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How a language is standardized, for example by creating dictionaries, style and usage guides, and traditional grammar textbooks

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Through codification, people can easily learn new languages and organize their own relatively well. By creating texts that explain a language people are also able to record their language in a way that will transcend history, allowing upcoming generations to learn that language.

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Codification only includes a few dialects from other dialects of the area, so through the process many languages and dialects are lost to the language speaking majority of the area.

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A movement that has a goal of establishing English as the only official language in the United States

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A linguistic term for the end or extinction of a language. Also referred to as language extinction.

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A pro of having official languages and even a lingua franca is the benefits of trade and schooling. This makes it easier for all speakers to communicate.
One con is its name itself: Language death. If a language dies out, then the heritage and culture associated with it is lost as well. I myself only understand my native language but don't speak it, so I wondered if I have kids in the future, will my language not be a part of their culture? And if that continues to happen, won't my language be diminished? It certainly won't be dead, because it will still be spoken in India, but won't it be lost with me? The thought of that kind of encapsulates the horror of language death.
3) Most of the signposts here are statistics, quotes, and extreme language. It is understandable why they use quotes, it is important to have many views and examples from others. The statistics in the Language Death section show just how quickly so many languages can be lost and why that is important. The extreme language can also be found in the Language Death section, as it shows the true loss of languages and cultures: words like extinction and endangered.
All 3 types of rhetoric can be found here, from the facts and structure of the argument to the heavy emotions of lost cultures. The structure of the argument shows logos because of the author's use of many examples and anecdotes. Their almost exclusive use of quotes seems to try and portray a kind of credibility to the readers. And the emotions evoked by the tone in the language death section makes the reader wonder the effect of their actions on their language and the world.

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Having one official language reduces the communication barrier in the United States. English is a fairly common language so it won't be necessary to learn a completely new language.

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The purpose of this section is to reveal to the reader the ideas of language death, and how many nations attempt to prevent cultural languages being overpowered by a lingua franca. The header for language death is prefaced by examples of countries encouraging native or cultural languages in favor of English to support the idea that language loss is preventable, and should be avoided. This section also reinforces the idea that language is an essential part of culture.

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P- Can show diversity between people
P- can change ideas of the norm
P- Can combine languages like English and Spanish, which can show the racial make up of a certain area

C- Can lead to stereotyping
C- Can affect professionalism and puts people who dont know the proper language in a disadvantage

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Having one official language discourages cultures and communities who value their languages. One official language reduces the amount of languages that people in the United States may speak. People who come to the United States will have to learn English to be able to communicate.

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The author uses some extreme language when depicting a quote that states that as codification increases the amount of variation and diversity of that language decreases. The author uses the words "less tolerant and more rigid" to depict the usage of other variations of the language once a language is heavily codified.

The author uses a lot of quoted references throughout the passage and especially in this section. The author provides quotes from two pieces of writing. One is called "Language Contact and Bilingualism" and states that the codification of the grammar of a language includes the grammar of some of its dialects. The other is called "A social History of English" which is about how the practice of other dialects of a language is less accepted once a language is codified.

The author uses pathos to describe codification to be a tool that creates divides and causes less diversity in the way a language is practiced. This section does not use a lot of rhetoric.

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The study of a language in relation to aspects of the regional culture such as dialect or socioeconomic class

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Rhetoric and Signposts - Sociolinguistics

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Rhetoric and Signposts - Sociolinguistics

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Although there isn't much rhetoric to be found in this section, the author uses many quotations from highly respected sources, such as Harvard, likely to act as credibility and logical appeal. Additionally, we can assume the author's perspective from the titles of the works he cited (we can assume he is pro-language diversity because the works he quoted have titles with language diversity in a positive light).

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The imposition of one language on speakers of other languages.

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Pros:

Practical

Streamlines communication so society is more cohesive

Increased communication across ethnic groups and borders brings about social, economic, and political unity.

Cons:

Destroys previously existing cultures of the region

Has a sense of a superiority complex

Usually the result of colonialism or imperialism

Imposes a language on groups that are not familiar with it, putting them at a disadvantage.

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Signposts and Rhetoric - Linguistic Imperialism

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Signposts and Rhetoric - Linguistic Imperialism

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Signposts:

Quoted words

Word gaps

Rhetoric:

Forensic/judicial rhetoric

Mostly uses logos.

Since this is the introduction of the piece, it mostly serves the purpose of establishing facts and definitions in order to build a foundation for future ideas and analysis. Therefore, the most reasonable form of rhetoric would be forensic rhetoric, as it is fact based and focuses on past events. Moreover, the tone of the passage is informative and straightforward, meaning that passionate speeches or arguments would be inappropriate.

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A popular belief about language proven to be untrue

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The organization of this section accentuates the harm that having a single, prevalent language can cause. The sections beforehand deal with codification and movements to further propagate English as the most dominant language. This section contrasts the ones beforehand by proving examples as to why advocating for a single language is harmful, especially to heavily culture-based groups. The reading is split into two halves, the beginning half, which introduces linguistic imperialism, and the second half, which reveals that harm that linguistic imperialism causes. The section about language death is followed by a section discussing how languages are more than just communication tools, further enhancing the idea that languages are integral parts of culture, instead of simply tools that may be updates and forgotten when a more popular one takes hold.

