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Sudarat Lamloed 6231807033
HepatitisB

Stage of natural history of disease?
1.Stage of susceptibility

1.1Relation between
-Host—Agent—Environment
1.2Risk Factor
-Host(Low immunity)
-Susceptibility ,related to (age)from infants to 80years overall (sex) female-man (Life style)Having sex with an infected person without wearing a condom , sharing a toothbrush razor nail clipper , being pounded from work(Culture etc)The use of tattoo needles according to the body or the color used for the tattoo together and the ear piercing for some tribal groups that have followed each other.
1.3Environment
-(workplace)with the patient working in it too (toilet) public toilets people use a lot of toilets.
2.Stage of sub-clinical disease
2.1Have sex with someone who has hepatitis
2.2 When infected the incubation period for hepatitis B is 6-8weeks. Patients with hepatitis infection.There may be no symptoms or signs of acute hepatitis but are mild.
3.The stage of clinical disease
3.1Hepatitis B symptoms:divided into 2 phases-Acute phase patients begin to have symptoms 1-4 months after being infected.
3.2 Fever, jaundice, yellow, eyes, abdom  inalienable pain in the right frame
3.3 Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting loss of appetite, fatigue, rashes, joint pain
3.4 Chronic phase
4.State of Recovery Disability
4.1Hepatitis B it is acute specific treatment may be required. But the chronic type may need antiretroviral or other drugs.The doctor must evaluate the treatment regularly. And assess the treatment regularly and assess the response of the virus this may take several months or even years of continuous treatment.High mortality
Meaning and example of prevention level
1.Levels of Prevention
- Educate yourself about Hepatitis B.Including self defense
- Immunization in infants and children at 10 months of age
2.Secondary prevention
- Fever, jaundice, yellow eyes fatigue, rashes, joint pain/began to show the obvious preliminary.
3.Tertiary prevention
-Treatment is a doctor specializing in the liver that treats is by giving antiretroviral drugs.Along the drug to stimulate the immune system in the patient’s body.Including keeping all the infection out of the patient’s body.🍀

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Klisada Yatsomboon  6231808064 Covid-19 

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Klisada Yatsomboon  6231808064 Covid-19 

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***PREVENTION***

1.) Stage of natural history of disease
- Stage of Susceptibility: Assume the rat and bat are pathogen. Expose by ingestion (eat).

Lifestyle:  who is love to eat exotic food.

- Stage of sub clinical:  have no any symptom.

- Stage of clinical fever, fever, dry cough, tiredness, lack of teste

- Stage of recovery, disability, and death: People with mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy should manage their symptoms at home. On average it takes 5–6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.

2.) Meaning and example of prevention level
- Primary prevention: promote and add education about Covid- 19

- Second prevention: aimed at early disease detection and intervention usually before the onset of symptoms but also for those with subclinical or mild disease. Notably, it has been reported that globally, close to 80% of the COVID-19 cases had mild symptoms.

- Tertiary prevention: strategies seek to treat and rehabilitate those with the clinical disease, toward reducing sequelae or complications and improving quality of life within a holistic or biopsychosocial framework

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6231807012
^…^Malaria ^…^

1. Stages of the natural history of the disease.

1.1) Stage of susceptibility: Malaria is a highly life threatening disease caused by protophenaphlasmodium spreading into the human body through the operation of a stupid woman by many idiots such as disease. The primary forest is found mostly in areas near the edge of the forest, prefers to sleep in clear, flowing water, ponds, flowing streams or waterfalls. Retractable curtains with infection orally 10-14 days
1.2) Stage of clinical disease: 2-3 days may have headache. Pain in the back Flu-like Later, there will be "malaria" which is characteristic of malaria. It is divided into 3 phases as follows:
1. The cold period begins with fever, chills, shaking the skin is often pale.
2. In the heat of the year The patient will feel hot, very headache, restlessness, delirium, the child often convulsions, dry skin, hot redness, thirst.
3. The sweating phase The patient will begin to sweat, the fever gradually decreases until the patient feels tired, may fall asleep or coma.
1.3) Stage of recovery or death: Malaria complications.
Patients with malaria type P. falciparum may have serious complications. Which may happen to any particular system Or multiple systems can be born at the same time Complications are most likely to occur in people who are not immune and are not receiving adequate treatment. Complications usually arise in the presence of severe malaria. Which can be fatal complications that can be found are
2)  Meaning and example of prevention level
2.1 Primary prevention : Health education, annual health check and protect yourself all the time.

2.2) secondary prevention.
Wear long-sleeved clothes, long legs If you have to go to a lot of mosquitoes, you should spray mosquito spray.
2.3) Tertiary prevention
If you find that you have symptoms, you should go see a doctor for examination and treatment. Before complications arise.

