# data[].attributes.body
Préstamos gramaticales son palabras y frases que son prestados por el discurso casual del inglés. Estas palabras y frases consisten de and, s, y’know, anyway, I mean, but, y well. El sitio web que elegí habla sobre préstamos gramaticales siendo normas de una comunidad, y está influida por la gente de la comunidad.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Los Simpson Mitos cotidianos... sobre la Navidad Alimentar la mente. Esta innovación se convierte en cambio si se constituye en norma dentro de la comunidad a la que pertenece el individuo. Newsletter Algarabía Suscríbete al newsletter. A menudo resulta de la influencia cultural de los hablantes del que son los prestamos gramaticales idioma sobre los del segundo. Hjelmslev dice que los extranjerismos son las palabras cuya forma tiene un aire extraño y contrasta con el resto del vocabulario. Han ingresado muchas palabras con sus marcas plural y singular: A la hora de devolver el préstamo, hay que hacerlo, por lo general, abonando intereses.

Información confiable de Préstamos lingüísticos - Encuentra aquí ✓ ensayos ✓ resúmenes y ✓ herramientas para aprender ✓ historia ✓ libros ✓ biografías y más temas ¡Clic aquí!. 30 Jul Desde las primeras comunidades humanas - nos dice Víctor Manuel Hernández Fierro- (la horda, el clan, la tribu), el hombre ha tenido necesidad de comunicarse para interactuar en su grupo social y así resolver los retos que desde siempre la sobrevivencia le ha planteado. Fíjese en las palabras. 30 Oct Préstamo gramatical: Me voy a mi "house", para decir me voy a mi casa. Se llama "hall" al común recibidor. Préstamo léxico: Parking, whatsapp, sms (short message service), hardware, mouse, sandwich. Extranjerismos Los extranjerismos son tipos de préstamos lingüístico. Son palabras poco modificadas.

Que son los prestamos gramaticales

Voz, frase o giro de un idioma extranjero empleado en español. A través de los préstamos, las lenguas crecen y pueden reflejar la cultura de un momento determinado. Hjelmslev dice que los extranjerismos son las palabras cuya forma tiene un aire extraño y contrasta con el resto del vocabulario. Un referente puede representar una misma idea funcional pero puede variar la representación que tengamos de él. En otros proyectos Wikimedia Commons. Influyen condicionamientos históricos producidos por la moda, política, economía, etc. Vocablo, acepción o giro nuevo en una lengua.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Los Simpson Mitos cotidianos... sobre la Navidad Alimentar la mente. Esta innovación se convierte en cambio si se constituye en norma dentro de la comunidad a la que pertenece el individuo. Newsletter Algarabía Suscríbete al newsletter. A menudo resulta de la influencia cultural de los hablantes del que son los prestamos gramaticales idioma sobre los del segundo.

# data[].attributes.body
Préstamos semánticos tienen dos categorías: calcos y cognados falsos. La categoría de calcos abarca las palabras y frases que son traducciones literales de inglés. La categoría de cognados falsos abarca las expresiones semejantes en el español y el inglés pero que no comparten el mismo significado. El sitio web que elegí define préstamos semánticos.

# data[].attributes.body
Palabras prestadas léxicos pueden ser en el categoría ‘no adaptado’, ‘adaptado fonológicamente, y ‘adaptado fonológicamente y morfológicamente’. Estas categorías refieren al cambio que ocurre cuando las palabras están integradas en el idioma español. No adaptado significa no cambia lexical; fonológicamente significa una ortografía fonética, y morfológicamente significa un cambio gramatical.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Préstamos léxicos

Un préstamo léxico ocurre cuando los hablantes de un idioma usan palabras de otro idioma.

Estas palabras pueden estar iguales o ligeramente modificadas, pero el significado suele ser el mismo o muy similar. Por ejemplo: aparcamiento (del inglés "parking").

También dentro de un mismo idioma existen léxicos especializados, por ejemplo dentro de las jergas de determinadas profesiones. Las palabras utilizadas dentro de una disciplina pueden ser popularizadas y tomadas en un sentido distinto al que le dio origen.

Por ejemplo, la depresión es una enfermedad mental con características muy específicas y es una palabra originada en el ámbito psiquiátrico. Sin embargo, podemos decir que una fiesta es depresiva si falta música o que una película es depresiva, sin referirnos a la enfermedad, sino al significado que le damos fuera del contexto psiquiátrico. Esto también es llamado préstamo léxico. Sin embargo, el término se utiliza principalmente para las palabras tomadas de otros idiomas, es decir los extranjerismos.

Tipos de préstamos léxicos

Los préstamos léxicos pueden ser:
Puede servirte:
Ejemplos de préstamos léxicos

1. Aparcar (extranjerismo adaptado). Proviene de la palabra inglesa "park" que, además de "parque", significa estacionar.

2. Chalé (extranjerismo adaptado). Del francés "chalet", se refiere a viviendas familiares que tienen un jardín adyacente o que lo rodea, pero que no tiene patio interno.

3. Eau de parfum (extranjerismo no adaptado). Se utilizan estas palabras en francés para designar a perfumes de cualquier país de origen, además de diferenciarlo de "eau de toilette" que se refiere a un perfume de menor intensidad y menor permanencia en la piel.

4. Hardware (extranjerismo no adaptado). Son las partes físicas (materiales) de una computadora o cualquier otro sistema informático.

5. Holding (extranjerismo no adaptado). "Hold" en inglés significa sostener, tener o conservar. La palabra holding se utiliza en español (y muchos otros idomas) para referirse a las sociedades comerciales que administran las propiedades de otras compañías.

6. Hora feliz (calco semántico). Traducción literal de "happy hour". Se refiere a un período del día en que un local comercial ofrece precios especiales, principalmente se utiliza para bares que ofrecen descuentos significativos en sus bebidas.

7. Stalkear (extranjerismo adaptado). La palabra inglesa "stalk" (que significa seguir o acosar) se ha modificado para responder a la forma de los infinitivos en castellano

8. Telón de hierro (calco semántico). Es la traducción de "Iron curtain". Se refiere a una barrera política e ideológica. Era una expresión que se utilizaba durante la Guerra Fría, en que la mayor parte del mundo estaba dividida entre países capitalistas y países comunistas.

Sigue con:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Un préstamo léxico ocurre cuando los hablantes de un idioma usan palabras de otro idioma. Estas palabras pueden estar iguales o ligeramente modificadas, pero el significado suele ser el mismo o muy similar. Por ejemplo: aparcamiento (del inglés "parking"). También dentro de un mismo idioma existen léxicos especializados, por ejemplo dentro de las jergas de determinadas profesiones.

# data[].attributes.body
Hay algunas palabras prestadas de la cultura en los EEUU después de la llegada de Colón como jaguar, alpaca, tomate, yuca, y barbacoa. Desde una perspectiva más contemporánea, palabras que son prestadas de la cultura de EEUU son brownie, boiescout, basquetbol, y golf. Estas palabras se originan del cultura de los EEUU y influyen la lengua española.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Are they speaking English?
No, they couldn't be. But that word sounded so darn familiar.

You're speaking Spanish with native speakers, and all of sudden something odd happened. You can hardly make sense of it. But-ah, again!-there's another strangely familiar word that sounds distinctly un-Spanish.

You start to question yourself. Are you mishearing? Are they trying to make it easier for you to understand? Are you in some sort of alternate universe? The answers are no, no and probably not.

The reason those words sound so un-Spanish is probably that they aren't Spanish at all-at least not originally. Spanish has borrowed a number of words from the English language.

So while you may study up on idioms, travel phrases and restaurant vocabulary for your impending trip, and you may even know slang to sound like a true Argentine, Mexican, Ecuadorian or Spaniard, you can also actually use some familiar English-language words while speaking Spanish.

What Are Loanwords and Why Are They Noteworthy?

It's no secret that all languages borrow words from other languages. After all, some very useful words begin in one language and other languages need them too.

These words that are taken from one language and used as-is in their adopted language are known as "loanwords."

More specifically, we can call words that originally came from English but are now borrowed by other languages "Anglicisms." This term indicates their English origin.

It's important to be familiar with loanwords, and Anglicisms in particular, because they make learning and remembering new vocabulary words much easier. After all, you already know the word in English, so memorizing the same word in Spanish will be a breeze!

Just take a look at the English loanwords that we've put together here, and you'll know what we mean!

The following words all came from English (most recently-they may have some deeper linguistic origins) and are now used in Spanish.

