# data[].attributes.body
environmental activist
climate activist
brave
smart
beautiful

# data[].attributes.body
Entredonneur = concept meaning 'giving to the in between', proposed to balance the concept of Entrepreneur which means 'taking from in between' and has therefore a predatory significance
Entrepreneur = the person who wants to start their own business, based on their own idea and concept

# data[].attributes.body
Lucian Cramba (31) is a young entrepreneur who created an application which in less than five months registered 30,000 users. BeeZ is a platform that revolutionizes the way in which consumers can make savings. It combines the online retail with the fin-tech principles. The application allows users to save money when shopping throughout hundreds of partnerships with retailers in Romania. The idea was so
popular among local users so that in just few weeks since its launch, it outperformed Amazon and Google Play in terms of trending shopping in Romania. Business Review met with a part of the BeeZ team at WebSummit in Lisbon, the biggest technology fair in Europe. There, the Romanian start-up showed its product in front of hundreds of thousands of people around the globe.
https://business-review.eu/br-exclusive/top100entrepreneurs-top-10-young-romanian-entrepreneurs-to-follow-194052

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Diversity, innovation and enthusiasm are the most common ingredients of the Romanian start-ups analysed by the Business Review team. There are many businesses that impressed us mainly because of the entrepreneurial behaviour of their founders and of their vision and strategy which are completely different from what the Romanian economy has given so far. Business Review team chose ten young
entrepreneurs who have businesses with huge potential of becoming iconic for the national economy.
1. Lucian Cramba, BeeZ
Lucian Cramba (31) is a young entrepreneur who created an application which in less than five months registered 30,000 users. BeeZ is a platform that revolutionizes the way in which consumers can make savings. It combines the online retail with the fin-tech principles. The application allows users to save money when shopping throughout hundreds of partnerships with retailers in Romania. The idea was so
popular among local users so that in just few weeks since its launch, it outperformed Amazon and Google Play in terms of trending shopping in Romania. Business Review met with a part of the BeeZ team at WebSummit in Lisbon, the biggest technology fair in Europe. There, the Romanian start-up showed its product in front of hundreds of thousands of people around the globe.
2. Andrei Grigorean and Mihai Ciucu, Blink
Six months ago, Andrei Grigorean and Mihai Ciucu were teaching Olympic students at Informatics while developing a recruitment platform for the IT professionals. After they attended to an international conference about block chain, they understood its limitations and decided to find a more effective alternative to it. Their product can process 20,000 transactions per second while block chain can process between two and three transactions per second. After the first round of presentations and meetings with potential investors from US, they managed to raise USD 5 million from some of the largest crypto investment funds.
3. Razvan Crisan, Ciprian Morar, David Maguet, M60
They started their business back in 2014, following an investment of EUR 80,000 with the aim of opening a coffee shop with a complete different concept compared with what could be seen at that time in Bucharest: from design to the quality of ingredients which came from the small local producers. Plus, smoking was not allowed inside the coffee shop, which was highly-risk approach for any player on the
hospitality market at that time. Today, they manage two coffee shops under the M60 brand, a summer garden, a pizzeria inspired by the Neapolitan tradition which is about to be launched this month and a fine dining restaurant, relocated in a historical building. The restaurant, which reinvents the Romanian traditional cuisine, was opened this year and it became the most appreciated fine dining in Bucharest by
TripAdvisor in just few months since its launch. As for the 2019, the entrepreneurs aim to open a new concept of coffee shop through which their employees can benefit each month of an experience sharing process with other European similar places.
4. Cristina Sucu and Vlad Alexandru, Kiddo Play Academy

Cristina Sucu (27) comes from an entrepreneurial family and confirms the Romanian proverb which says that "the wood chip doesn't bounce far from its tree." Together with his husband, Vlad Alexandru, they invested EUR 700,000 in the largest indoor playground in Bucharest, called Kiddo Play Academy. Inspired by the experience that playgrounds from Dubai or US offer, their concept became highly popular quite
soon and generated a RON 500,000 net profit for its owners in 2017. "This concept is called "educational entertainment";. All the activities that take place in such a playground are thought so that the children could learn by playing. We have made an ongoing research for one year after this idea had come to us. I think that we saw over 50 such locations from all the continents," recalls Cristina. The two entrepreneurs opened an additional location in ParkLake, the largest mall in Bucharest and they intend to continue their expansion in Bucharest, a move that will depend mainly on finding the right place.
5. Mihai and Catalina Bucuroiu, Vegis.ro
Vegis.ro, the largest online retailer of organic products is a family business. Six years ago, Mihai Bucuroiu, the one who created initially the Libris.ro website, decided that together with his wife, Catalina, to invest in an online shop of bio products. From an initial investment of EUR 5,000, Vegis.ro became a market leader and generates annual business of about EUR 2 million. Mihai told Business Review in an interview that it took three months since they decided to invest in such a business to launch their website. Vegis.ro posted profit in its first year of existence and 30 percent of their products come from local producers. Recently, the company completed an EUR 600,000 investment in a
storehouse, near Brasov.