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Malaria
1) Stage of natural history of malaria
-stage of susceptibility-
It starts with the female Anopheles mosquito bites and sucks blood on a patient with malaria.  Which have sexually transmitted malaria  These infectious agents enter mosquitoes and breed to form larvae and implant in the mosquito stomach.  Then divide and travel to the salivary glands  When mosquitoes bite a person and release saliva to keep the blood from clotting during sucking.  It releases malaria into the human blood stream as well.
-stage of sub-clinical disease-
Incubation period

Malaria Falciparum  (P.falciparum) incubation period is 7-14 days.
Malaria Vivax (P.vivax) and Malaria Ovale (P.ovale) incubation period is 8-14 days.
Malaria Malaria (P.malariae) incubation period is 18-40 days.
-stage of clinical disease-
Malaria has two phases of growth.  The stage in the liver when a malaria-infected mosquito bites a person releases the infection from the salivary glands into the bloodstream.  And enters the liver cells  More and more numbers are divided.  Until a certain time it was broken from the liver cells.  Into the blood and red blood cells.
Stage in red blood cells  When malaria is broken from the liver cells  Enter the red blood cells, it is divided into more numbers.  Until the hemolysis period  The infection will enter the other red blood cells to find food for the body.  With growth and division  However, some of the germs have been changed to have both males and females.  At this stage, the patient begins to show symptoms of the disease, such as fever, chills, headache. Malaria is detected in the blood at this stage.
For the virus of malaria, Viwax.  Some parts stop growing temporarily.  After a while, it can return to new growth.  It is the cause of the back fever.  Is recurrent malaria
-stage of recovery-
In the treatment, important factors must be considered, including  Malaria is a common type or malaria with complications.  Severity of the disease, the number of red blood cells that are infected  What kind of infection is that?  Where are the sources of contact? How resistant is it?

Selection of drug types  The method of drug administration such as injection or oral medication must be considered based on the above factors.
2) meaning and example of prevention level
-primary prevention-
Health education, annual health check and protect yourself all the time.
-secondary prevention-
Because Anopheles mosquitoes that are carriers of this disease  Not a mosquito that lives in the city  But lives in natural water sources  Therefore, the mosquito killer is the same as the home mosquito killer, such as overturning saucers, plant pots, bowls, basins, and other utensils  Where there is water standing outside the house, closing the jar lid, changing the water in the vase, etc., it is ineffective to get rid of Anopheles mosquitoes, simply called that it may be difficult to get rid of Anopheles.

Therefore, the correct way to prevent malaria is to cover the body completely.  And choose light colored clothes  To reduce the risk of being bitten by mosquitoes  And put mosquito repellent  Including sleeping in a mosquito net when in an area with mosquitoes
-tertiary prevention-
If you have to go into the rainforest  Be careful not to bite mosquitoes.  Or see a doctor to consider getting anti-malaria medication  And when having a low fever  After returning from a visit to malaria-prone areas  Should see a doctor for a thorough physical examination
=references=
https://ddc.moph.go.th/disease_detail.php?d=17
https://www.sanook.com/health/10285/

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🙅🏻‍♀️🐵=Ebola=🐵🙅🏻‍♀️

Stages of the natural history of the disease.
1.Stage of susceptibility
The Ebola virus is transmitted among humans through close and direct physical contact with infected bodily fluids, the most infectious being blood, faeces and vomit. The Ebola virus has also been detected in breast milk, urine and semen.
2.Stage of sub-clinical disease
The length of time between exposure to the virus and the development of symptoms (incubation period) is between two and 21 days, and usually between four and ten days. However, recent estimates based on mathematical models predict that around 5% of cases may take longer than 21 days to develop.
3.Stage of clinical disease
There are typically three phases of illness.
- Starting with a few days of non-specific fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by a gastrointestinal phase in which diarrhoea and vomiting, abdominal symptoms, and dehydration are prominent.
- In the second week, the patient may recover or deteriorate.
- With a third phase of illness including collapse, neurological manifestations, and bleeding, which is often fatal.
4.Stage of recovery, disability, or death
In the case that did not die Fever usually persists for 5-9 days in the deceased. This occurs early and often dies around days 6-16 with symptoms of intractable shock. Infection in pregnant women has a higher risk of miscarriage. And from the outbreak in Sarey, every child of the mother infected with Ebola virus died.

Levels of prevention
1.Primary prevention
The primary preventive measures that are known including understanding of clinical presentation, prompt diagnosis, patients isolation, and implementing adequate sterilization procedures (1-5). Furthermore, we should Identify high risk individuals to prevent further spread of infection among high risk population. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2.Secondary prevention
Contact tracing (e.g., family, friends, work colleagues) is essential. People who have been exposed to the Ebola virus within the last 21 days and who are asymptomatic need to be monitored for the duration of the incubation period in order to ensure rapid recognition of symptoms followed by immediate isolation.

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Tetanus
1.stage of natural history of disease.

-stage of susceptibility

Are in the pathogenic factors such as  It is spread by bacterial spores found in soil, dust, dirt and animal feces.

-stage of preclinical disease

Is infectious but has no symptoms.

-stage of clinical disease

Can show signs of infection from 3-21 days with spasms or spasmodic jaw muscles, difficulty breathing, high fever and body twitching and sore.

-stage of disability

Wound cleaning and injection of Tetanus Immunoglobulin may heal, deform or die.

2.prevention level

-primary prevention

Infants should be vaccinated with DTaP or Td vaccines.  Health education about disease is a prevention.

-secondary prevention

If there is a wound, wash the wound immediately.  Bleach the soap and rinse with clean water.  Then wipe with disinfectant  Then hurry to see a doctor to discuss how to prevent tetanus infection.

-tertiary prevention

Tetanus Immunoglobulin  And antibiotics , Medication to relieve muscle aches and spasms, may require a ventilator if breathing is difficult may disappear or die.