Some of these words have multiple spellings included. This is because they often appear spelled in multiple ways. There's no real proper way to spell it. One version is usually closer to the English language while the other is made more traditionally Spanish.

Keep in mind that, regardless of the spelling, you'll need to pronounce all of these words with a good, solid Spanish accent.
-Fashion and Lifestyle-
While this word will look familiar to English speakers, it actually has a slightly different meaning from its English-language counterpart. In Spanish, panty or panti actually refers to pantyhose or tights.

In English, "smoking" is a verb, but in Spanish it's a noun. Smoking or esmoquin refers to a tuxedo or dinner jacket. Need an easy way to remember this? Think of the English term "smoking jacket."

Both spellings refer to the synthetic fabric.

Though it's sometimes known as a perforación, the word piercing is often used to refer to-you guessed it-a piercing of any shape, size or body part.
-Sports-
Taken from the English word "football," this word is used to refer to soccer (or what everyone everywhere, aside from people in the U.S.A., calls "football").

6. Básquetbol

While it's sometimes called baloncesto, which uses the natural Spanish vocabulary choices for ball (balón) and basket (cesto), basketball is also known as básquetbol throughout Latin America.

No surprises here. Tenis means "tennis." Be sure to place the emphasis on the second syllable ( tenis) in Spanish.

This is another straightforward one. Hockey means "hockey" in both Spanish and English.

This is identical in meaning and spelling-but not in pronunciation, of course-in both Spanish and English.

10. Waterpolo

Here's a twist. Waterpolo is the Spanish equivalent of our "water polo." Note the slight difference in spacing. Captivating, no?

Yup, golf is still golf.

While the English word "surf" is usually used as a verb to refer to the sport, in Spanish surf is actually a noun referring to the sport, so it's more similar in meaning to the English word "surfing."

This one is a bit tricky. In English, "footing" usually refers to the placement of your feet. However, in Spanish, it's a noun meaning "jogging."

14. Spinning

This indoor cycling is exhausting in either language.

Gol means "goal."
-Computers and Technology-
"Tweet," "retweet," "twitter," "hashtag" and pretty much any other Twitter-affiliated term will be the same in both Spanish and English.

Though sometimes called correo electrónico, email is also frequently used to refer to email. Pronounce both the e and the mail strongly.

When referring to an online post (though not other types of posts), post is equivalent to the English word "post."

Chat is used to refer to online chats or chatrooms.

While this is technically a noun, it's used to refer to clicking anything online. Hacer clic means "to click."

Link can be used to refer to online links, but not other sorts of links such as connections or chains.

22. Internet

This is the same in both Spanish and English.

Again, the meaning is identical in both Spanish and English.

Though the abbreviation is the same, in Spanish the full name is actually disco de video digital.

Unlike the rest of the abbreviations yet to come, this one's letters are pronounced with a more Englishy accent, dee-vee-dee.

This abbreviation is taken directly from English. To say the full words in Spanish, you would say disco compacto, so clearly the abbreviation is derived from English or it would be DC.

This abbreviation, along with all of the following, must be read out loud in Spanish letters with classic Spanish pronunciation.

This abbreviation also comes from the English abbreviation. After all, sistema de posicionamiento global doesn't quite lend itself to the abbreviation GPS.

This is used to refer to a personal computer in both Spanish and English.

In both Spanish and English, this refers to "frequently asked questions" that webpages often post.
-Food and Drink-
What with margaritas, piña coladas and sangria, you'd think English had taken more drinks from Spanish than vice versa. However, drinks know no language boundaries and English-language drink names are now common in Spanish. Whiskey and güisqui are both used to refer to whiskey.

30. Gin-tonic

Gin-tonic is a gin and tonic.

31. Bloody Mary

This is a brunch favorite in either language.

Cocktail and cóctel are both used to mean "cocktail" or "mixed drink."

No matter which way you spell it, it's the same delicious dish that we English-speakers know and love all too well.

While tocino and tocineta are commonly used in Latin America, beicon, béicon and/or bacón are frequently used in Spain to refer to the salty meat.

In both English and Spanish, this refers to an outdoor meal beloved by cartoon bears.
-People-
Though historically used to mean a New Englander, this term in modern Spanish now usually refers to any American (sometimes as a pejorative).

In both Spanish and English, this term refers to someone trying to be trendy or superior to others.

38. Gángster

Gángster means "gangster."

39. Hooligan

While there are many Spanish terms that are equivalent to the English word "hooligan," the loanword hooligan is more used to refer to trouble-making students or young people.

This is the same in both languages. Peace, man. Both the i and y are pronounced like the Spanish letter i.

This is the same in both Spanish and English.

Líder is derived from the English word "leader."

While in English we more frequently call them "bartenders," the Spanish word barman comes from the old-timey English term "barman" or "barkeep."

These words can be used to refer to a rock musician or fan.
-Music-
This is the same in both Spanish and English.

Funk in Spanish refers to the style of music.

Blues in Spanish refers to the style of music, not the color group.

Pop in Spanish refers to the style of music but not soda, the noise or the verb.

This mostly refers to the music style though it can occasionally be used to refer to a person.

House refers to a style of music, but it does not mean "house" as in the place where you live.

Heavy is used to refer to heavy metal music.

52. Breakdance / Breikdans

Breakdance and Breikdans are used to refer to the dance style.
-Locations-
In Spanish, the word bar can be used to mean "bar," as it does in English, a place where people go to drink.

Club can be used to refer to virtually any type of club, from golf clubs to yacht clubs to nightclubs-most often nightclubs.

Pub means the same in both Spanish and English.

In Spanish camping and cámping can be used to mean "camping," "campground" or "campsite."

In English, "parking" is a verb to refer to the act of parking a car. However, in Spanish it is a noun used to refer to a parking lot.
-Other-
58. Bestseller / Béstseller

In both Spanish and English, this word is used to refer to popular books.

These terms are used to refer to comic strips and comic books.

Though sometimes referred to as pasatiempo, a hobby is often called a hobby.

Boicot comes from the English word "boycott."

Bol comes from the English word "bowl." Whether it's filled with helado (ice cream) or something else is a moot point.

In Spanish, this term refers to a heart bypass but not a road bypass.

64. Overbooking

This word has the same meaning in both Spanish and English. Once you've gotten bumped from a flight because of it, it's a term you'll never forget.

65. Marketing

Used exclusively as a noun in Spanish, this refers to the commercial field of marketing and the act of marketing a product or service.

Though sometimes called hostelería, catering or cátering can also be used to refer to caterers themselves, their businesses and the general services they offer.

Zapping is a colloquial term used for channel surfing

Whether in Spanish or English, this is an agreeable term.

As you can see, Spanish uses a lot of English words.

With new terms entering each language daily, the overlap between these two great languages will only grow with time.

Learn them as you go-they're basically freebie vocabulary words!

And One More Thing...

If you like learning colorful, memorable Spanish lessons like this one, then you'll love FluentU.

FluentU takes real-world videos like music videos, commercials, news, and inspiring talks and turns them into Spanish learning experiences.

Other sites use scripted content. FluentU uses a natural approach that helps you ease into the Spanish language and culture over time. You'll learn Spanish as it's actually spoken by real people.

FluentU has a wide variety of videos-topics like soccer, TV shows, business, movies and even magical realism, as you can see here:

FluentU brings native videos within reach with interactive transcripts. You can tap on any word to look it up instantly. Every definition has examples that have been written to help you understand how the word is used. If you see an interesting word you don't know, you can add it to a vocab list.

Learn all the vocabulary in any video with FluentU's Learn Mode. Swipe left or right to see more examples of the word you're on.

The best part is that FluentU keeps track of the vocabulary that you're learning, and it recommends you examples and videos based on the words you've already learned. Every learner has a truly personalized experience, even if they're learning the same video.

Start using FluentU on the website with your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU App from the iTunes store. The Android app is coming soon!