Find out who the last five are in the print edition of Top 100 Entrepreneurs, which you can order by contacting events@business-review.eu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
#Top100entrepreneurs: Top 10 young Romanian entrepreneurs to follow - Business Review

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diversity, innovation and enthusiasm are the most common ingredients of the Romanian start-ups analysed by the Business Review team. There are many businesses that impressed us mainly because of the entrepreneurial behaviour of their founders and of their vision and strategy which are completely different from what the Romanian economy has given so far.

# data[].attributes.body
Great worth ethic
multiple business
relevant
great fanbase
creative

# data[].attributes.headline
Tool Card  When you need to find creative state 

# data[].attributes.subject
Tool Card  When you need to find creative state 

# data[].attributes.body
This can be alot of thing like making simple thing like hair clips.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
= concept meaning ‘giving to the in between’, proposed to balance the concept of Entrepreneur which means ‘taking from in between’ and has therefore a predatory significance

# data[].attributes.body
This Entrepreneurship shows the meanings of what it means and the importance of doing this financially which is a huge risk.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Concept of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run a business enterprise, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. The most prominent example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.

In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land, labour, natural resources and capital can generate a profit. The entrepreneurial vision is defined by discovery and risk-taking and is an indispensable part of a nation's capacity to succeed in an ever-changing and more competitive global marketplace.

Meaning of Entrepreneur

The entrepreneur is defined as someone who has the ability and desire to establish, administer and succeed in a startup venture along with risk entitled to it, to make profits. The best example of entrepreneurship is the starting of a new business venture. The entrepreneurs are often known as a source of new ideas or innovators, and bring new ideas in the market by replacing old with a new invention.

It can be classified into small or home business to multinational companies. In economics, the profits that an entrepreneur makes is with a combination of land, natural resources, labour and capital.

In a nutshell, anyone who has the will and determination to start a new company and deals with all the risks that go with it can become an Entrepreneur.
Also Refer: Top 8 Difference Between Businessman and Entrepreneur
What are the 4 Types of Entrepreneurship?

It is classified into the following types:
Small Business Entrepreneurship-
These businesses are a hairdresser, grocery store, travel agent, consultant, carpenter, plumber, electrician, etc. These people run or own their own business and hire family members or local employee. For them, the profit would be able to feed their family and not making 100 million business or taking over an industry. They fund their business by taking small business loans or loans from friends and family.
Scalable Startup Entrepreneurship-
This start-up entrepreneur starts a business knowing that their vision can change the world. They attract investors who think and encourage people who think out of the box. The research focuses on a scalable business and experimental models, so, they hire the best and the brightest employees. They require more venture capital to fuel and back their project or business.
Large Company Entrepreneurship-
These huge companies have defined life-cycle. Most of these companies grow and sustain by offering new and innovative products that revolve around their main products. The change in technology, customer preferences, new competition, etc., build pressure for large companies to create an innovative product and sell it to the new set of customers in the new market. To cope with the rapid technological changes, the existing organisations either buy innovation enterprises or attempt to construct the product internally.
Social Entrepreneurship-
This type of entrepreneurship focuses on producing product and services that resolve social needs and problems. Their only motto and goal is to work for society and not make any profits.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship:

Not all entrepreneurs are successful; there are definite characteristics that make entrepreneurship successful. A few of them are mentioned below:

Ability to take a risk- Starting any new venture involves a considerable amount of failure risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur needs to be courageous and able to evaluate and take risks, which is an essential part of being an entrepreneur.

Innovation- It should be highly innovative to generate new ideas, start a company and earn profits out of it. Change can be the launching of a new product that is new to the market or a process that does the same thing but in a more efficient and economical way.

Visionary and Leadership quality- To be successful, the entrepreneur should have a clear vision of his new venture. However, to turn the idea into reality, a lot of resources and employees are required. Here, leadership quality is paramount because leaders impart and guide their employees towards the right path of success.

Open-Minded- In a business, every circumstance can be an opportunity and used for the benefit of a company. For example, Paytm recognised the gravity of demonetization and acknowledged the need for online transactions would be more, so it utilised the situation and expanded massively during this time.

Flexible- An entrepreneur should be flexible and open to change according to the situation. To be on the top, a businessperson should be equipped to embrace change in a product and service, as and when needed.

Know your Product-A company owner should know the product offerings and also be aware of the latest trend in the market. It is essential to know if the available product or service meets the demands of the current market, or whether it is time to tweak it a little. Being able to be accountable and then alter as needed is a vital part of entrepreneurship.

Importance of Entrepreneurship:

Creation of Employment- Entrepreneurship generates employment. It provides an entry-level job, required for gaining experience and training for unskilled workers.

Innovation- It is the hub of innovation that provides new product ventures, market, technology and quality of goods, etc., and increase the standard of living of people.

