다. 이 글은 "과학의 한계는 무엇일까"라는 질문에 어떤 한 사람이 답한 것으로, 여러가지 답변이 있었지만 비유적 표현과 다른 자료들의 인용을 통해 과학의 한계가 무엇인지 알아보기 쉽고, 그것을 이해하기 쉽게 짧고 간단하게 설명한 이 지문을 가져오게 되었다. 이 지문을 읽으면서 인용이 들어간 부분을 어떻게 main idea와 연결지어서 읽어야 하는지 알게 되었다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. topic: Limits of scientific knowledge of aesthetic appreciationn (자연의 심미적 감상에대한 과학적 지식의 한계)
2. 글의 흐름 : 과학적 지식으로 자연에 대한 심미적 감상을 할 수 없는 이유(과학은 자연물을 독립된 개체로서 바라보지 않고 특정한 부류의 요소들로 판단하지만 자연의 심미적 특징은 그것이 개별적인 대상으로 분리될 떄 나타나기 떄문-주요문장 1, 4번 문장)를 말하고, 그 예시(빅토리아 폭포, 분화구- 5,6 번 문장)를 들어 설명하고 있다.
3. main idea : 과학적 지식으로는 자연에 대한 심미적 감상을 정확하게 표현할 수 없다
4. content word : scentific knowledge(과학적 지식), nature(자연), individual(개별적인), aesthetic(심미적인), explain(설명하다),

5.word usage: 6번 문장의 but not 설명, 4번 문장의 접속사가 생략되지 않은 분사구문

+파일을 첨부했는데 한쇼라 그런지 파일 자체로 첨부되어 패들릿에서 열리지가 않네요..

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
발표 자료(본문 해석)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
제목을-입력해주세요. (13)

# data[].attributes.body
Low power distance 국가에 사는 국민으로서 권력거리가 나라마다 어떻게 다른지 궁금했고 power distance가 정확히 무엇을 의미하는지 궁금해서 이 지문을 분석하고 추가조사를 하게되었다. 먼저 지문을 통해 권력거리는 불평등의 수용정도를 나타내고 이는 계층의 이동성에 영향을 끼친다는것을 파악 할 수 있었다.권력거리에 대한 낮은 수용의 나라들에는 핀란드,노르웨이,이스라엘,캐나다등 이 있었고 높은 수용의 나라들에는 인도,브라질,그리스,멕시코,말레이시아등이 있었다.추가적으로 조사한것은 권력거리 문화의 예시와 그 효과이다.이를 통해서 권력거리가 낮은 문화가 더 효율적이고 불평등이 적어서 정치적으로 선진화되었다는것을 알 수 있었다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Andrew Zaeh for Bustle

It's easy to see why lying might have some damaging effects on your life, since lies are sneaky, malicious, and often hurt others. But did you know telling white lies can have an impact, too? While they might not carry the same weight as a major lie, these smaller fibs still add up - and can even have an affect on your mental health, over time.

"By nature of telling a lie, you are keeping a secret," therapist Leah K. Barison, LPCC tells Bustle. "While we often keep secrets to push something away, the act of concealing in fact gives weight and power to a secret. Think of a time when you told a white lie; did the thing you were hiding seem to grow bigger, scarier, and become more real? This effect can transform a white lie into an uncomfortable, consuming experience." And that's why, even when it comes to telling little, tiny fibs, they can still take a toll on your mental health.

While there are some instances where it might be OK to tell a white lie - and all of us tell a few silly ones, daily - the truth is usually the way to go. "Transparency feels good," Barison says. "When you practice honesty and drop the tendency to edit and censor, you can be more present in your life." And, if you make an effort to figure out why you're lying - possibly by talking to your friends, or a therapist - you really can free up your brain. Here are a few surprising ways white lies can impact your mental health.

1They Can Wear You Out Emotionally

While they may not feel like a big deal in the moment, "the problem with white lies is that they require maintenance," therapist Kryss Shane, MS, MSW, LSW, LMSW tells Bustle. If you tell a small white lie once, you then have to remember what you said, in order to maintain the story.

And so on and so forth from there. "This can feel like an exhausting charade, especially if you've told one white lie to each person in your life and those people come together for your birthday," Shane says. If it's something insignificant, it may not snowball, but if you know this information will come up again, it may be best to just stick with the truth.