If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn Spanish with real-world videos.
Experience Spanish immersion online!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Double Agents: 68 Sneaky English Words Undercover as Spanish Words

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Are they speaking English?No, they couldn't be. But that word sounded so darn familiar.You're speaking Spanish with native speakers, and all of sudden something odd happened. You can hardly make sense of it. But-ah, again!-there's another strangely familiar word that sounds distinctly un-Spa

# data[].attributes.body
El dialecto de paraguay es raro en lo que pronuncian el final de sílaba /r/ como el ‘r’ duro que se usa en inglés como en la palabra “order”. Esta pronunciación es el resultado de la influencia del Guaraní. El video explica que hay mucha superposición de español y guaraní, pero una diferencia es que se usan una letra similar a la “y” y es difícil para hispanohablantes pronunciar.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Guarani Language Tips (Paraguayan Native Language)

# data[].attributes.body
El dialecto de chile es único en lo que hay el sonido [ts] para pronunciar la fonema /ch/. Este dialecto es muy similar al español andalusí. Similar al dialecto de españa, se usan el aspiracion de la ‘s’, y el artículo que elegí describe que el aspiracion se aspire al sonido [h]. También explica que se cambia el “tu” conjugación de “es”/”as” a “ai” como en la frase “Tu hablai”.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Chilean Spanish is different from the Spanish you learn in class.

2. Even native Spanish speakers have trouble understanding Chileans.

3. Chilean Spanish is the hardest Spanish to learn.

4. If you can understand Chilean Spanish, you can understand anything in the language.

Today, I'm here to dig deeper into #3, from a linguist's point of view. We've all heard that Chilean Spanish is challenging. Most likely, you've even experienced the struggle of learning the Chilean dialect first-hand. So, what makes Chilean Spanish so difficult to learn?

You've probably heard people say "Chileans don't pronounce the 's' ". While this may seem to be what they're doing, in linguistics, Chileans actually aspirate the "s" at the end of a word when it follows a vowel. For example, let's take a phrase like:

Los chilenos son más conservadores.

In Spanish class, we were always taught to pronounce the "s". Contrary to what most people think, Chileans are not entirely leaving off the 's'; instead, it is aspirated to [h]. So, if the Chilean pronunciation of this previous phrase were to be written out (in layman's pronunciation, not in phonetic script), it would be something like:

Loh chilenoh son máh conservadoreh.

So, what's the difficulty?

The aspiration of the 's' often makes it hard for those learning Spanish to distinguish where one word ends and another begins. Language learners are caught listening for a sound that they were taught in a traditional Spanish classroom that is not actually "pronounced" in the Chilean dialect.

While "s" is the most common letter to trip up students of Chilean Spanish, "d" would most certainly be the second. It's not that Chileans never pronounce the "d". For example, you'll notice in words like difundir and dibujar that the "d" is pronounced like normal. However, we run into a bit of a challenge when a "d" is surrounded by vowels. In Spanish, this would be in reference to adjectives and participles ending in "ado" as well as some nouns. For example:

You'll notice that in the first example, we have a feminine adjective (thus the 'a' ending). In this case, the pronunciation would sound something like:

Instead of pronouncing the "d", the vowel "a" is accented (in pronunciation ONLY, the spelling in written form does not change and will never change).

In the second and third case, we see a similar occurrence. The pronunciation becomes:

So, when we have a masculine ending, we will see a pronunciation similar to the "ao" in the word "chao".

So, what's the difficulty?

Once again, language learners will be listening for a sound that they are not going to hear. Nonetheless, it's not that difficult once you know to look for it. In fact, I would argue that the "d" lenition is less difficult to catch than the "s" aspiration as it normally occurs in the middle of two vowels instead of at the very end of the word.

Something very random happens in Chile in the tú conjugation. The actual pronoun "tú" remains the same (except for the occasional vos); however, the conjugation changes. For example, in Standard Spanish, you would hear conjugation such as "hablas, comes, llamas, pides, etc.". Nonetheless, Chileans conjugate these differently.

You'll notice that in Spanish there are "-ar","-er", and "-ir" verbs. You can see above that "-ar" conjugates as an "ai" ending while "-er" and "-ir" verbs take an "i" ending.

So, what's the difficulty?

I don't fault our Spanish teachers for not teaching us the "ai" conjugation. I mean, if they were to take the time to teach us the different conjugations that each Spanish speaking country uses, it would just be superfluous. Due to the fact that Chile is a smaller nation (17.62 million people), this isn't something that we are likely to even realize until we visit Chile. So, my advice is to just pick it up as you go along. Start imitating the conjugations that you hear your Chilean friends use.

Like with any country, Chilean Spanish has its own phrases/sayings. Nonetheless, let me be completely forthcoming in saying that Chile is notorious for its chilenismos. In a way, I feel that as a U.S. Southerner, I can kind of relate. For example, I hear my grandparents say things all of the time that I know my friends from other regions of the U.S. would never understand. Still, Chile as a country, not just as a region, loves its slang. Here are some examples of sayings that, to the best of my knowledge, you'll only hear in Chile (I've highlighted the words that are "Chilean"):

...and that's just the beginning. There are loads of books and articles that cover the thousands of Spanish expressions that are native to Chile. One of my favorites? How to Survive in the Chilean Jungle .

So, what's the difficulty?

Well, unless you had a Chilean Spanish teacher, your professor most likely didn't even know these chilenismos to begin with. When arriving to Chile, do your best to familiarize yourself with these Chilean phrases. That way, even if you don't feel comfortable using these expressions, you will still be able to understand their meaning.

When I began to learn Spanish in school, I didn't know it at the time, but many of the words I was being taught were variants that just aren't used everywhere. In fact, I would venture to say that, having learned Spanish in the United States, I was most often taught the Central American version of certain words. Once you start traveling to different Spanish-speaking nations, you'll notice that many of the vocabulary words are different. This is just like if we were to compare American and British English. So, while words like carro and aguacate are acceptable in Mexico, the terms for these concepts in Chile are auto and palta. I've actually written an entire post about this concept, titled: Chilean Vocabulary You Didn't Learn in Class.

So, what's the difficulty?

Sometimes I think that when we're taught something in school, we just automatically accept that that's the way it is. So, it's hard for us to change some of the most simple Spanish vocabulary that we were taught in one of our first classes. However, after spending a longer period of time in Chile, I promise that this gets easier.

Leah is a translator and part-time traveler currently based in Santiago, Chile. She loves languages, nerdy history podcasts, and baby talking to every dog she meets.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
WHAT MAKES CHILEAN SPANISH SO DIFFICULT TO LEARN? - Gringa Journeys

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Chilean Spanish is different from the Spanish you learn in class. Even native Spanish speakers have trouble understanding Chileans. Chilean Spanish is the hardest Spanish to learn. If you can understand Chilean Spanish, you can understand anything in the language. Today, I'm here to dig deeper into #3, from a linguist's point of view.

# data[].attributes.body
Algunos de los dialectos de españa son de midraleno, andaluz, extremeño, canario, y asturiano. Específicamente, el dialecto andaluz es muy interesante porque emite los consonantes ‘d’ y ‘r’, y hay la aspiración de la ‘s’. Se usan los sonidos /θ/ y /ʎ/, lo que diferencian ellos de los otros dialectos de latinoamérica. También es común usar “vosotros” en lugar de la palabra “ustedes”.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Spanish Dialects: How Spanish is Spoken Around the World - ALTA Language Services

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Even within a single language or language group there may be major differences in speech. The term dialect refers to those differences in intonation and pronunciation - and even words and expressions that exist in some branches of a language while absent in others. Spanish has a rich history that ...

# data[].attributes.body
El dialecto de México tiene rasgos originales como el fuerte consonantismo y el uso de los diminutivos. No se usa “vos” o “vosotros” como otros dialectos. El sitio web que elegí habla sobre los lenguajes originales y sobre que muchos de los han muertos, casi 130+. El gobierno de México trabaja para promover el uso de los lenguajes para mantener las lenguas indígenas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Throughout Mexico, around 6% of people speak at least one indigenous language, although around double that number claim to be part of an indigenous group. While there are undeniably a vast number of indigenous languages still in use, over recent years an estimated 130+ have died out; of the 287 individual languages once present in Mexico, four are already extinct, 280 are indigenous, 87 are in trouble and a worrying 33 are dying. Other reports put that the number of dying languages is as high as 60.

Admittedly, Mexico's government works hard to promote the use and upkeep of the country's remaining indigenous languages, encouraging bilingual education in an effort to preserve the vast wealth of culture and custom that comes along with indigenous language learning and use. The Law of Linguistic Rights declares 68 indigenous languages the joint official languages of the country, alongside Spanish - this means that all official documents are produced in 69 different versions and indigenous speakers have access to legal advice in their native tongue. While many criticise the fact that this is not quite true in practice, it's still quite a change from the 20th century, when speaking an indigenous language in a school environment was outright banned. Furthermore, the Mexican Constitution was amended in 2002 to reinforce the nation's pluricultural nature.