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* *SAR**

1.Stage of natural history of disease
Global Situation: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, also known as SARS; SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), the first outbreak in Guangdong province of China around the end of 2002, with pneumonia cases found. Which does not respond to antibiotics Later pneumonia outbreaks occurred in Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada. Came from a doctor who cares for a patient in Guangdong Province Traveled to Hong Kong While having a fever And stayed at a hotel before being taken to hospital and later died It appears that many people in the hotel are infected. And brought the infection back to their country or the city they traveled until as of July 6, 2003, the epidemic spreads to 29 countries, including 8,098 cases of illness and 774 deaths. 9.6 each
Disease Situation in Thailand: Until 9 July 2003, 1 confirmed case was found. In March 2003, the patient was an Italian physician who went to investigate the disease in Hanoi and became ill. While traveling to Thailand No infection was found among doctors and nurses, and no epidemic was found in the community.

1.1  Stage of susceptibility
- 2-10 Day

1.2  Stage of subclinical disease
- no symtoms

1.3  Stage of clinical disease

-People develop symptoms 2-7 days after being exposed to the virus, some may have an incubation period of up to 10 days. Initially, symptoms were similar to influenza. And may have symptoms associated with the following:

-A fever above 38 degrees Celsius

-Dizziness, headache

-Very tired

-Body aches

-Anorexic

-Diarrhea

-Lung and respiratory infections have occurred. This leads to a dry cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing and a risk of hypoxia.

1.4  Stage of recovery and disability
2. Meaning and example of prevention level
2.1 Primary prevention
- wear a mask to cover the mouth and nose in crowded places or places with epidemic disease.
- Wash your hands regularly with soap or hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol
- Wear disposable rubber gloves. If contact with the patient's secretions, fluids or feces is necessary
- Clean personal items such as utensils, towels, sheets or clothing of someone infected with the virus with cleaning products and hot water.
- Use disinfectant to clean the area contaminated with secretions.             2.2 Secondary prevention
- Using a ventilator To increase the oxygen level in the body of patients with breathing problems.
-Antibiotic use To treat infection in patients with symptoms of pneumonia or bacterial pneumonia.
-Steroid medication to reduce swelling of the lungs
-Antiviral drugs such as ribavirin may be used.
2.3 Tertiary prevention
90% of those infected will recover from the disease. This means that 10% of the other infected people are unable to recover from the disease and eventually die. Most of the time, complications of pneumonia or pneumonia occur. People with breathing problems If symptoms are severe, a ventilator may be required. Some cases may develop respiratory failure. Or other complications such as heart and liver failure, etc. In the elderly from 60 years old, especially those with diabetes, hepatitis or heart disease, the risk of complications and death is the most.

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Natchanon Dissawan
6231807005
SAR
1-Stage of natural history of disease
-The duration of the disease is 3-10 days. Symptoms are agitated, male dystrophy, and later on. Symptoms of the digestive tract, which include coughing and shortness of breath, are symptoms.  Symptoms may balance multiple nerves in the blood, up to 10 days. Symptoms are contagious.  Between the people to the people by the masses of the dichen methadol, the expression of the gossip through the dust from the vapor.  Jamhi Muskan Musk was abducted from the De Niyejim from the body of Swaj Puezhi.  This disease spreads in the first stage, the entrances of the fomites and the potentially contaminated material (fomites).  The sling is like dust from the water from the water from the transportation of the academy of the future education system.

2. Meaning and example of prevention level
-primary prevention
GEDI, the first outbreak  First in the Guangdong province of China around the end of 2002, with pneumonia patients who did not respond to Patchivina, the response was to shut down the city.  And hasten the treatment so as not to get any more
-secondary prevention
Following the outbreak of the disease  Pneumonia in Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada, from an epidemiological investigation, it could be linked to a doctor caring for a patient in Guangdong Province.  I traveled to Hong Kong.  While having symptoms  And stayed at the hotel  Before being taken to hospital As a result, the country and the aforementioned places had to shut down quickly and detained and examined the followers as soon as possible.
-tertiary prevention
Later it turned out that many people in the hotel were infected.  And bring the infection back to  As of July 6, 2003, the epidemic was spread to 29 countries, with 8,098 deaths and 774 deaths in total.  Death percent  9.6 Until spreading throughout the world where the whole world has to shut down cities and declare people in detention, accommodation, no going anywhere and picking up the sick for urgent treatment.

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6231807009
Smallpox
1.Stage of natural history of disease
- infection with smallpox
A serious contagious disease  But the infection is not as easy as colds and flu.  Often, close contact is required. Patients cough, sneeze, or even when speaking, the infection is spread through the air.  And the infected will inhale the infection  It may also be spread by infection in the patient's clothing or bedding, blankets, clothing.  Patients with this disease can be contagious from 1 day before the rash.

-symptom
Disease symptoms
The incubation period is relatively stable.  From infection to symptoms that lasted  7-17 days and the rash starts 14 days but may be as early as 9 days or up to 21 days after the incubation period

- Symptoms of smallpox Click to see the picture
Beginning with headache, trembling, back pain, muscle pain in the limbs.  The fever rises very rapidly, up to 41-41.5 degrees. In children, vomiting, seizures and loss of consciousness. In some cases, a red rash may appear in the first 2 days. The rash usually appears on the arms or legs.