Impact on Society and Community Development- A society becomes greater if the employment base is large and diversified. It brings about changes in society and promotes facilities like higher expenditure on education, better sanitation, fewer slums, a higher level of homeownership. Therefore, entrepreneurship assists the organisation towards a more stable and high quality of community life.

Increase Standard of Living- Entrepreneurship helps to improve the standard of living of a person by increasing the income. The standard of living means, increase in the consumption of various goods and services by a household for a particular period.

Supports research and development- New products and services need to be researched and tested before launching in the market. Therefore, an entrepreneur also dispenses finance for research and development with research institutions and universities. This promotes research, general construction, and development in the economy.

The above-mentioned concept 'Entrepreneurship' is elucidated in detail for Commerce students. To know more, stay tuned to BYJU'S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Entrepreneurship? Meaning, Types, Characteristics, Importance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run a business enterprise, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. The most prominent example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land, labour, natural resources and capital can generate a profit.

# data[].attributes.body
This is the image that springs to mind for some reason I see this show as entrepreneurs asking for assistance from successful other entrepreneurs to boost their business to be successful.

# data[].attributes.body
An entrepreneur may make the latest high end makeup brushes. Where an Entredonneur may make makeup brushes to assist with facial disabilities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
According to our theory (Grinin 2007a, 2007b, 2012b, 2013; Grinin and Grinin 2013a, 2013b), the whole historical process can be most adequately divided into four large periods, on the basis of the change of major developmental stages of the world productive forces, which we call production principles. The production principle is a concept which designates very large qualitative stages of development of the world productive forces in the historical process. It is a system of the unknown before forms of production and technologies surpassing the previous ones fundamentally (in opportunities, scales, productivity, efficiency, product nomenclature, etc.).

We single out four production principles:
1. Hunter-Gatherer. 2. Craft-Agrarian. 3. Trade- Industrial.
4. Scientific-Cybernetic.

Among all various technological and production changes that took place in history the following three production revolutions had the most comprehensive and far-reaching consequences for society:

1. Agrarian or Agricultural Revolution. Its result is the transition to systematic production of food and, on this base, to the complex social division of labor. This revolution is also connected with the use of new power sources (animal power) and materials.

2. Industrial, or Production Revolution as a result of which the main production concentrated in the industry and began to be carried out by means of machines and mechanisms, and at that not only the replacement of manual labor by machines occurred, but also biological energy was replaced by water and steam energy.

3. Cybernetic Revolution which have led to the emergence of powerful information technologies, and in future will stimulate transition to wide use of self-regulating systems.

Structural model of production revolutions. Within the proposed theory we suggest a fundamentally new idea that each production revolution has an internal cycle of the same type and, in our opinion, includes three phases: two innovative (initial and final) and one modernization phase (Grinin and Grinin 2013a, 2013b; see Fig. 1). At the initial innovative phase new advanced technologies emerge which spread in other societies and territories after a while. As a result of the final innovative phase of a production revolution the new production principle reaches its peak.

Between these phases there is the modernization phase - a long and very important period of distribution, enrichment, diversification of the production principle's new technologies (which appeared in the initial innovative phase) when conditions for a final innovative breakthrough are created.

Fig. 1. Phases of production revolutions

Thus, the cycle of each production revolution looks as follows: the initial innovative phase (emergence of a new revolutionizing production sector) - the modernization phase (diffusion, synthesis and improvement of new technologies) - the final innovative phase (when new technologies acquire their mature characteristics).

The scheme of innovative phases of production revolutions in our theory looks as follows (modernization phases are omitted).

Agrarian Revolution: the initial phase - the transition to primitive manual (hoe) agriculture and animal husbandry (started about 12,000-9,000 BP); the final - transition to irrigation agriculture (or plow agriculture without irrigation) (this began approximately 5,5 thousand years ago).

Industrial Revolution: the initial phase starts in the 15 th century with the development of navigation, water-powered equipment and mechanization, with qualitative growth of labor division in the manufacturing, and also other processes; the final phase - the industrial revolution of the 18 th - the first third of the 19 th century, connected with the introduction of various machines and steam energy.

Cybernetic Revolution: the initial (scientific and information) phase dated back to the 1950-1990s. The breakthrough occurred in automation, energy production, synthetic materials, space technologies, exploration of space and sea, agriculture. But especially - in creation of electronic control facilities, communication and information. The final innovative phase (of self-regulating systems) will begin in the 2030s or 2040s and will last till the 2060s or 2070s.

Each of production revolutions means the transition to a fundamentally new production system; the beginning of each production revolution marks the borders between corresponding production principles.

Fig. 2. Production revolutions in history
Structure of the Production Principle Development of the production principle is a period of genesis, growth and maturity of new forms, systems and paradigms of organization of economic management, which surpass many times the former ones in major parameters.
The principle of production is a six-phase cycle. Its first three stages correspond to three phases of the production revolution. The subsequent three (post-revolutionary) stages are a period of the maximization of the potentials of the new forms of production in structural, systemic, and spatial sense:

1. The phase of the production revolution's beginning. A new, not yet developed principle of production emerges.

2. The phase of primary modernization - diffusion and strengthening of the production principle.

3. The phase of completion of the production revolution. The production principle acquires advanced characteristics.

The first three phases of the production principle still present an incomplete production principle.