By far and away the most spoken of Mexico's indigenous languages are Náhuatl (1.4 million speakers), Yucatec Maya (750,000 speakers) and Mixteco (500,000 speakers). The former is predominantly spoken in Puebla, Veracruz and Hidalgo, whereas Yucatec Maya is (obviously) prevalent in the Yucatán peninsula. Mixteco is spoken principally in southwestern Mexico, although speakers are unique in that they have migrated all over Mexico and even to the US. Other widely (in the loosest definition of the word) spoken indigenous languages include: Zapoteco, with around 400,000 speakers principally in Oaxaca, Tzeltal and Tzotzil (both Mayan languages mainly spoken in Chiapas), Otomí with 240,000 speakers, Totonaca, Mazateco and Chol. A full list of Mexico's languages can be found here.

These are just the largest though and there are hundreds of more that are quite literally on the brink of extinction. Ayapenaco is spoken by just two elderly men, who don't even speak to one another, whereas Kiliwa has just 36 living speakers left, according to National Geographic. Other at risk languages in Mexico principally include those of the Zapotec, Chatino and Seri groups, although the rise of smartphones and technology is aiding their survival; for example, a talking dictionary for Zapotec speakers is under development.

Finally, we must give a special shout out to the four indigenous language isolates found in Mexico that have no significant ties to any other nearby language - think of them as the equivalents to the Basque language in Spain! First there's Purépecha, predominant in Michoacán, while Huave is found in four villages on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Seri is spoken in two small villages in Sonora and Tequistlatecan is the language of the Chontal people in Oaxaca.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Guide To Mexico's Indigenous Languages

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Throughout Mexico, around 6% of people speak at least one indigenous language, although around double that number claim to be part of an indigenous group. While there are undeniably a vast number of indigenous languages still in use, over recent years an estimated 130+ have died out; of the 287 individual languages once present in Mexico, four are already extinct, 280 are indigenous, 87 are in trouble and a worrying 33 are dying.

# data[].attributes.body
¿Que es el centro deíctico?

a) Un punto de referencia que pueda ser el lugar para hacer referencias de tiempo y localización

b) Un tiempo que refiere a un evento en una oración

c) Un lugar en una oración que hace referencia a un tiempo en la oración

# data[].attributes.body
El locativo se refiere a la localización de un evento, acción, o estado de un verbo en una oración. El temporal contraste con el locativo en que se refiere a un tiempo específico de un evento, acción, etc. El gráfico que elegí demuestra el concepto del centro deíctico- el punto donde un referencia puede ser interpretada, como una ubicación o un tiempo.

# data[].attributes.body
El recipiente de una oración es la cosa que recibe una acción o algo. El sitio que elegí elabora en que este rol semántico está restringido en que pueda ser. El beneficiario es la persona que beneficia o se perjudica por la acción del verbo, pero no participa en el evento. Hay el uso del “se” sin culpa en este rol semántico.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers.

# data[].attributes.headline
Comienzos tempranos del lenguaje espanol

# data[].attributes.subject
Comienzos tempranos del lenguaje espanol

# data[].attributes.body
El español se originó en la península ibérica durante del imperio Romano y se llaman “Hispania”. El lenguaje fue mezclado con las lenguas indígenas y fue cambiado más por la influencia de las visigodas. Después de la influencia de las visigodas, los conquistadores musulmanes moros contribuyeron muchas palabras del arabe.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As anything that's been around for 1,500+ years does, the Spanish language has a rich and complicated history. It has navigated the rise and fall of great empires, has been a symbol of cultural identity, and has both been used as a tool of unity and caused considerable divisiveness. Today, it is the world's second-most spoken native language and is used by people in all corners of the globe to express themselves. This fact makes Spanish a popular choice to learn, as native speakers are never too far away!

Origins in Latin

Spanish originated in the Iberian Peninsula as a dialect of spoken Latin, which is today called "Vulgar Latin," as opposed to the Classical Latin used in literature. The dialect of Spanish that we consider dominant in Europe is called Castellano or Castilian Spanish.

During the Roman Empire, the Latin language was the official language on the peninsula (called "Hispania"), but it mixed with the local languages of the inhabitants, including Celts and Iberians, and began to take on its own unique flavor.

The germination of this uniqueness was accelerated by the Visigoths, a Germanic group that conquered areas of the peninsula in the 4th century during the demise of the Roman Empire. The Visigoths spoke Latin at this time, and rather than a Germanic influence on the language, their main influence was of cultural depression on the peninsula, causing the form of Vulgar Latin spoken to develop in isolation in the 5th century. This is where historians and linguists pinpoint the beginnings of the Spanish language as we know it today.

Following the Visigoths, Muslim Moorish conquerors arrived and contributed more than 4,000 Spanish words from Arabic, along with cultural influences still evident in the design, art, and architecture of Spain. Adopted words from Arabic lost their original pronunciation, however, so the overall sounds or phonology of Spanish was surprisingly not heavily influenced by Arabic.

Castellano

The Reconquista period (between 711 and 1492) refers to the slow reconquering of present-day Spain from the Moors by the Kingdom of Castile (with the help of other allied kingdoms). Castilian Spanish was further popularized by the narrative poems spread orally about Castilian heroes in battle. These were recited even in areas that did not speak this dialect (people were short on entertainment back then).

In the 13th century, King Alfonso X of Castile, known as Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso the Wise), assembled scribes in his courts of Toledo to document various subjects such as astronomy, law, and history, including translation of classical literature into Spanish. You could say that King Alfonso X was wise to the fact that written language was all the rage, and that commissioning works to be written in his native Castilian before a similar effort was undertaken somewhere else would ensure his language (and therefore influence... and therefore power) would remain prominent. This was a genius marketing move for Castilian Spanish. This solid basis of written Castilian Spanish facilitated the spread of the language during the Reconquista.

The next monarchs of the Kingdom of Castile, Isabella and Ferdinand, were extremely influential in the course of the history of Spanish. Isabella was the queen of Castile and Ferdinand was the King of Aragon. Both kingdoms didn't become one right away, but " it is generally accepted by most scholars that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella." Under their rule, the Castilian variety of Spanish was made the official language of all the "re-conquered" territories. They supported Antonio de Nebrija's publication of Arte de la Lengua Castellana (The Art of the Castilian Language), the first attempt to define the grammar of a European language. Their imperial efforts also imposed Spanish on the natives of their American colonies.

Royal Spanish Academy

The Royal Spanish Academy, or Real Academia Española, was founded in 1713, mainly with the purpose of standardizing the language. For example, it did future Spanish learners a big favor by standardizing the use of accents to denote syllabic stress that does not follow the pronunciation rules (see Spanish pronunciation).

Between 1726-1739 it produced its first dictionary (in six volumes). It's still the authoritative source on Castilian Spanish today, reporting an estimated 93,000 words in its latest edition (2014). Because the language differs so much internationally, other Spanish-speaking countries have their own academies to keep tabs on their regional features.

Regional Languages of Spain

The original uploader was Alexandre Vigo at Galician Wikipedia.

Present-day Spain is home to several regional languages: Castilian (spoken by 99% of the population), Catalan (spoken by 19% of the population), Galician (spoken by 5% of the population), and Basque (spoken by 2% of the population). In some cases, these languages are not mutually intelligible for speakers, meaning that they can't understand each other without some difficulty. For example, the Basque language did not originate from the same language family as Spanish, and so it cannot be considered a dialect of Spanish. Today, Spaniards use Castilian Spanish as their lingua franca, but they use their regional language in their everyday lives and, in some cases, in schools and business.

During the Second World War, the dictator Francisco Franco declared Castilian Spanish Spain's only official language, prohibiting the use of other regional languages in many areas. As you might imagine, this caused turmoil in regions which identified more strongly with their regional heritage and local language than with the growing Spanish nationalistic fervor. The regime referred to these other languages as "dialects" of Spanish in a derogatory way - claiming that they were inferior and lacking, and therefore unfit for official use. The concept of "dialect" itself is very controversial and often has as much to do with historical and political implications as it does with linguistic tenets. As the old adage states: "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy." In this case, the reference to the regional languages of Spain as "dialects" had a strong nationalistic (unifying) motivation. Foreign films were dubbed into Castilian or forced to be reissued in Castilian if originally filmed in a regional language. Non-Castilian names were even banned for newborns in 1938.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Spanish parliament agreed to allow regions to print official documents in their regional languages, and today the use of local languages is no longer illegal. There is no doubt, though, that this historical period influenced the spread and status of Castilian Spanish. This recent cultural stifling still informs the identities of many people living in these regions in Spain. Visitors to Spain may notice a strong allegiance to regional identity and pride in local heritage as a consequence of this historical tension.