- Exposure period
Around the third day after fever, a true chickenpox rash begins to appear, starting on the forehead and then over to the arms, back, and legs. The rash is usually where the skin is tight.  For example, on the wrist, cheekbones, scapula, etc. The rash will fully erupt within 2 days. The fever will begin on the 2-3 day after the rash and symptoms will improve.  And grow rapidly in the second day and become blister on the third day clear on the 5th day will be cloudy.  The rash changes go hand in hand, on day 8 the rash begins to dry out starting on the first one.  The rash becomes scaly on days 12-13.

2.Meanning and example of prevention level
- Treatment of smallpox
At present, there is no drug used to treat diseases. Separate hospital stays for communicable diseases, supportive and symptomatic treatment, allow patients to sleep in clean bedding.  And clean the mattress frequently to prevent bacterial infection, correct dehydration and electrolyte disorders.
Beware of lesions on the mouth and eyes.  By cleaning both organs frequently, do not shower or use any liquid to coat the skin.
- Method of protection
Prevention of smallpox
Inoculation
Vaccines are made from a virus called vaccinia. It is a disease-causing virus in live but debilitating cows.  The infection may be spread from the vaccination site to another location.  Care must be taken to keep clean. Inoculating can prevent smallpox.  And stay safe  But may have side effects ranging from very few to very  Immunization can live 3-5 years after immunization.
The implant uses a needle that contains the germ.  Causing the skin to cause a wound infection will enter the wound  The picture below shows how the wound changes after vaccination.

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👨‍👩‍👧:Smallpox:👨‍👩‍👧

1.) •Stage of natural history of disease•

- The incubation period is relatively stable.  From infection to symptoms 5-17 days. Initial symptoms include headache, trembling, back pain, muscle pain in the limbs.  The fever rises very rapidly, up to 41-41.5 degrees. In children there will be vomiting, seizures and loss of consciousness.  In rare cases, a red rash may appear for the first 2 days. The rash usually appears on the arms or legs.
- The rash starts 14 days, but it can be as early as 9 days or up to 21 days after the incubation period, symptoms are noticeable. Around the third day after a true chickenpox rash begins to appear on the face and to the arms, back and legs.  The rash is usually on the skin.  Such as on the wrist, cheekbones, scapula, etc. The rash will be full within 2 days. The fever will begin on the 2-3 day after the rash and symptoms will improve.  The rash begins as a pin-sized rash.  It grows rapidly on day 2 and blisters on day 3. Day 5 is cloudy. Changes in rash occur at the same time. On day 8 the rash begins to dry, starting with the first rash.  The rash scabs on days 12-13.
- It is contagious at onset and during the first week is the most prone to infection until the wound has dried out and scabbed.
(Severe smallpox (Variola major or classic smallpox): The patient will first develop a severe rash, the first will be bruising and bleeding from the nasal membranes.  This resulted in a death rate of 40-50% or more in people who have never been vaccinated.)

2.) •Meaning and example of prevention level•

- The best prevention of smallpox is a vaccine.  The vaccination for smallpox is called  The "vaccination" method of vaccination is that the doctor inserts two needles that carry the smallpox virus into cattle treated for a susceptible infection and prick it into the skin.  And when the skin is infected, a small ulcer will develop, then it will gradually dry out and the scab disappears on its own.
- This vaccine can protect against smallpox for three to five years, and longer if vaccinated is repeated.  Smallpox vaccines will appear at the site of smallpox infection.  It is mostly on the upper arms or hips, etc.
- The widely used smallpox vaccine provides effective protection.  Either before being infected or having been infected because smallpox is a disease with a relatively long incubation period  Therefore, infected persons can still be vaccinated within 4 days of exposure for the prescribed vaccination period to prevent or reduce the severity of the illness.
- Also, your closest defense is to avoid people with symptoms similar to chickenpox.  And should notify public health urgently because smallpox is a contagious disease that must be reported
#As it is now announced that the Wariola virus has been eradicated.  Hence, protection remains only to watch out for possible outbreaks of biological weapons.  Or leakage of infection from the operating room  But there are also smallpox vaccinations or smallpox transplants to prevent infection in people directly working with the virus.  And people in military units at risk of infection with biological weapons.

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***** Prevention*****  Kittisak Prasankan 6231807002 (Hepatitis B) 

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***** Prevention*****  Kittisak Prasankan 6231807002 (Hepatitis B) 

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(1) Stage of natural history of disease

1.1 Stage of susceptibility : The virus is most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth and delivery, as well as through contact with blood or other body fluids, including sex with an infected partner, injection-drug use that involves sharing needles, syringes, or drug-preparation equipment and needle sticks or exposures to sharp instruments.

1.2 Stage of sub-clinical disease : Most people do not experience any symptoms when newly infected. However, some people have acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks, including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. A small subset of persons with acute hepatitis can develop acute liver failure, which can lead to death.

In some people, the hepatitis B virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later develop into cirrhosis (a scarring of the liver) or liver can

1.3 Stage of clinical disease : The hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body for at least 7 days. During this time, the virus can still cause infection if it enters the body of a person who is not protected by the vaccine. The incubation period of the hepatitis B virus is 75 days on average, but can vary from 30 to 180 days. The virus may be detected within 30 to 60 days after infection and can persist and develop into chronic hepatitis B.