4. The phase of maturity and expansion of the production principle. Wide geographical and sectoral diffusion of new technologies, bringing the production principle to mature forms, transformations in social and economic spheres.

5. The phase of absolute domination of the production principle. The final victory of the production principle in the world, intensification of technologies, bringing opportunities to the limit beyond which crisis features appear.

6. The stage of non-system phenomena, or preparatory (for the transition to a new production principle) phase. The intensification leads to emergence of non-system elements which prepare the birth of a new production principle. (When, under favorable conditions, these elements form a system, in some societies the transition to a new production principle will begin and the cycle will repeat at a new level.)

The last three phases of the production principle characterize its mature features.

Table 1. Chronology of the production principle's phases

Note: Figures before the brackets - absolute scale (BP), figures in the brackets - BCE. Chronology in the table is simplified (a more detailed chronology see in Grinin 2006b, 2009; Grinin and Korotayev 2013). The duration of phases (in thousand years) is marked by the bold-face type. Duration of phases of the scientific-cybernetic production principle is hypothetical. The duration of the scientific-cybernetic production principle is also given in Fig. 3.

As is clear, the scientific-cybernetic production principle is at the beginning of its development. Only its first phase finished, and in the mid-1990s the second started. The second phase is proceeding now and will last till the early 2030s. The third phase is likely to begin approximately in the 2030s or the 2040s. At this particular time the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution should start. The end of the scientific-cybernetic production principle will fall on the early 22 nd century (for more details see Grinin 2006b).

Fig. 3. Development of the scientific-cybernetic production principle

Note: The dashed line depicts one of the scenarios of expected development of the scientific-cybernetic production principle and corresponds to the dates before the slash in the fifth column of Table 1.

The industrial production principle as a cycle, consisting of K-Waves. We have established a close correlation between production principle cycles and Kondratieff cycles (for more details see Grinin 2012a, 2013). Taking into account that K-waves arose only at a certain level of economic development of societies, we can consider K-waves as a specific mechanism connected with the emergence and development of the industrial-trade production principle and the way of expanded reproduction of industrial economy. Given that each new K-wave does not just repeat the wave motion, but is based on a new technological mode, K-waves in a certain aspect can be treated as phases of the development of the industrial production principle and the first phases of development of the scientific-cybernetic production principle.

In the mentioned articles (Grinin 2012, 2013) it has been shown that the first three K-waves are connected with the industrial production principle. The special attention is paid to the correlation between the duration of the industrial production principle phases and the duration of K-wave phases. Certainly, there can be no direct duration equivalence of both K-waves and their phases, on the one hand, and the industrial production principle phases, on the other, due to the different duration of the industrial production principle phases (that is within the principle of production's cycle its phases differ in duration, but their duration proportions remain the same in each production principle [Grinin 2006b, 2009]). However, we have succeeded in establishing a more complex ratio according to which at the average one K-wave corresponds to one phase of the industrial production principle. In general, we found out that three and a half waves coincide with three and a half phases of the industrial principle of production! It is clearly seen in Table 2. Such a correlation is not coincidental, as innovative development of the industrial production principle is realized through long Kondratieff cycles which are largely defined by large-scale innovations.

Table 2. Periods of the industrial production principle and Kondratieff waves

Note: For simplicity, we take concrete years for the beginning and the end of the periods, though such a transition obviously lasts for a certain period of time.
II. The Cybernetic Revolution, Scientific-Cybernetic Production Principle, the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth K-Waves
The production revolution which began in the 1950s and is still proceeding, causes powerful acceleration of scientific and technological progress. Taking into account expected changes in the next 50 years, this revolution deserves to be called 'Cybernetic' (see our explanation below). The initial phase of this revolution (the 1950s - the 1990s) can be referred to as a scientific-informational as it was characterized by the transition to scientific methods of planning, forecasting, marketing, logistics, production managements, distribution and circulation of resources, and communication. The most radical changes took place in the sphere of informatics and information technologies. The final phase will begin approximately in the 2030s or the 2040s and will last until the 2070s. We called this phase a 'phase of self-regulating systems' (see below). Now we are in the intermediate (modernization) phase which will last until the 2030s. It is characterized by powerful improvement and diffusion of innovations made at the initial phase in particular by a wide proliferation of easy-to-handle computers, means of communication, and formation of macrosector of services among which information and financial services took the major place. At the same time the innovations necessary to start the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution are being prepared.

The Cybernetic Revolution is a great technological breakthrough from the industrial production principle towards production and services based on the operation of self-regulating systems. In general, it will become the revolution of self-regulating systems (see Grinin 2006a, 2007b, 2012b, 2013; Grinin and Grinin 2013a, 2013b).