Spanish in the Americas

Latin America

Spanish colonization brought the language to the Americas beginning in 1492. Today, "Latin America" refers to countries that were subject to Spanish, French, and Portuguese imperialism and therefore still speak a Latin-based language. As a result of Spanish colonialism in Latin America and a few other areas of the globe, Spanish is the official language of 20 countries today (plus one territory: Puerto Rico) and is spoken by 400 million native speakers worldwide. Spanish colonies fought for their independence from Spain throughout the 18th century but maintained Spanish as their official language. Many of these new Latin American governments encouraged use of Spanish by the Amerindian majority to promote national unity following independence.

United States

The first European settlement in the present-day United States was actually established by Spain in what is now Florida. Spanish was the historical language of many current US states while controlled by the Spanish or Mexican governments. The gradual annexation of southwestern states changed the official language to English, but Spanish is still spoken by large portions of the populations in these areas today.

Researcher Rosino Lozano, author of An American Language: The History of Spanish in the United States, discusses how the transition from Spanish as an official language of territories in the American southwest stirred political tumult with the insinuation by many in power that these new territories couldn't be both Spanish-speaking and American. Language rights are still a complicated issue in the United States and continue to be a subject of debate. Although English is the only official language of the United States, government documents are still provided in Spanish in several states, such as in New Mexico and California. Spanish is also the most widely taught second language in the United States. In the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Spanish retains its status as the official language.

Old Spanish versus Modern Spanish

It may surprise you to know that Shakespeare's English was considered Modern English - that's how much a language can change over the years! Unlike Old English or Middle English, Old Spanish is relatively easy for a Modern Spanish (from the 16th century on) speaker to interpret. The possibility to read original medieval artifacts and ancient texts is a rare opportunity for language learners, which is usually complex even for native speakers.

Looking to improve your Spanish? Lingvist is the fastest way to learn Spanish vocabulary and Lingvist's Spanish course has more than 5,000 words!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The History of the Spanish Language | Lingvist

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As anything that's been around for 1,500+ years does, the Spanish language has a rich and complicated history. It has navigated the rise and fall of great empires, has been a symbol of cultural identity, and has both been used as a tool of unity and caused considerable divisiveness.

# data[].attributes.body
Dobletes lingüísticos son pares de palabras con el mismo origen, pero con una evolución diferente que resulta en dos palabras diferentes. El video que elegí explica que la resulta es una palabra patrimonial -“ha evolucionado a lo largo de todos los siglos” y está cerca al español actual- y culta/semiculta - “un préstamo del latin en espanol”.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
¿Por qué ‹c› y ‹g› delante de 'e' o 'i' se pronuncian de forma diferente que si van seguidas de 'a', 'o', 'u', o sea, /ka/, /θe/, /θi/, /ko/, /ku/ y /ga/, /xe/, /xi/, /go/, /gu/?

Esto tiene que ver con la evolución fonética desde el latín al español.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Doblete léxico: definición, ejemplos y recursos para estudiarlos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
¿Por qué ‹c› y ‹g› delante de 'e' o 'i' se pronuncian de forma diferente que si van seguidas de 'a', 'o', 'u', o sea, /ka/, /θe/, /θi/, /ko/, /ku/ y /ga/, /xe/, /xi/, /go/, /gu/? Esto tiene que ver con la evolución fonética desde el latín al español.

# data[].attributes.body
El latin vulgar era una version de latin hablada en el región mediterraneo durante y despues de periodo clasico del el imperio Romano. Esta versión de latin es diferente del latin clásico en lo que es menos estandarizado sin ortografía oficial. Caracteristicas del latin vulgar se constituyen por palabras más “coloradas” de los de latin clásico y construcciones sintéticas en lugar de construcciones analiticas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Vulgar Latin, spoken form of non-Classical Latin from which originated the Romance group of languages.

Later Latin (from the 3rd century ce onward) is often called Vulgar Latin-a confusing term in that it can designate the popular Latin of all periods and is sometimes also used for so-called Proto-Romance ( roman commun), a theoretical construct based on consistent similarities among all or most Romance languages. All three senses of the term Vulgar Latin in fact share common features but, given their different theoretical status, can hardly be called identical or even comparable. When Christianity was officially adopted by the Roman Empire (4th century), Vulgar Latin elements were diffused through certain religious texts. Its "vulgarisms" often called forth apologies from Christian authors, whose false humility seems akin to pride in that they did not succumb to the frivolities of pagan literary style.

Aside from the numerous inscriptions found throughout the empire, there is no shortage of texts in Vulgar Latin. One of the first is the so-called Appendix Probi (3rd-4th centuries ce; "Appendix to Probus['s Grammar]"), which lists correct and incorrect forms of 227 words, probably as an orthographic aid to scribes. That work illustrates some phonological changes that may have already occurred in the spoken language (e.g., loss of unstressed penultimate syllables and loss of final m). The Vulgate, St. Jerome's translation of the Bible (385-404 ce), and some of the works of St. Augustine (354-430 ce) are among Christian works written in Vulgar Latin. Particularly amusing and also linguistically instructive is the so-called Peregrinatio Etheriae ("Pilgrimage of Etheria"), also called Itinerarum Egeriae ("Travel of Egeria"), written probably in the 4th century by a Spanish nun, describing her visit to the Holy Land. Medical and grammatical works also abound from approximately 400 ce to the 7th century (among the writers were the provincials Cosentius, from Gaul; Virgilius Maro, from southern Gaul; and St. Isidore of Sevilla, from Spain).

Some of the characteristics of Vulgar Latin recall popular features of classical and preclassical times and foreshadow Romance developments. In vocabulary, especially, many of the sober classical words are rejected in favour of more colourful popular terms, especially derivatives and diminutives: thus, portare 'to carry' (French porter, Italian portare, etc.) is preferred to ferre; cantare 'to sing again and again' (French chanter Spanish and Portuguese cantar, etc.) to canere; vetulus 'little old man' (Romanian vechi, Italian vecchio, French vieux, etc.) to vetus. In grammar, synthetic constructions typical of Classical Latin are often replaced by analytic; thus, the use of prepositions often makes case endings superfluous. Ad regem for regi 'to the king,' for instance, or anomalous morphological forms are simplified and rationalized (e.g., plus, or magis, sanus for sanior 'healthier'). Shorter, simpler sentences are preferred, and word order tends to become less flexible.

Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today

The most copious evidence for Vulgar Latin is in the realm of phonology, though interpretation of the evidence is often open to dispute, consisting as it does of the confused descriptions of grammarians and the misspellings of bewildered scribes. Much of the evidence points to a strengthening of stress accent during the Late period, leading to the shortening and swallowing of unaccented syllables: thus, viridem 'green' becomes virdem ( verde in several Romance languages); vinea 'vine' becomes vinia (French vigne, Spanish viña 'vineyard,' etc.).

Among other phonological features of Vulgar Latin, probably the most striking is the loss of the system of long and short vowels. On the whole, long vowels became tense and short vowels lax, resulting in a wholesale change in the rhythm of the language. In the texts there is evidence of the confusion of ĭ and ē and of ŭ and ō that has occurred in the western Romance languages. It is to be remembered that even popular Latin verse used measures of vowel length, and there is no evidence to suggest that vowel-length distinctions were lost in vulgar preclassical speech.