2They Keep You From Addressing The Real Issue

When telling white lies, it's important to ask yourself why you're doing it, because, whether you can admit this to yourself or not, Shane says white lies are almost always a way of covering up a deeper truth.

Instead of focusing on the real issue, being honest with loved ones, or uncovering a few truths in therapy, white lies have a way of piling more problems onto your plate. And that can, for obvious reasons, make the situation much worse.

3They Can Take A Toll On Your Friendships

Going off of that, it's important to remember that white lies may feel like they're preserving your relationships. But in reality, they might actually be doing the opposite.

"Each lie only further separates people's understanding of who they think you are from who you actually are," Shane says. If you do not feel comfortable talking about something, that is completely OK. But if you are hiding something from your loved ones, and it's impacting your relationship, it can feel alienating.

4They Can Lead To Anxiety

With all the maintenance and coverups going on, it's no wonder white lies can create a sense of anxiety.And, "if you worry about being caught, this can lead to feelings of panic," therapist Kimberly Hershenson, LMSW tells Bustle.

The funny thing is, we often tell white lies in order to prevent feelings of anxiety. So recognizing that they can actually make anxiety worse is a good thing to keep in mind.

5You Might Start To Feel Isolated

Instead of simply relaxing and going about your life, white lies demand that you keep a constant running list of who knows what, and what you said to whom. And that can be incredibly isolating.

"If you are having trouble remembering your stories and keeping things straight you may find the need to hold back from engaging with others," Hershenson says. After all, it may be easier to chill by yourself, then to go out and risk getting caught up in a lie. If you find this is the case, setting the record straight may be your best bet.

6They Can Affect Your Sleep

Again, due to all the anxiety involved, little white lies may even start to keep you awake at night. As Hershenson says, you might "find yourself having sleep issues due to worrying about keeping your story straight or hurting others." And, on top of leaving you feeling tired and groggy, the lack of sleep can actually make other mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, much worse. Speaking with loved ones or a therapist can help to alleviate these symptoms, as well as help you uncover the root of why you are telling these lies.

7They Can Create Trust Issues

Whether or not people find out that you're lying is besides the point. By simply telling white lies, you're already creating trust issues with yourself, and with others.

"When we lie, whether we are conscious of it or not, we send a the message, to ourselves and to other person, that neither is capable of handling the feelings that accompany truth," licensed psychologist Dr. Jill Gross tells Bustle. "The net result of this is that we start to trust ourselves less and trust others less as well."

8They Can Create A Sense Of Insecurity

Telling a few white lies can also have a way of making you feel insecure.

Here's why it happens. "Since trust and safety go hand-in-hand, the net effect of telling white lies, over time, is a deep sense of fear and insecurity that permeates all of our relationships - professional, platonic, and romantic," Gross says. "In short, when we tell white lies, we are more likely to feel insecure."

9They Lower Your Self-Esteem

Again, telling a tiny white lie in order to keep someone happy - such as saying you love the food your friend cooked for you - is perfectly OK. But if you're covering up something essential to yourself, or are lying because you can't address the truth, it can have a negative impact.

"Habitually lying can snowball into a personality trait and because you know you aren't able to be honest, you can start to think less of yourself," licensed marriage and family therapist Dr. Racine Henry, PhD, LMFT tells Bustle. "The guilt of misleading others can eventually cause you to second guess the kind of person you are." And that's probably not worth it.

10They Can Lead You To Feel Misunderstood

In order for people to treat you the way you'd like to be treated, and in order for people to "get you," you kind of need to be honest. So don't be surprised if, after telling a white lie, you feel misunderstood.

"By telling little white lies, you could give others a false impression of who you are and what you are going through," Henry says. "If you lie to your friends, boss, etc. about how much you can handle or your own emotional health, they could falsely assume that piling more on you or having higher expectations of you is acceptable. Then, when you can't deliver or fall short, they have little to no empathy and/or can take your failures personally." And that can lead to a vicious cycle.

So definitely think about why you want to tell a white lie, as well as the impact it might have if you do. Save for a few rare occasions, it's almost always better to tell the truth.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Surprising Ways Telling White Lies Can Affect Your Mental Health

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It's easy to see why lying might have some damaging effects on your life, since lies are sneaky, malicious, and often hurt others. But did you know telling white lies can have an impact, too? While they might not carry the same weight as a major...