Table 3 demonstrates the connection between three phases of the scientific-cybernetic production principle (which coincide with three phases of the Cybernetic Revolution) and three Kondratieff waves (the fourth, fifth and sixth). Correlation is here even stronger than between the first three K-waves and the industrial production principle phases, due to the shorter duration of the scientific-cybernetic production principle phases in comparison with those of the industrial production principle.[3]

Table 3. The scientific-cybernetic production principle (initial phases) and Kondratieff waves

Phases of the Scientific Cybernetic Production Principle

The third phase (final phase of 'self-regulating systems' of the Cybernetic Revolution)

the 2030s/40s-

2055/70s
≈25-40 years

K-Wave and Their Phases

The sixth wave, 2020 - 2060/70s. The end of the upward phase and downward phase (the latter ≈ 2050 - 2060/70s)
≈ 40-50 years

K-Wave and Their Phases

Upward phase,

1947 - 1969/1974s

Downward phase of the fifth wave, 2007- 2020s

K-Wave and Their Phases

Downward phase, 1969/1974 - 1982/1991

Upward phase of the sixth wave, 2020 - 2050s.

K-Wave and Their Phases

The fifth wave, 1982/1991 - 2020s, upward phase, 1982/1991 - 2007

Taking the theory of production principles into account, we have also revised the sequence of change of the major (leading) production sectors during the change of K-waves (Grinin 2012a).[4]

Table 4. K-waves, technological modes and leading macrosectors

Peculiarities of the fourth K-wave in connection with the beginning of the Cybernetic Revolution. The fourth K-wave (the second half of the 1940s - 1980s) fell on the initial phase of the Cybernetic Revolution. The beginning of a new production revolution is a special period which is connected with the fast transition to a more advanced technological component of economy. All accumulated innovations and a large number of new innovations generate a new system that has a real synergetic effect. It would appear reasonable that an upward phase of the K-wave coinciding with the beginning of a production revolution can appear more powerful than A-phases of other K-waves.[5] That was the feature of the upswing A-phase of the fourth K-wave (1947-1974) which coincided with the scientific-information phase of the Cybernetic Revolution. As a result a denser than usual cluster of innovations (in comparison with the second, third and fifth waves) was formed during that period. All this also explains why in the 1950s and 1960s the economic growth rates of the World System were higher, than in A-phases of the third and fifth K-waves. The downswing phase of the fourth K-wave (the 1970s - 1980s) in its turn also fell on the last period of the initial phase of the Cybernetic Revolution. This explains in many respects why this downswing phase was shorter than those of the other K-waves.

The fifth K-wave and the delay of the new wave of innovations. It was expected that the 1990s and the 2000s would bring a radically new wave of innovations, comparable in their revolutionary character with the computer technologies, capable to create a new technological mode. Those directions which had already appeared and those ones, which are now supposed to become a basis for the sixth K-wave were considered to be a breakthrough. However, it was the development and diversification of already existing digital electronic technologies and rapid development of financial technologies that became a basis for the fifth K-wave. Those innovations which were really created during the fifth K-wave as, for example, energy technologies, still have a small share in the general energy, and, above all, they do not grow properly. Some researchers believe that from 1970s up to the present is the time of the decelerating scientific and technological progress (see discussion about it in Brener 2006; see also Maddison 2007). Polterovich (2009) also suggests a notion of a technological pause. But, in general, the mentioned technological delay is, in our opinion, insufficiently explained. We believe that taking features of the intermediate modernization phase of a production revolution (that is the second phase of the production principle) into account can help explain this. Functionally it is less innovative; rather during this phase earlier innovations are widely spread and improved. As regards the 1990s - 2020s (the intermediate phase of the Cybernetic Revolution) the question is that the launch of a new innovative breakthrough demands that the developing countries reach the level of the developed ones, and the political component of the world catches up with the economic one; all this needs changes of the structure of societies and global relations (see about some aspects Grinin and Korotayev 2010b). Thus, the delayed introduction of innovations of the new generation is explained, first, by the fact that the center cannot endlessly surpass the periphery in development, that is the gap between developed and developing countries could not increase all the time. Secondly, economy cannot constantly surpass the political and other components, as this causes very strong disproportions and deformations. And the appearance of new general-purpose technologies, certainly, would accelerate economic development and increase disparities. Thirdly, introduction and distribution of the new basic technologies do not occur naturally, but only within the appropriate social political environment (see Grinin 2012a, 2013; see also Perez 2002). In order for basic innovations to be suitable for business, structural changes in political and social spheres are necessary, eventually promoting their synergy and wide implementation in the world of business.

Thus, the delay is caused by difficulties of changing political and social institutions on the regional and even global scale, and also (and, perhaps, first of all) within the international economic institutions. The latter can change only thanks to the strong political will of the main players, which is difficult to execute in the framework of the modern political institutions. These institutions rather can change under the conditions of depressive development (and probable aggravation of the foreign relations) compelling to reorganization and breakage of the conventional institutions that could hardly be changed due to the lack of courage and opportunities under ordinary conditions.