1.4 Stage of recovery, disability, or death : There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Therefore, care is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea. Most important is the avoidance of unnecessary medications. Acetaminophen/Paracetamol and medication against vomiting should not be given.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated with medicines, including oral antiviral agents. Treatment can slow the progression of cirrhosis, reduce incidence of liver cancer and improve long term survival. Only a proportion (estimates vary from 10% to 40% depending on setting and eligibility criteria) of people with chronic hepatitis B infection will require treatment.

(2)  Meaning and example of prevention level
2.1 Primary prevention : Health education, annual health check and protect yourself all the time.
2.2 Secondary prevention : Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by getting vaccine and HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) soon after coming into contact with the virus. Persons who have recently been exposed to HBV should get HBIG and vaccine as soon as possible and preferably within 24 hours, but not more than 2 weeks after the exposure. The hepatitis B vaccine is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention. WHO recommends that all infants receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours – followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart to complete the series. Timely birth dose is an effective measure to reduce transmission from mother-to-child.
2.3 Tertiary prevention : Patients need treatment to reduce their risk of developing severe liver disease. And prevent it from spreading the infection to others. The treatment depends on the suitability of the patient. Using antiviral therapy, interferon drug or liver transplantation, etc.

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Pundaree Puttharat  6231807022          ⭐️Ebola virus disease

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Pundaree Puttharat  6231807022          ⭐️Ebola virus disease

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Stage of natural history of disease
1.Stage of susceptibility

The Ebola virus disease is spread through contact with the blood, body fluids or organs of a person or animal with the infection.

For example, it can be spread by:

directly touching the body of someone who has symptoms, or recently died from the disease

cleaning up body fluids (blood, poo, urine or vomit) or touching the soiled clothing of an infected person – the virus can survive for several days outside the body

touching unsterilised needles or medical equipment used in the care of the infected person

having sex with an infected person without using a condom – studies show traces of Ebola may remain in semen many months after recovery

handling or eating raw or undercooked "bushmeat"

Ebola can not be caught through routine social contact, such as shaking hands, with people who do not have symptoms.
2.Stage of subclinical disease

Liver: The is necrosis of the hepatocytes, fatty change and presence of large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies.

Adrenal glands: There is necrosis of adrenal cortical cells

Lymphnodes: Lymphnodes are enlarged. Necrosis of lymphoid follicles and medulla. There is infection of macrophages and dendritic cells causing depletion of host immune response.

Spleen : Necrosis of the red pulp.

The person first received the disease, compared with blood or body fluids from infected animals such as mul or fruit pillar, the fruit was believed to carry and transmit the disease unaffected by the infectious disease.  It may extend from person to person.People who may lie and deceive are transmitted through the waterways for two months.To diagnose, other diseases with similar symptoms, such as malaria, cholera, and other home hernias may be tested for blood.  find  Tia Bodi following the bias of the country or himself to confirm the diagnosis.
3. Stage of clinical disease

Diagnosing Ebola virus disease (EVD) shortly after infection can be difficult. Early symptoms of EVD such as fever, headache, and weakness are not specific to Ebola virus infection and often are seen in patients with other more common diseases, like malaria and typhoid fever.
To determine whether EVD is a possible diagnosis, there must be a combination of symptoms suggestive of EVD AND a possible exposure to EVD within 21 days before the onset of symptoms.

4. Stage of recovery,
disability,or death                      There is no formal treatment for the disease. Patients have either oral or black rehydration therapy. The disease has a high mortality rate, between 50% and 90% of those infected with the disease first identified.  The sanity and direct concession was born in sub-Saharan aviation between 1976, which was first identified and in 2012, fewer than 1,000 people were infected per year.  The 2012 2014 Ebola leave in western region, which is being carried out by passengers in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Lysi-Fi, was in July 2014 by more than 1,320 inspectors.  Believe  but may not have it yet.
Levels of prevention

1.Primary prevention

👉🏻Health education, avoid contact with infection and keep yourself healthy at all times.

2.Secondary prevention

👉🏻When living in or traveling to a region where Ebola virus is potentially present, there are a number of ways to protect yourself and prevent the spread of EVD.

Avoid contact with blood and body fluids (such as urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, semen, and vaginal fluids) of people who are sick.

Avoid contact with semen from a man who has recovered from EVD, until testing shows that the virus is gone from his semen.

Avoid contact with items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment).

Avoid funeral or burial practices that involve touching the body of someone who died from EVD or suspect EVD.

Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and chimpanzees) blood, fluids, or raw meat prepared from these or unknown animals (bushmeat).

These same prevention methods should be used when living in or traveling to an area experiencing an Ebola outbreak. After returning from an area experiencing an Ebola outbreak, people should monitor their health for 21 days and seek medical care immediately if they develop symptoms of EVD.

There’s a vaccine to prevent Ebola, but rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo) only treats the Zaire strain of the virus.

If you are in areas where Ebola is present, avoid contact with bats, monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas since these animals spread Ebola to people. You may be able to get the vaccine from the World Health Organization.

3.Tertiary prevention

There is currently no drug that can cure Ebola. Treatment is used as a method.

👉🏻Supportive care - rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improves survival.  There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD.  However, a range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women with Ebola should be offered early supportive care, like general population.  Likewise experimental treatment should be offered under the same conditions as for non-pregnant population.