# data[].attributes.body
1.topic : 이기심에 의한 동기부여
2.글의 흐름 : description. 심리학에서의 인류에 대한 관점을 통해 인류가 이기적인 욕구들에 의하여 동기부여된다는 점을 이야기한다.
3. main idea : Psychologist believed that humans were motivated primarily by selfish drives.
4. content word : selfish drives (이기적인 욕구)
5. word usage : 3, 5번 문장의 의미

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
영어 수행평가-사진자료

# data[].attributes.body
본문에서 각 개체의선택보다 개체의 선택이 기여된 단체의 선택이 더 낫다고 동물의 집단지성의 이점에 대해서 소개했다. 그래서 더 정확히 어떤 이점이 있는 지 궁금해서 자료조사를 해보게 되었다. 자료조사를 하면서 다른 육식동물에게 더 많은 위협을 받는 동물일수록 집단지성이 중요하다는 사실을 알게되었다. 동물들이 그들의 집단지성을 이용해 다른 육식동물에게 혼란을 주어서 공격을 피하고 그리고 큰 무리들이 작은 무리보다 덜 공격을 당한다는 것을 알게되었다,
그리고 이런 동물의 집단지성이 우리 생활에 어떻게 활용될 수 있는 지 궁금증을 갖게되었다. 동물의 집단 지성의 활용에 대한 추가자료조사를 통해서 지금은 철새의 V자 무리 이동을 보고 비행기의 최소로 연료를 사용해 이동하는 방법을 알아내 사용하고 로봇의 집단지성 프로그래밍에도 사용된다는 것을 알게 되었다. 동물의 집단지성에 대한 많은 연구를 한다면, 미래에도 많은 로봇에 적용할 수 있을것이다. 예를 들면, 로봇은 사람처럼 감정이나 의리같은 것이 없지만 집단지성을 이용해 프로그래밍한다면 여러 로봇이 필요한 작업도 더욱 수월하게 해낼 수 있을것 같다.

# data[].attributes.body
제약회사 연구원을 꿈꾸고 있어 생명공학과 약학에 관심이 많아 본문의 아미노산 부족이 죽음을 야기한다는 것과 관련하여 아미노산의 종류와 아미노산의 부족이 우리몸에 구체적으로 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 자료조사 하였다. 아미노산의 종류와 아미노산의 기능에 대해 알게되었고  아미노산 부족이 다양한 질병의 원인이 된다는 것을 새롭게 알게되었다.
이를 통해 단백질을 직접 섭취하지 않아도 간단하게 단백질을 보충해줄 수 있는 캡슐을 만들면 어떨까하는 생각이 들었다. 단백질 수액은 있지만 알약의 형태는 아직 만들어지지 않았으며 수액을 맞는 것보다 시간을 훨씬 단축할 수 있기 때문이다.

# data[].attributes.body
EMDR에 대하여

# data[].attributes.body
평소 생명과학에 관심이 있어 본문을 읽고 고대인들이 자연 속에서 어떠한 치료를 받았는지가 궁금했다. 그래서 고대인들의 자연치료 방법을 조사하게 되었다. 조사 자료를 통해 고대인들은 미역취와같은 식물로 감기 등을 예방했다는 것을 알게되었고 심지어 우리가 현재 자주 먹고있는 콩으로 암을 예방하기도 했다는 사실을 알게 되었다.  본문에서는 고대인들이 인간과 자연을 같은 위치에서 바라보았다고 나와있는데 그러한 자연으로 치료를 받는 고대인들을 보고 자연과 상호작용하는 삶을 살았다는 것을 예측할 수 있어 인상깊었다.

# data[].attributes.body
동물들의 방어 기법에 대한 지문을 읽으면서 긴장성 부동화가 나왔다. 그래서 긴장성 부동화가 무엇인지 자세히 알고 싶어서 조사하게 되었다. 그리고 긴장성 부동화에서 근육의 수축과 이완에 대해 나와서 어떻게 수축하고 이완하는지에 대해 찾아보게 되었다. 또한, 긴장성 부동화가 인간에게서도 일어나는지 궁금해 조사해보왔고 동물들에게는 죽은척하기, 긴장성 부동화, 공으로 말기와 같은 방어 기법이 있었는데 인간에게는 어떠한 방어기법이 있는지 알아보게 되었다. 그 결과 인간의 방어기법은 질병에 대항하는 방어 방법인데 이 방어 방법의 종류에 대해 알아보았다.