The above said explains as well the reasons of different rates of development of the center and periphery of the World System during the fifth K-wave (for more details see Grinin 2013; see also Grinin and Korotayev 2010a). The periphery was expected to catch up with the center due to the faster rates of its development and slowdown of the center development. However, one should not expect continuous crisis-free development of the periphery - a crisis will come later and probably in other forms. Without slow-down of the development of the periphery and serious changes full harmonization of the economic and political component will not happen. Consequently, it might be supposed that in the next decade (approximately by 2020-2025) the growth rates of the peripheral economies can also slow down, and internal problems will aggravate that, as said above, can stimulate structural changes in the peripheral countries and strengthen international tension. Thus, we suppose that in the next 10-15 years the world will face serious and painful changes.

As is known, among researchers there is no agreement about periodization of the Kondratieff waves (about this see Korotayev and Grinin 2012). We believe that at present we witness the downward phase of the fifth K-wave which will last till the early or the mid-2020s. However, for example, Leo Nefiodow in his contribution to this yearbook and the other works (Nefiodow 1996; Nefiodow and Nefiodow 2014) argues that the sixth K-wave began in the late 1990s. Thus, according to Nefiodow's logic, now we observe an upward phase (however, the crisis of 2008-2014 and prospects for the next years contradict this), and in the 2020s the downward phase should come.
III. Characteristics of the Cybernetic Revolution
What are self-regulating systems and why are they so important? Self-regulating systems are systems that can regulate themselves, responding in a pre-programmed and intelligent way to the feedback from the environment. These are the systems that operate with a small or completely without human intervention. Today there are many self-regulating systems around us, for example, the artificial Earth satellites, pilotless planes, navigators laying the route for a driver. Another good example is life-supporting systems (such as medical ventilation apparatus or artificial hearts). They can regulate a number of parameters, choose the most suitable mode of operation and detect critical situations. There are also special programs that determine the value of stocks and other securities, react to the change of their prices, buy and sell them, carry out thousands of operations in a day and fix a profit. A great number of self-regulating systems has been created. But they are mostly technical and informational systems (as robots or computer programs). During the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution there will be a lot of self-regulating systems connected with biology and bionics, physiology and medicine, agriculture and environment. The number of such systems as well as their complexity and their autonomy will dramatically increase. Besides, they will essentially reduce energy and resource consumption. The very human life will become organized to a greater extent by such self-regulating systems (for example, by monitoring of health, regimen, regulation of or recommendation concerning the exertions, control over the patients' condition, prevention of illegal actions, etc.).

Thus, we designate the modern revolution 'Cybernetic', because its main sense is the wide creation and distribution of self-regulating autonomous systems. Cybernetics, as is well-known, is a science of regulatory systems. Its main principles are quite suitable for the description of self-regulating systems (see, e.g., Wiener 1948; Ashby 1956; Foerster and Zopf 1962; Umpleby and Dent 1999; Tesler 2004).

As a result, the opportunity to control various natural, social and production processes without direct human intervention (that is impossible or extremely limited now) will increase. At the fourth phase ( of maturity and expansion) of the scientific cybernetic production principle (the 2070s and 2080s) the achievements of the Cybernetic Revolution will become quite systemic and wide-scale in its final phase (for more details see Grinin 2006a).

Below we single out the most important characteristics of the Cybernetic Revolution. One can observe them today, but they will realize in mature and mass forms only in the future. These features are closely interconnected and corroborating each other (for more details see Grinin and Grinin 2013a, 2013b).
Group of self-regulating properties:
1. Transition to self-regulating systems of various types and nature and qualitatively growing controllability of systems and processes.

2. Transition to the control over deeper and more fundamental processes and levels (up to subatomic particles), using tiny particles as building blocks (as is clearly seen in nano- and biotechnologies).

3. Control over humans activities to eliminate the negative influence of the so-called human factor, and control the lack of human attention in order to prevent dangerous situations ( e.g., in transport) as well as to prevent human beings from using means of high-risk in unlawful or disease state ( e.g., not allowing driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs).
The group of attributes of task-aware adaptation of materials and systems:
1. Radical increase in systems' abilities to choose optimal regimes for different objectives and tasks.

2. Individualization as trend of technology. The opportunities of self-regulation will allow choosing a particular decision for the variety of individual tasks, orders and requests ( e.g., with 3D and 4D printers and choosing of programs adapted to specific individual needs). We also expect a rapid increase in the market of cosmetic corrections and plastic surgery of any kinds and other private orders to change individual organisms.[6]

3. Resource and energy saving in many spheres.

4. Increasing opportunities in the synthesis of materials with previously lacking properties in biological and bionic (techno-biological) systems (as in Chemistry).

5. Miniaturization and micro-miniaturization as a trend of the constantly decreasing size of particles, mechanisms, electronic devices, implants, etc.