An archaic feature that does recur in Vulgar Latin is the loss of word-final m, of which virtually no trace remains in Romance languages. It is possible, however, that the written letter of Classical Latin was no more than an orthographic convention for a nasal twang: in scanning Latin verse, the - m is always run in (elided) before an initial vowel. Reduction of the diphthongs /ae/ (to /ɛ/) and /au/ (to /ɔ/) seems also to be a popular and dialectal feature reflected in Vulgar Latin texts; in the latter case, however, the Romance languages do not support the hypothesis that the diphthong was reduced early, for it remains in Old Provençal and in Romanian and, probably, in early Old French.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Vulgar Latin, spoken form of non-Classical Latin from which originated the Romance group of languages. Later Latin (from the 3rd century ce onward) is often called Vulgar Latin-a confusing term in that it can designate the popular Latin of all periods and is sometimes also used for so-called

# data[].attributes.body
El appendix probi es una lista sobre el lenguaje vernáculo que destaca 227 errores que ocurrieron en el transcurso de la evolución del latin. Fue escrito entre el siglo 3 y 4 por Marcus Valerius Probus. En este tiempo, muchas cosas que definieron el latin eran perdidas como el metro latin original y el reemplazo de vocales largos y cortos por vocales abiertas y cerradas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Appendix Probi by Marcus Valerius Probus - Part 1

# data[].attributes.body
Hay 10 usos de se, y el video que elegí explica 7 de los usos. Algunos de los usos que el video explica son el se reflexivo (se utiliza en tercera persona singular o plural), el se recíproco (los sujetos hacen la acción entre ellos), sustituyendo a le/les (específicamente cuando hay una frase “le lo dije” y no suena correcto), etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
➡️ Cuándo usar el PRONOMBRE SE en ESPAÑOL ➡ 📓 7 USOS y Valores del SE

# data[].attributes.body
El orden de palabras en español son presentados en dos maneras: el orden natural y el orden invertido. El orden natural consiste de la forma sujeto-verbo-objeto-(complementos adverbiales), y el orden invertido consiste de la forma (complementos adverbiales)-sujeto-verbo-objeto. El sitio explica que si el orden natural de una oración está convertido al orden invertido, necesita ser una coma.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Por lo general, el español presenta la información discursiva con el siguiente orden de palabras: sujeto (S), verbo (V) y objeto (o). Esta combinación se acompaña de frases adverbiales en la posición final, es decir, se presentan después del objeto. Sin embargo, por razones de foco, es decir, porque discursivamente se quiere focalizar cierta información, el orden natural del español se ve alterado, pues en el español, la información relevante se presenta al inicio del discurso. Entonces, es posible mover grupos de palabras que, en su conjunto, forman construcciones adverbiales, y presentarlas, en lugar de en posición final, en posición inicial. Así, se reconoce un tipo de orden natural y otro invertido.

Orden natural

Ejemplo:

Orden invertido

Ejemplo:

Nota: Cuando se invierte el orden natural de la oración y lo que le sigue es un sustantivo explícito, la oración debe contener una coma. Obsérvese el siguiente ejemplo.

a. Muchos diputados presentaron sus propuestas en la reunión.

b. En la reunión, muchos diputados presentaron sus propuestas.

c. * En la reunión, presentaron sus propuestas.

Escribe en la línea 'natural' o 'invertido para identificar el orden de las palabras de las siguientes oraciones.

1. __________ En la discusión, el presidencialismo ha sido el objeto de estudio y el parlamentarismo el punto de referencia.

2. __________ El FMI funge como asesor de política económica y como institución crediticia a la que acuden los países con problemas en la balanza de pagos.

3. __________ El primer enfoque indica la irremediable presencia de la guerra en la interacción estatal.

4. __________ El arte abstracto fue la contribución más importante hecha a la historia del arte durante el siglo veinte.

5. __________ En 1990, Argentina inició el Plan de Convertibilidad y Reforma Estructural, en el que se incluyó la Ley № 23928 de Convertibilidad del Austral, aprobada por el Congreso el 27 de mayo de 1991.

6. __________ Entre mediados de la década de los cuarenta y finales de los años cincuenta, el arte abstracto fue rechazado por gran parte de la sociedad estadounidense.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Por lo general, el español presenta la información discursiva con el siguiente orden de palabras: sujeto (S), verbo (V) y objeto (o). Esta combinación se acompaña de frases adverbiales en la posición final, es decir, se presentan después del objeto.

# data[].attributes.body
Las oraciones se forman colocando el sujeto, y después el predicado que puede ser el verbo con un complemento. Oraciones simples consisten de un sujeto y sólo un predicado. Estas oraciones se clasifican según la actitud del hablante o según la naturaleza del predicado (el verbo). La foto demuestra la simplicidad de la formación de las oraciones simples.

# data[].attributes.body
El video explica que un sintagma es una oración con una palabra que se refiere al núcleo. Este núcleo funciona dentro de un grupo de palabras con la estructura ( )+núcleo+ ( ) y en términos más simples es la cosa más esencial para la cohesión de la oración. Después de identificar el núcleo, el video explica que pueden ser clasificados como nominal, verbal, adjetival, adverbial, y preposicional.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
El Sintagma Concepto, Estructura, Clases

# data[].attributes.body
Esta categoría se refiere a los cambios que ocurren en palabras que determinan el género y número, sin cambiar la categoría gramatical de la palabra. La morfología flexiva se separa en dos categorías: lexema (la raíz) y morfemas (flexivos y derivativos). Los flexivos determinan el género y número (en caso de los sustantivos) y tiempo/persona/número/aspecto (en caso de los verbos). Los derivativos se constituyen de prefijos (la morfema que viene antes de la raíz), interfijos, y sufijos (que viene después de la raíz).

# data[].attributes.body
Palabras simples consiste de solamente la raíz o la raíz con un(os) sufijo(s) que no cambia el significado de la palabra. Palabras compuestas tienen dos o más raíces y pueden ser formado por sustantivo+sustantivo, sustantivo+verbo, y sustantivo+adjetivo. Palabras derivadas consisten de los tipos normalización (sustantivos creados por un sustantivo+adjetivo/verbo/sustantivo), adjetivación (la formación de adjetivos de adjetivo+adjetivo/sustantivo/verbo, y verbalización (verbo+verbo/adjetivo/sustantivo).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Palabras simples, compuestas y derivadas - Introducción a la Lingüística

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Este sitio te ayudara a tener una visión panorámica e introductoria acerca de los estudios lingüísticos.

# data[].attributes.body
La clase abierta se constituye de infinitas posibilidades para crear palabras nuevas y son las categorías sustantivo, adjetivo, adverbio, verbos y interjección. Con estas palabras, puede cambiar un sustantivo a un verbo y adjetivo, etc. La clase cerrada se constituye de un número de elementos limitados y no puede crear más palabras de esas. Son las categorías de conjunciones, artículos, pronombres, y preposiciones.

# data[].attributes.body
Las categorías léxicas están constituidos de 9 partes: sustantivos, artículos, pronombres, verbos, adjetivos, adverbios, preposiciones, conjunciones, y interjecciones. El sitio explica que cada categoría se puede refinar más como los artículos siendo definidos y indefinidos, verbos transitivos, intransitivos o transitivos, y otros refinamientos en las otras categorías. Además, los 9 categorías sirven como términos paraguases para las categorías refinamientos que están usados para describir partes de las oraciones.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
I hated grammar in fifth grade. I didn't know what the teacher was talking about when she talked about adverbs modifying adverbs or adjectives... In junior high school, it seemed like something only the girls were good at and so it went, until high school. But this isn't about me, except to show that if grammar is tough for you, you are not alone. I too was once a 99-lb. grammatical weakling.

After thirty years of teaching Spanish, I am convinced that most students need a class in English grammar before they should be allowed to study Spanish. As a Spanish professor, I get a bit annoyed when I hear people justify taking a foreign language on the grounds that it will improve one's knowledge of English. After all, the Spanish language is not an auxiliary to the English language, and certainly not to an English department.

For almost all of the past 30 years, I've begun with a quick overview of the parts of speech, so that when speaking of nouns, for instance, I don't have to use long circumlocutions as if the four-letter word noun were as dirty as a few other four-letter words. By learning some basic terminology about how to talk about language, teacher and student will be on the same page. Students will ask intelligent questions and be able to identify their own areas of difficulty if they at least know how to identify the types of words they don't understand.

Let's start with an analogy from science. There are many types of orchids (around 25,000 so I understand), and each has a name. There are far more words in most languages than there are types of orchids - but they each can be put in one of nine boxes, for the sake of classification. Some words may wear two hats, and function as a noun and a verb; for instance book, the noun, is something you read, but "to book" is a verb, meaning what police do when they arrest someone - "Book 'em, Dano!" - or, according to a slang expression somewhat out of date, to run off very quickly, either in flight from or in haste toward - "When we heard they were gunna bust us, we booked it!"

Nine Parts Of Speech

The nine Parts of Speech are:

1. articles (art.)

2. nouns (n.)

3. adjectives (adj.)

4. verbs (v.)

5. adverbs (adv.)

6. pronouns (pr. or pron.)

7. prepositions (prep.)

8. conjunctions (conj.)

9. interjections (inter.)

The part of speech of a word is usually indicated immediately after the dictionary entry of a word, often abbreviated as shown above.