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Cholera.
#STAGES OF NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE.
1.Stage of susceptibility.
-Patients are sharing food or water together. Thus causing contact with each other  May cause infection (especially patients who go to the toilet and do not wash their hands) or patients with underlying diseases such as diabetes, when touching a patient can cause infection.
2.Stage of sub-clinical disease.
-The incubation period is from a few hours to 5 days; it is usually 2–3 days.
3.Stage of clinical disease.
-Cholera infection is most often asymptomatic or results in mild gastroenteritis. Approximately one in 20 people will have severe disease, with profuse painless, watery diarrhoea described as ‘rice water stools’ and vomiting leading to rapid volume depletion. Rapid loss of fluid can lead to dehydration; signs and symptoms include loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, hypotension and thirst. Additional symptoms include muscle cramps, which are secondary to electrolyte imbalance. Without treatment, shock can rapidly lead to death.
4.Stage of recovery, disability, or death.
-Travellers to endemic areas should be advised about careful food and water. And they should carry oral rehydration solution, which is available from pharmacies.
-Contacts who have shared food or water should be observed for 5 days from the date of last exposure. This may include all the fellow travellers of a case. Stool culture of any contacts with symptoms of diarrhoea and all household contacts, even if asymptomatic, should be undertaken.
#MEANING AND EXAMPLE OF PREVENTION LEVEL.
-Primary prevention is to prevent cholera from occurring in the first place.
-Secondary Prevention is prevention after exposure to that substance (Vibrio Cholerae) and to prevent it from recurring.
-Tertiary Prevention as cholera with obvious symptoms must be taken to prevent chronic cholera from causing complications.

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HIV
Stage of natural history of disease

1.Stage of susceptibility

Having unprotected sex and host no immunity

2. Stage of sub-clinical disease

Most people feel fine and don’t experience any symptoms. This is often called the asymptomatic stage and it can last for several years. Though you might feel well at this stage, the virus is active, infecting new cells, making copies of itself and damaging your immune system’s ability to fight illness.

3. Stage of clinical disease

At this stage, symptoms do not appear much. It is the stage in which the infection spreads through body tissues more than other stages, the patient will have flu-like symptoms. It usually begins to appear within 1 to 2 months after exposure. There will be symptoms like this about 2-3 weeks, such as fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches, rash, enlarged lymph nodes. Especially around the neck

4. Stage of recovery,  disability, or death

The course of treatment for HIV infection is the use of drugs to inhibit the proliferation of the virus. Or antiviral drugs, which must be eaten throughout life Antiretroviral therapy, we can follow up the treatment result from the blood draw and check whether CD 4 positive T cell white blood cell count is normal or not. And count the number of viruses in the blood directly (Viral load). The goal of the drug is to keep the disease in the second phase or the calm for a long time without HIV. The use of drugs to treat various infectious diseases arising from immunity. Eat impaired disease Depending on the type of infection the patient has, such as tuberculosis, drugs to treat tuberculosis, fungal infections, and antifungal drugs. Or if it's cancer, then can cure cancer, etc.

Prevention level in public health

1.Primary prevention

The most effective, but hardest way to prevent sexual intercourse with other people.

Protect yourself every time you have sex by using a condom.

2.Secondary prevention

Timely treatment and health care management.

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases

Nutrition and health promotion for people living with HIV

Harm reduction

Treatment education

3.Tertiary prevvention

HIV infection is the use of drugs to inhibit the proliferation of the virus. Or antiviral drugs, which must be eaten throughout life.

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COVID-19
1.) Stage of natural history of disease
- Stage of Susceptibility : Various factors contribute to the development of COVID by the person living in an environment with large numbers and diet. Ex.Bats are carriers of disease and are possessive of snakes' food chains, and people eat snakes and infect humans.
- Stage of sub-clinical disease :People with the disease are unaware of the disease, so they must be examined carefully with a doctor.
- Stage of clinical disease :COVID invades human organs.Ex.They have a high fever, sore throat, cough, runny nose, wheezing and lack of taste.
- Stage of recovery,disability,or death :After treatment, it may return to heal, or it may return to normal or even death.
Ex.People whose body is incomplete due to the lungs or almost all of their internal organs at risk are the elderly, and this lethal disease is people with low immunity or breathing problems.

2.)Meaning and example of prevention level
- Primary prevention is Education about COVID
Ex Massaging
- second prevention is screening Ex.Have the victim confined to himself in the home so that the disease does not spread to other people in the area.
- Tertiary prevention is Patient treatment Ex. Must be detained and in the care of a doctor.

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6231807018
Hepatitis​ B​
1. Stage of natural history of disease
Stage of susceptibility: People who susceptibility​to Hepatitis​ B virus including infants born to infected​mother, people who inject drug or share needles,sex partners of people with hepatitis​ b, men who have sex with men, people who live with infected people, healthcare workers exposed to blood on in health facillity, and hemodialysis patients​ transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluid
Stage of subclinical disease: Acute hepatitis​ B is short-term illness that have incubation period range from 1-4 months with average of 75 days after exposed to the hepatitis​ b virus.
Stage of clinical disease: Symptom​s of acute hepatitis​ b including​ fever, fatique, loss of appetite, nuasea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movement, joint pain, and jaundice. Symptoms​ of chronic hepatitis​ b mostly do not have any symptom​and if symptoms​do appear are similar to acute hepatitis​ b but can be a sign of advance​d liver disease.
Stage of recovery: People with chronic​hepatitis​ b should be under the care of health​care provider that is knowledgeable about illness. People who recently diagnosed with hepatitis B should get vaccinated against hepatitis A and tested for hepatitis C,
avoid drinking alcohol,
follow a healthy diet and stay physically active, especially patients who are overweight, and
check with a health professional before taking any prescription pills, nutritional or herbal supplements, or over-the-counter medications, as these can potentially damage the liver.