Various directions of development should generate a system cluster of innovations.[7]

This will make it possible to radically expand the opportunities to prolong the life and improve its biological quality. It will be the technologies intended for common use in the form of a mass market service. Certainly, it will take a rather long period (about two or three decades) from the first steps in that direction (in the 2030-2040s) to their common use.

The drivers of the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution will be medicine, bio- and nano-technologies, robotics, IT, cognitive sciences, which will together form a sophisticated system of self-regulating production. We can denote this complex as MBNRIC-technologies. As is known, there is the widely used abbreviation of NBIC-technology (or convergence), that is nano-bio-information and cognitive (see Lynch 2004; Dator 2006; Akayev 2012). However, we believe that this complex will be larger.

It should be noted that Leo Nefiodow has been writing about medicine as the leading technology of the sixth Kondratieff wave for a long time (Nefiodow 1996; Nefiodow and Nefiodow 2014; also in this volume). In general, we support his approaches (including the ideas about a new type of medicine), but it is important to point out that Nefiodow believes that it is biotechnologies that will become an integrated core of a new mode. However, we suppose that the leading role of biotechnologies will be, first of all, in their possibility to solve the major medical problems.[8] That is why, it makes sense to speak about medicine as the core of a new technological paradigm. Besides, Nefiodow practically does not mention nanotechnology that will be of great importance in terms of the development of biotechnologies and medicine (they are supposed to play a crucial role in the fight against cancer; at the same time nanotechnologies will play a crucial role in other spheres too, in particular in energy and resources saving). It is difficult to agree with his opinion that psychosocial health, which, in his opinion, cover not only psychotherapeutic, psychological and psychiatric services, but also numerous measures of people's health improvement that is capable to reduce, in his terms, social entropy, will be the second leading mode. The problems of this social entropy which he points out (corruption, growth of small and large crime, drug addiction, loss of moral guide, divorces, growth of violence, etc.) have always existed in society; many of them even had a greater share than today. Social changes can be really extremely important for creation of starting conditions for a long-term upswing and its keeping (for more details see Grinin and Korotayev 2014 in this issue). However, it is production and/or commercial technologies that represent the driving force of the K-Waves upward phases.

Thus, we suppose the following:

1. Medicine will be the first sphere to start the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution, but, later on, self-regulating systems development will cover the most diverse areas of production, services and life.

2. We treat medicine in a broad sense, because it will include (and already actively includes) for its purposes a great number of other scientific branches ( e.g., the use of robots in surgery and care of patients, information technologies in remote medical treatment, neural interfaces for treatment of mental illness and brain research; gene therapy and engineering, nanotechnologies for creation of artificial immunity and biochips which monitor organisms; new materials for growing artificial organs and many other things to become a powerful sector of economy).

3. The medical sphere has unique opportunities to combine the abovementioned technologies into a single system.

4. There are also some demographic and economic reasons why the phase of self-regulating systems will start in medicine:

- Increase in average life expectancy and population ageing will favor not only the growth of medical opportunities to maintain health, but also allow the extension of working age, as population ageing will be accompanied by the lack of working-age population;

− People, in general, are always ready to spend money on health and beauty. However, the growth of the world middle class and the cultural standard of people implies much greater willingness and solvency in this terms;

− Medical corporations usually do not impede technological progress, but, on the contrary, are interested in it.

Thus, today medicine is a very important sector of the economy, and tomorrow it will become even more powerful.

In the present article we confined ourselves to a short description of the spheres which represent a new, in a broad sense, medical system or realm of medicine, creating a complex of technologies and their application with other perspective directions.

Surgery. Robots have become widely used in surgeries (see Fig. 4). The da Vinci robot has become especially popular. In the future, an increasing number of surgical operations will be performed with less involvement of professionals. Many simple surgeries will need no human participation at all.

Robots can perform a wide range of surgeries because of:

● easy access to the zone of surgery;

● small scars;

● superhuman accuracy;

● no hand tremor;

● possibility to control a robot at a distance via Internet.

Fig. 4. Robots in surgery

Source: Pinkerton 2014.

Biochips represent a new trend of combining medical and nanobiotechnologies. Biochips are able to register a wide range of physiological changes and respond to them or perform specific actions. In the long term, biochips will permit a continuous control of a person's health. There are many biochips in medicine today. For example, cardio-chips which are connected to the heart cells, register all necessary indices, and transmit them to devices. Some biochips are so small in size that can be placed into a cell or tiny spheres of lipids, liposomes. They can be used for different purposes, for example, for targeted drug delivery.

Artificial organs are the key to resolving the urgent lack of enough donor organs. In medicine scientists already use or work to design different artificial organs: skin, retina, trachea, vessels, heart, ear, eye, limbs, liver, lungs, pancreas, bladder, ovaries. This will definitely increase life expectancy and can have various consequences. The artificial womb, for example, can provide an opportunity to have children for people irrespective of age and, perhaps, even gender.

