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Cell respiration supplies energy for the functions of life

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Destillation of alcohol after fermentation.

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Destillation of alcohol after fermentation.

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Beneficial Bacteria that Makes Delicious Food

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Beneficial Bacteria that Makes Delicious Food

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The beneficial bacteria that make delicious food - Erez Garty

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Pyruvic acid + NADH à Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

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Most organisms, including humans, carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

Pyruvic acid + NADH à Lactic acid + NAD+

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Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation is a process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

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Crash Course

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ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway which gives a small yield of 2 ATP and 2 reduced NADH + H⁺.
(The names of the intermediate compounds in the glycolysis cycle are not required.)

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As with glycolysis, you do not need to know the names of the intermediates, just the overall results. The following diagram links glycolysis, via the link reaction, to the Krebs cycle and the final part: the electron transport chain.

Key points to remember about the Krebs cycle:
1. The acetyl group that enters the Krebs cycle is successively oxidised as it loses hydrogen atoms (and electrons).
2. The hydrogen atoms lost are picked up by hydrogen carriers, either NAD or FAD, which are themselves reduced. Both NAD and FAD are hydrogen acceptor coenzymes that can be reduced by accepting hydrogen.
3. The oxidation of the acetyl group is coupled with a loss of carbon dioxide (i.e. decarboxylation).

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The link reaction happens in the mitochondrial matrix and generates acetyl CoA that will be assimilated into the Krebs cycle.

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The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain.

At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water.

Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space.

H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP.

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For each molecules of glucose that enters respiration.

The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration results in the production of 36 ATP molecules.  This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose.  The remaining 64 percent is released as heat.

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For each turn of the cycle, one ADP molecule is converted into ATP. ATP can directly power the cell’s activities.

Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete “turns” of the Krebs cycle.

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Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase.

Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable

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Overview