2. Meaning and Example of prevention 3 level
Meaning: Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Some people with hepatitis B are sick for only a few weeks (known as “acute” infection), but for others, the disease progresses to a serious, lifelong illness known as chronic hepatitis B.
Primary prevention: Hepatitis​ B vaccine, screening all donated blood, lifestyle measures such as use condom and avoid sharing personal items
Secondary prevention: Hepatitis​ B immunoglobulin
Tertiary prevention: Antiviral agent to prevent recurrence for patients​ who have been successfull treated for liver cancer.

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6231807003
Covid-19
STAGES OF NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE.
-stage of susceptibility
People close to the patient,

and don't wear a mark.
-stage of preclinical disease

Is infectious but has no symptoms for about 14 day.
-stage of clinical disease
After 14 days, the patient will have a cough, fever, headache and heat up to 37.5 ° C.
Meaning and example of prevention level
-primary prevention
Not eating raw And always wash your hands thoroughly.
-secondary prevention.
Wear face masks in community.
Use Alcohol-based hand sanitisers.
Social distancing

-tertiary prevention
Use vaccines to treat disease.

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Rabies.
1.Stage of natural history of disease.
Rabies  It is a serious contagious disease caused by a virus that affects the nervous system.  The virus was obtained from the saliva of infected animals such as cats, mice, monkeys, bats, and the most common of all dogs.
-Stage of susceptibility
Relation between:
Host-Agent-Environment
Host(No immunity)
Susceptibility, Related to:
Age
Sex
Life style
Behavior
-Stage of subclinical disease.
Is the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness.Rabies has an incubation period of 2-8 weeks.
-Stage of clinical disease.
It affects the central nervous system.  Causing the patient to have early symptoms such as anxiety, headache and fever.
-Stage of recovery disability and death.
When the infection spreads to the central nervous area, it causes inflammation in the brain and spine.  Which leads to death if the vaccine cannot be vaccinated in time.
2.Meaning and example of prevention level.
-Primary prevention is rabies  vaccination both before being bitten and after being bitten. And Tetanus vaccination
-Secondary prevention when being bitten or scratched, Immediately wash the wound with soap several times.  At least 15 minutes and wipe the wound with an antiseptic such as Povidone iodine or 70% alcohol.
-Tertiary prevention by seeking immediate medical attention its aim is to prevent or build immunity.

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(Cholera )
1-Stage of natural history of disease
-Stage of susceptibility
: People who eat food or drink water that is contaminated with bacteria, such as food containing flies. Then people ingest it and cause cholera to contaminate the body.
-Stage of sub-clinical

: no symptoms

-Stage of clinical

: People who have been infected Symptoms can last anywhere from 24 hours to 5 days, but on average within 1 to 2 days.

-Stage of recovery, disability, or death

: Treat it according to the severity of the symptoms, if mild, nausea, abdominal pain may heal quickly, but if severe, shock symptoms may be fatal.

2. Meaning and example of
prevention level
-Primary prevention

:Health education for example Educate yourself about cholera and how to avoid it.

-Secondary prevention

: Screening, such as going to an examination or going to the area to determine if the risk of disease For example, check that the place has good sanitation.

-Tertiary prevention

: Patient treatment For example, let him take medicine and choose clean food.

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Klisada Yatsomboon
6231808064
Covid-19
1.

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AIDS
1.Stage of natural history of disease
-Stage of susceptibility
Host no immunity
-Stage of subclinical disease
HIV will destroy white blood cells within the body
-Stage of clinical disease

Often there are no obvious symptoms. Or almost no symptoms

-Stage of recovery and disability
Is a period in which the immune system is seriously destroyed Causing infection and illness with various diseases
2.Meaning and example of prevention level
-Primary prevention is explains how infection occurs and prevent.
Ex. Health education and notification to carry condoms with you.
-Secondary prevention is Screening patients who have not yet shown symptoms.
Ex.Avoid sexual behavior at risk of infection.
-Tertiary prevvention is stop transmission by treatment and stop risky behaviors.
Ex.Consult your doctor for medication to control the transmission of infection.

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"Tetanus" 🧑🏼‍🎨

Stage of natural history of disease

1.Stage of susceptibility
Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. The spores develop into bacteria when they enter the body.
Common Ways Tetanus Gets Into Your Body
- The spores can get into the body through broken skin, usually through injuries from contaminated objects. Tetanus bacteria are more likely to infect certain breaks in the skin.

2.Stage of sub-clinical disease
The incubation period of Clostridium tetani The incubation period is usually 3–21 days, although it may range from 1 day to several months, depending on the nature of exposure. Most cases occur within14 days.

3.Stage of clinical disease
Tetanus is a clinical syndrome without confirmatory laboratory tests. Characteristic symptoms of tetanus are painful muscular contractions, primarily of the masseter and neck muscles and secondarily of trunk muscles. Trismus, or lockjaw, is a common sign of tetanus.