Each of the parts of speech can be further refined, such as the fact that there are definite and indefinite articles, and that verbs can be transitive, intransitive or ditransitive... more on all that in other articles. Beginners should take some comfort in the fact that these nine categories serve as umbrellas to cover them all, such as a genus stands in relation to species in the scientific names used to classify living things.

For more detail, see each article, or cluster of articles, on each part of speech. Flex your grammatical muscles! You just grew a little, knowing what you've just read here.

This post is part of the series: Parts of Speech

If you can classify words - the building blocks of language, it is easier to figure out what they are for & where they go in a sentence. Grammar teaches the proper arrangement of words, according to the idiom or dialect of any particular people...keep words in the right box: the Parts of Speech.

1. Learning about the Parts of Speech: English and Spanish

2. Definite and Indefinite Articles: English and Spanish

3. Looking at Words that Describe: Spanish Adjectives

4. Parts of Speech: Pronouns in English and in Spanish

5. Parts of Speech: Nouns

6. Parts of Speech: Prepositions in Spanish

7. Parts of Speech: Guide to Prepositional Usage with Spanish Verbs

8. Understanding Verbs in English and Spanish

9. Let's Learn about Adverbs in Spanish

10. Using Conjunctions in Spanish: Words that Glue or Unglue a Sentence

11. Using Interjections: Compare Spanish and English

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Spanish Grammar and the 9 Parts of Speech

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Whatever the language you are learning, the language has the same parts of speech. This short introduction is an overview of the classification of words, considered separately. It uses a scientific analogy to help people become comfortable talking about language. It will help students ask more intelligent questions about what they don't understand in language classes.

# data[].attributes.body
¿Cuál es la definición correcta de los alófonos y los fonemas?

a) Fonema- un conjunto de sonidos; alófono- sonidos individuales que crean palabras

b) Fonema- la ortografía de palabras; alófono- la ortografía de sonidos fonéticamente

c) Fonema- sonidos individuales que crean palabras; alófono- un conjunto de sonidos

# data[].attributes.body
Un diptongo es una sílaba con un vocal débil -<i> y <u>- y un vocal fuerte -<a>, <e> y <o>- y la combinación crea una “desliza” entre los vocales. Un triptongo combina dos vocales débiles con un vocal fuerte en la manera débil+fuerte+débil. Cuando escribimos palabras con diptongos y triptongos fonéticamente, usamos las letras <w> para el vocal <u> y <j> para el vocal <i>.

# data[].attributes.body
Las reglas de la silabificación identifican como debe escribir transcripciones de palabras con el utilización de las fonemas. Esencialmente, cada silabo necesita un vocal, no puede ser más de tres sonidos por silabo, hay una preferencia para la sílabas abiertas, necesita ser una líquida consonante en los grupos consonánticos, y finalmente en los grupos consonánticos necesita ser una <s> en el posición posnuclear.

# data[].attributes.body
Los sonidos vocales dependen de dos cosas: la lengua y los labios. La lengua tiene dos planos: vertical y horizontal, y dentro de las posiciones hay (vertical) alta, media y baja, y (horizontal) anterior, central y posterior. La boca se define como cerrada, media, y abierta para producir las vocales, y los labios se definen como estirados, redondeados, y neutras.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Download a one-page PDF of this article.
Vowels and vowel sounds are not the same thing. In the English alphabet, there are 5 vowels: A, E, I, O, U. However there are many more vowel sounds. This document deals with vowel sounds.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) maps all the language sounds the human voice makes. In the notational system, some of the symbols look like normal letters, but there are many strange and invented symbols as well, some of which can be seen in the chart below.

This particular chart maps the most common vowel sounds on the basis of whether 1) the tongue is moved nearer the front or back of the mouth, 2) whether the tongue is raised closer to the top of the mouth, or lowered, and 3) whether the lips are forward, neutral or back.

1. Front & Back: Vowel sounds on the left of the chart represent a more forward or 'front' position for the tongue, while those on the right of the chart represent a more 'back' position.

2. Close (high) & Open (low): If the tongue is higher, nearer the hard palate ('roof' of the mouth), the symbol is place higher on the chart, and called a 'close' vowel sound. If the symbol is lower on the chart, the tongue is lower, and the vowel sound is referred to as more 'open'.

3. Rounded (lips forward) & Unrounded: Vowel symbols placed on the right of a pair represent the lips 'rounded' forwards (towards a pout). Symbols placed on the left of a pair represent the lips 'spread' or pulled back ('unrounded').

It is important to understand that the symbols do not indicate sounds, but only standardised lip+tongue positions. The sound is what is produced when particular lip+tongue positions are adopted. I have added 'guide' words (mostly beginning with the letter 'F') for some of the symbols. This will not necessarily help you I'm afraid, as any given word can be pronounced lots of different ways, depending on a person's accent. I have based my choices on how the lip+tongue position would approximately sound if someone was speaking English in what is called 'Received Pronunciation' (RP). There is a useful set of audio samples here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Download a one-page PDF of this article. Vowels and vowel sounds are not the same thing. In the English alphabet, there are 5 vowels: A, E, I, O, U. However there are many more vowel sounds. This document deals with vowel sounds. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) maps all the language sounds the human voice makes.

# data[].attributes.body
La fonología es la estudia de los sonidos de un lenguaje y consiste de los alófonos y las fonemas. Los alófonos son sonidos individuales y un fonema es un conjunto de alófonos. También refiere a pares mínimos: dos o más palabras que tienen el mismo número de sonidos, pero un sonido es diferente. El video explica más como distinguir un par mínimo.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Cualquier hispanohablante sabe sin titubeos que son cinco las vocales, como todo el mundo sabe: a, e, i, o, u. En español la correspondencia de letras y de fonemas vocálicos es simétrica.

Sin embargo, tenemos que preguntarnos cómo hemos llegado a esta situación desde las diez vocales que tenía el latín y por qué la mayoría de las lenguas romances tienen, al menos, siete.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
¿Qué es un par mínimo en fonética? ‹ Glosario de términos lingüísticos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Cualquier hispanohablante sabe sin titubeos que son cinco las vocales, como todo el mundo sabe: a, e, i, o, u. En español la correspondencia de letras y de fonemas vocálicos es simétrica. Sin embargo, tenemos que preguntarnos cómo hemos llegado a esta situación desde las diez vocales que tenía el latín y por qué la mayoría de las lenguas romances tienen, al menos, siete.

# data[].attributes.body
De acuerdo al artículo, la mayoría de la gente -97%- tienen la lenguaje representada en el hemisferio izquierdo, pero hay gente con la lengua presentada en el hemisferio derecho y estas personas son zurdos. Se dice que las redes neuronales en el cerebro son formadas con el tiempo y por eso, el lenguaje se desarrolla durante los primeros años de la vida.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The human brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere is the "logical brain" and is involved in language and analysis and the right hemisphere is the "creative brain," involved in daydreaming and imagination. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body while the right hemisphere controls the left side.

The earliest research on speech and language centers of the brain dates back to the early nineteenth century. Physicians noted that brain-injured patients with damage to the left hemisphere would lose power of speech and language abilities, while those with injuries to the right hemisphere did not lose this ability.

Recent studies have shown that in around 97% of people, language is represented in the left hemisphere. However, in about 19% of left-handed people, the areas responsible for language are in the right hemisphere and as many as 68% of them have some language abilities in both the left and the right hemispheres.

Determination of language areas

A procedure called cortical stimulation mapping is a technique that is used to analyze regions of the brain that are related to speech. On performing brain surgery to treat epilepsy or remove tumors for example, electrical stimulation of speech-related areas in the cortex prevents the patient from being able to name things that are shown to them and may also prevent their ability to produce grammatically coherent sentences. When such a site is indentified, it is spared, since damaging these areas could cause a temporary or permanent loss of speech.

Neural networks in the brain

Neural networks are established over time as an individual learns and experiences things. Language and speech skills are therefore acquired after birth. The human genome codes for the speech ability that will evolve as the brain is trained.

Speech and language brain regions

The visual cortex is the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing visual information.

The auditory cortex in the cerebral cortex processes auditory information and as part of the sensory system for hearing, performs both basic and higher hearing functions.

Wernicke's area is an area in the cerebral cortex related to speech and is involved in both spoken and written language. This area was named after Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist who discovered that the area is related to how words and syllables are pronounced.

Broca's area is an area in the frontal lobe of the brain that is related to the production of speech. The area is named after Pierre Paul Broca who noticed an impaired ability to produce speech in two patients who had sustained injury to the region.