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Rhetoric and Signposts - English Only Movement

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Rhetoric and Signposts - English Only Movement

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The author uses quoted words with extreme language to show the view point of having English as the sole language in America. Additionally the author also uses extreme language and quoted words to contrast the first view point by saying that English is the impurest language.

The author occasionally uses deliberative rhetoric and mainly uses ethos and logos to talk about the history of English and viewpoints.

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Pros: Linguistic decline motivates people to study an language more in depth to restore the proper language
Cons: Linguistic decline can also cause the original structure of a language to fade naturally over time as dialects change.

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Mostly forensic rhetoric/appealing to logos- the author provides quotes from the past about language myths
Sign posts- This section of the passage is almost completely made up of quotations and citation. Some elevated language used in quotations; prior understanding/context is required to understand some of the quotations.

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The author likely strategically placed sociolinguistics before linguicism to show the correlation between the two. One of the likely causes of linguicism is a regional difference in language because for there to be discrimination, there has to be some differences. Because of this, the author likely put sociolinguistics to explain regional differences in language, before transitioning into how people start to discriminate based off of these same differences.

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This is provided after concrete information; language myths are ideas, not tangible, proven information. This is placed after known facts to allow some room for speculation.

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To talk about the variations between language and how the dialects should be explored in areas like school and how they show cultural diversity.

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The purpose of this section is to provide the reader with a definition of what codification is and a little bit about how different societies use it, and the effect it can have on some cultures.

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Realistically, there are not many pros to this as it is simply discrimination which isn't very positive.

Cons - Allows the formation of other forms of linguistic imperialism to occur (English-Only as a prominent example), Can cause various problems throughout a culture as shown through the TED Talk (the culture of the indigenous Thai people was essentially ruined due to governmental linguicism), Separates different types of people and allows racism to occur

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1.  Definition-The influence of distinctive lexical and grammatical forms of American English on other varieties of the English language

2. Pros- The spreading of American culture, and values globally, American English is seen as an important skill for communication.

Cons- Americans may not be     the best role models, destruction of ethnic languages       3.Signposts/Rhetoric- Quotations from various individuals are used to both inform and voice an opinion on American English. The rhetoric used is mostly in a negative light.
4.The purpose of this section is to both show the reasoning as to why American English holds supremacy while also viewing its implications/history vaguely.
5. Americanization is placed second right after linguistic imperialism, this is done to give the reader an easy specific example of linguistic imperialism (this being American English).

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Strategic Placement and Purpose (Linguistic Imperialism)

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Strategic Placement and Purpose (Linguistic Imperialism)

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Since the piece as a whole is about linguistic imperialism, it would make most sense to have the definition of it in the beginning, as to build a solid foundation of knowledge in order to understand the rest of the text. The purpose of this section, in my mind, is purely to inform, so if the passage is placed somewhere later in the text, we would miss out on the necessary context.

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The purpose of this section is to show several viewpoints on the idea of having one sole language in America and what it would mean for smaller languages that may be critical for certain communities or cultures. Additionally this section is also used to emphasize the importance of several languages through the extreme of one sole language that represents a major country which shows the importance of languages to the reader.

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Linguistics based of racism and stereotypes

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Strategic Placement - English Only Movement

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Strategic Placement - English Only Movement

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The author puts the English Only Movement close to the beginning to help establish the importance of having different languages. Additionally the English Only Movement is placed after Codification likely to show that the supporting view point of the English Only Movement to have it supported as the standard language . Additionally this also shows a connection that if English was the only language then people would be able to gain a better understanding of English and it's intricacies. The author also places the English Only Movement before Official Languages Around the World to support it since English is an official or main language in America. The main role of the English Only Movement in the piece as a whole is to show the importance of major languages and the need of other languages to support communities and cultures.

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Tove Skutnabb-Kangas talks about if language is puting someone at a disadvantage that it is linguicism.

Päivi Gynther, Beyond Systemic Discrimination. talks about how linguicism ruins and takes away power from people

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This section is placed close to the beginning of the piece after Linguistic Imperialism and Americanization. The two sections previous to the Codification section are strictly definitions and information about how the ideas are present in the world. For Americanization the author states that because of the United States being a global power, many grammatical tendencies in the English language are now being applied to other non-english languages. The section that follows the Codification section is a section called English Only Movement and it talks about how a group of people in the United States encouraged speaking only English in order to preserve the language. The section on codification was placed between two very American centric sections that used diction which is negative towards the effect of the United States on non-english languages. The strategic placement of this section is very important because if the sections before and after codification were placed next to each other it would seem as if the author had an Anti-America narrative and this would discredit their work.

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The purpose of linguicism was to show how the differences in culture can affect minorities not just through race, but also through language, and other aspects of culture.

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this is an extension of sociolinguistics, a negative form of it which takes away from the diversity of language, so it would be best placed after sociolinguistics s more of a add-on in this passage.