4.Stage of recovery, disability, or death
Cases with shorter incubation periods tend to have more severe disease and thereby a greater risk of death. Even with treatment, about 10% of people who contract tetanus die. The mortality rate is higher in unvaccinated people and people over 60 years of age.

LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary prevention
Tetanus is primarily by vaccination against Clostridium tetani. Other methods of primary prevention include appropriate wound care, avoiding injuries, decontaminating environments, controlling diabetes, ensuring aseptic gynecological and surgical procedures, aggressively managing burn and compound fracture injuries and avoiding IV drug abuse.

Secondary prevention
Which varies with previous vaccination history, is accomplished postexposure through wound prophylaxis and administration of TIG and/or Td (4). Wounds should be cleaned and debrided as indicated.
Tertiary Prevention
Prevention after Disease
- Limits the progression of disability.
- Treatment of symptoms and rehabilitation vary with each specific disease.

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6231807016
SMALLPOX
1. Stage of natural history of disease
-Stage of susceptibility
Incubation Period (Duration: 7 to 17 days) Not contagious
Exposure to the virus is followed by an incubation period during which people do not have any symptoms and may feel fine. This incubation period averages about 12 to 14 days but can range from 7 to 17 days. During this time, people are not contagious. 1
-Stage of sub-clinical disease

Initial Symptoms (Prodrome)(Duration: 2 to 4 days)Sometimes contagious*
The first symptoms of smallpox include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. The fever is usually high, in the range of 101 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. At this time, people are usually too sick to carry on their normal activities. This is called the prodrome phase and may last for 2 to 4 days.
-Stage of clinical disease

Early Rash (Duration: about 4 days) Most contagious
A rash emerges first as small red spots on the tongue and in the mouth. These spots develop into sores that break open and spread large amounts of the virus into the mouth and throat. At this time, the person becomes most contagious.

Around the time the sores in the mouth break down, a rash appears on the skin, starting on the face and spreading to the arms and legs and then to the hands and feet. Usually the rash spreads to all parts of the body within 24 hours. As the rash appears, the fever usually falls and the person may start to feel better.

By the third day of the rash, the rash becomes raised bumps.

By the fourth day, the bumps fill with a thick, opaque fluid and often have a depression in the center that looks like a bellybutton. (This is a major distinguishing characteristic of smallpox.)

Fever often will rise again at this time and remain high until scabs form over the bumps.

Pustular Rash (Duration: about 5 days) Contagious
The bumps become pustules—sharply raised, usually round and firm to the touch as if there’s a small round object under the skin. People often say the bumps feel like BB pellets embedded in the skin. 1
-STAGE OF RECOVERY,
DISABILITY AND DEATH

Pustules and Scabs (Duration: about 5 days) Contagious
The pustules begin to form a crust and then scab. By the end of the second week after the rash appears, most of the sores have scabbed over. 1

Resolving Scabs (Duration: about 6 days) Contagious
The scabs begin to fall off, leaving marks on the skin that eventually become pitted scars. Most scabs will have fallen off three weeks after the rash appears.
2. Meaning and example of prevention level
-Primary Prevention
Vaccine as a primary preventive measure can be given to a person in different stages. People who are directly exposed or most likely to be exposed to smallpox viruses should be vaccinated, as vaccination significantly reduces the chance of getting the disease or, at least, reduces the disease intensity.

If a person gets vaccine before any viral exposure, he/she is most likely to be protected from getting smallpox. Vaccination within 3-7 days of viral exposure may also protect a person from smallpox; people who get the disease even after vaccination suffer much less as compared to unvaccinated people. However, once rashes start to appear, vaccination cannot provide any protection.
-Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention strategies center on actions designed to mitigate the impact of existing public health problems. Screening programs often constitute the main thrust of most secondary prevention efforts, the IWH found. Patient monitoring and testing initiatives allow public health groups to detect serious conditions in their early stages and offer treatment, a pre-emptive approach that reduces the likelihood of death. For example, the WHO and other organizations have made great strides in addressing breast cancer via various screening programs. Today, the five-year survival rate for the disease is more than 80 percent in regions where mammography services are available, due in part to the efforts of public health entities.

General wellness programs also fall into the secondary prevention category. The American Heart Association recommends cardiac rehabilitation for individuals with cardiovascular diseases, which affect one-third of U.S. adults. These initiatives include physical activity and healthy eating components that together can slow, stabilize, and sometimes reverse heart disease. In fact, the AHA claims that such programs have reduced the mortality rate by 25 percent.

Secondary prevention strategies include return-to-work programs as well. These occupational health and safety efforts often revolve around modified duty workflows, which allow previously injured employees to ease back into the workplace without immediately engaging in the activities that put them out of commission in the first place, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Return to work programs have been shown to make a substantial impact on worker health and organizational productivity.

-Tertiary Prevention
In the event that primary and secondary prevention efforts prove ineffective, public health professionals pursue tertiary actions and center on disease management, according to the CDC. Organizations pursuing these efforts often provide long-term rehabilitation or stabilization offerings, along with access to advanced screening services that can detect complications or worsening symptoms. Group therapy might also be included in tertiary prevention programs, as individuals dealing with serious health conditions often benefit from connecting with fellow patients. Tertiary efforts unfolding in the workplace normally feature permanent vocational transition processes, which allow employees with irreversible illnesses that prevent them from performing their pre-diagnosis job duties to take up new roles with less demanding physical or mental requirements.