Reviewed by Sally Robertson, BSc

Further Reading

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The human brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere is the "logical brain" and is involved in language and analysis and the right hemisphere is the "creative brain," involved in daydreaming and imagination. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body while the right hemisphere controls the left side.

# data[].attributes.body
Este artículo corto publicado por la Universidad de Arizona describe la necesidad del estudio de la lingüística. La lingüística explora las propiedades entre lenguajes diferentes y comunes y enfoca en los elementos de: la fonética, la fonología, la morfología, la sintaxis, la semántica, la lexicología, la pragmática, la sociolingüística, la dialectología, la lingüística histórica, la psicolingüística, y la neurolinguistica.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Have you ever wondered why we say "feet" rather than "foots"? Or what we do with our mouths to make a b sound different from a p? Or why we rarely say what we actually mean? It's questions like these that intrigue the linguist!

Many people think that a linguist is someone who speaks many languages and works as a language teacher or as an interpreter at the United Nations. In fact, these people are more accurately called "Polyglots". While many linguists are polyglots, the focus of linguistics is about the structure, use and psychology of language in general.

Linguistics is concerned with the nature of language and communication. It deals both with the study of particular languages, and the search for general properties common to all languages or large groups of languages. It includes the following subareas :

phonetics (the study of the production, acoustics and hearing of speech sounds)

phonology (the patterning of sounds)

morphology (the structure of words)

syntax (the structure of sentences)

semantics (meaning)

pragmatics (language in context)

It also includes explorations into the nature of language variation (i. e., dialects), language change over time, how language is processed and stored in the brain, and how it is acquired by young children. All of these topics are examined in the coursework offered by the University of Arizona's Department of Linguistics.

Although linguistics is still largely unfamiliar to the educated public, it is a growing and exciting field, with an increasingly important impact on other fields as diverse as psychology, philosophy, education, language teaching, sociology, anthropology, computer science, and artificial intelligence.

A student with an interest in linguistics can choose among several different career paths. Some of these are listed below. Note that different career paths will benefit from different course concentrations, so it's a good idea to consult with the undergraduate advisor when choosing courses.
Careers with a B.A. in Linguistics only

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics and teach English in a foreign country. Many of our students pursue teaching in countries such as Russia or Japan.

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics, coupled with excellent multilingual skills, and work as a translator. For example, translators of American Sign Language are in demand in many places in the U.S.

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics, coupled with a concentration of courses in computer science, and obtain a position in a company like Macintosh, IBM or Microsoft creating computers that can comprehend and produce human languages. For example, many new search engines work on the basis of natural languages. In recent years, the demand for people with such backgrounds has exploded, and linguists are in high demand.

Careers with a B.A. in Linguistics Plus 2-3 Years of Additional Graduate Training

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics and go on for a Masters degree in education in order to teach English as a second language in the U.S. or to teach a foreign language in an American school.

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics and go on for a graduate degree in another field. For example, many of our graduates in recent years have gone on to law school. Linguistics teaches excellent analytic and writing skills needed in fields like law and journalism.

Careers with a B.A. in Linguistics Plus 4-5 Years of Additional Graduate Training

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics and go on for a Ph.D. in Linguistics in order to teach at a college or university or to work in language-related industry (e.g., editing, software development).

Receive a B.A. in Linguistics, coupled with courses in computer sciences, philosophy or psychology, and go on for a Ph.D. in Cognitive Science in order to teach at a college or university or to work in industry on problems involving language and artificial intelligence.

Click here to read an article from the Wall Street Journal about careers for people with linguistics degrees

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Have you ever wondered why we say "feet" rather than "foots"? Or what we do with our mouths to make a b sound different from a p? Or why we rarely say what we actually mean? It's questions like these that intrigue the linguist!

# data[].attributes.body
Las características del lenguaje humano consisten de ocho conceptos: arbitrariedad, desplazamiento, articulación dual, productividad, prevaricación, reflexividad, unidades discretas, y creatividad. El artículo elegido elabora en el concepto que el lenguaje humano es muy diferente en comparación de la comunicación de los animales y los conceptos antedichos son los que diferencian los dos lenguajes.

# data[].attributes.body
El artículo que he elegido habla sobre la eliminación de dos letras del alfabeto español: “ch” y “ll”. Esta eliminación causó controversia porque mucha gente pensaba que las letras eran necesarias. También todos los diccionarios necesitaban ser rehechas- un problema para la gente común, pero beneficioso para las ventas del diccionario de la Real Academia.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The editorial went on to ask, "Would the United States accept dictates from England over the use of English?"

They are just as upset on the European side of the Atlantic. Comments have poured forth on the Web - 1,450 of them as of Thursday night - after the first article on the changes appeared in the Spanish newspaper El País at the beginning of the month. The word "absurdo" pops up a lot.

"It's kind of a magic realist moment. They decide that 2 of 29 letters will disappear," said Ilan Stavans, a Mexican who is a professor of Latin American and Latino culture at Amherst College. "All the dictionaries will have to be remade, which is good for selling the Royal Academy's dictionary, which they keep producing as though it's the Bible."

Professor Stavans compared it to the authority that English-speakers turn to, the Oxford English Dictionary, which stresses common usage rather than imposing it from above.

The Spanish academy needed 800 pages to explain the new simplified rules. Among other changes: letters with different names in different countries get just one name (which is rather like telling Americans that the last letter of the alphabet should be called "zed"). Iraq becomes Irak and quásar is now written as cuásar.

The spelling rules will go on sale by Christmas in Spain. Latin Americans will have to wait a bit longer.

There have long been complaints about Spanish spelling. At the first international congress of the Spanish language in Zacatecas, Mexico, in 1997, the Colombian writer and Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez declared, "Let's retire spelling, the terror of all beings from the cradle." But he admitted that his pleas were little more than "bottles flung to the sea in the hope that they would one day come to the god of all words."

That god remaining silent, the Royal Spanish Academy has been filling the void since it was founded in 1713. "They have an oracular way of presenting things, like Moses coming down from Mount Sinai," Professor Stavans said.

"In my mind, it's a relic of the 18th century," he added. "We have to wait for Spain to say how we speak."

For those who live and breathe Spanish, the academy's priorities seem a little off. "We are a language in debate," said the Mexican writer Paco Ignacio Taibo II. "Unfortunately, the academy isn't ahead of the debate, it's behind."

To its credit, the academy takes pains to emphasize that it works collaboratively with its associated academies in 21 other Spanish-speaking countries, including in the United States. Early meetings on the new spelling rules were held in Chile; the text was completed this month in Spain; and it will be ratified by the academy and its sister branches at the Guadalajara Book Fair in Mexico on Sunday.

In an e-mail, Juan Villoro, a Mexican writer living in Barcelona, was philosophical about one change that seemed to strike at the core of Spanish speakers' poetic souls on both sides of the Atlantic. Under the old rules, the word "solo" takes an accent when it means "only" and has no accent when it means "alone."

The academy rubbed out the accent, arguing that the meaning would be clear from the context. "Sometimes, the law has nothing to do with justice," Mr. Villoro wrote.

Luis Fernando Lara, a scholar at the Colegio de México who coordinates the preparation of a Spanish dictionary used in Mexico, waved off the academy's new rules: "We're free in this world not to listen to them."

As for the changes in the names of letters, Mr. Lara resorted to a line from a classic American song to describe the spat:

"I like tomato, you like tomahto," he said.

Although he did not say it, the title of that tune, written by George and Ira Gershwin, was understood:

"Let's call the whole thing off."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Push to Simplify Spanish Gets Complicated

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The editorial went on to ask, "Would the United States accept dictates from England over the use of English?" They are just as upset on the European side of the Atlantic. Comments have poured forth on the Web - 1,450 of them as of Thursday night - after the first article on the changes appeared in the Spanish newspaper El País at the beginning of the month.

# data[].attributes.body
El instrumento de una oración es la cosa que se usa para hacer el acción de oración. Este cosa necesita un agente para llevar a cabo la acción. La causa es la entidad en una oración que inicia la acción sin el apoyo del agente externo. Muchas veces la climática se identifica como la causa.

# data[].attributes.body
Estos tres objetos/sujetos de oraciones son relatados directamente al verbo del oración. El agente de una oración hace el acción del verbo. El paciente de oración está afectado por el acción/verbo de la oración. El experimentante es similar al paciente, pero este sujeto refiere a la persona que experimenta algo de los sentidos.