Artificial immune system is an autonomous intellectual system against diseases and pathogenic organisms. For example, a nanorobot can travel through the body and collect pathogenic organisms into a special module, where they are decomposed. Organic compounds are further used by human organism.

Gene therapy is an explosively developing sector. It is a powerful tool for correcting hereditary diseases as well as developing new abilities that an organism lacked before. In our view, the crucial breakthroughs in gene therapy will be made in the treatment of genetic disorders and sport medicine.

Neural interfaces are an interaction between brain and computer systems that can be realized via electrode contact with head skin or via electrodes implanted into the brain. The implementation of neural interfaces is already wide-spread. They have developed neural interfaces that allow prosthetic devices to be moved via brain signals. Today, scanning techniques have been developed that allow studying brain signals. This gives an opportunity to reproduce any brain response.

So the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution:

- will create various self-regulating systems;

- will start in medicine, which in the conjuncture with other fields will create the revolutionizing system of MBNRIC (med-bio-nano-robo-info-cognitive) technologies;

- will improve the quality of life particularly of old people and disabled persons;

- will increase average life expectancy (up to 100 years);

- will lead to the emergence of opportunities to correct and modify human biology itself.

However, the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution will have ambiguous consequences. On the one hand, vigorous growth of production volume will be expected. On the other hand, due to the diffusion of various self-regulating systems the number of specialists needed in different spheres will decrease. For instance, due to the development of self-regulation and remote medical care the number of doctors will significantly diminish.

The possibilities of medicine will hugely increase. At the same time the emergence of opportunities to radically change the human organism may bring about unprecedented ethical issues and seriously damage such vital aspects as family, gender, and morals. That is why it is very important to search for some optimal social, legal and other means beforehand. Then those changes will not be completely unexpected and their negative consequences could be minimized.
IV. The Phase of Self-Regulating Systems and the Sixth K-Wave А-Phase of the sixth K-wave: acceleration to enter the final phase of the cybernetic revolution
The sixth K-wave will probably begin approximately in the 2020s. Meanwhile the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution has to begin later, at least, in the 2030-2040s. Thus, we suppose, that a new technological mode will not develop in a necessary form even by the 2020s (thus, the innovative pause will take longer than expected). However, it should be kept in mind that the beginning of the K-wave upswing phase is never directly caused by new technologies. This beginning is synchronized with the start of the medium-term business cycle's upswing. And the upswing takes place as a result of the levelling of proportions in economy, the accumulation of resources and other impulses that improve demand and conjuncture. One should remember, that the beginning of the second K-wave was connected with the discovery of gold deposits in California and Australia, the third wave with the increase in prices for wheat, the fourth one with the post-war reconstruction, the fifth one with the economic reforms in the UK and the USA. And then, given an upswing, a new technological mode (which could not completely - if at all - realize its potential) facilitates overcoming of cyclic crises and allows further growth.

Consequently, some conjunctural events will also stimulate an upward impulse of the sixth K-wave. And, for example, the rapid growth of the underdeveloped world regions (such as Tropical Africa, the Islamic East, and some Latin American countries) or new financial and organizational technologies can become a primary impulse. Naturally, there will also appear some technical and technological innovations which, however, will not form a new mode yet. Besides, we suppose that financial technologies have not finished yet its expansion in the world. If we can modify and secure them somehow, they will be able to spread into various regions which underuse them now. One should not forget that large-scale application of such technologies demands essential changes in the legal and other systems, which is absolutely necessary for developmental levelling in the world. Taking into account a delay of the new generation of technologies, the period of the 2020s may resemble the 1980s. In other words, it will be neither a growth recession, nor a rise, but rather an accelerated development (with stronger development in some regions and continuous depression in others).

Then, given the above mentioned favorable conditions, during this wave the final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution will begin. In such a situation it is possible to assume that the sixth K-wave's A-phase (the 2020-2050s) will have much stronger manifestation and last longer than that of the fifth one due to more dense combination of technological generations. And since the Cybernetic Revolution will evolve, the sixth K-wave's downward B-phase (2050 - the 2060/70s), is expected to be not so depressive, as those during the third or fifth waves. In general, during this K-wave (2020 - the 2060/70s) the Scientific and Information Revolution will come to an end, and the scientific and cybernetic production principle will acquire its mature shape.

Another scenario. The final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution can begin later - not in the 2030s, but in the 2040s. In this case the A-phase of the sixth wave will terminate before the beginning of the regulating systems revolution; therefore, it will not be based on fundamentally new technologies and will not become so powerful as is supposed in the previous scenario. The final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution in this case will coincide with the B-phase of the sixth wave (as it was the case with the zero wave during the Industrial Revolution, 1760-1787) and at the A-phase of the seventh wave. In this case the emergence of the seventh wave is highly possible. The B-phase of the sixth wave should be rather short due to the emergence of a new generation of technologies, and the A-phase of the seventh wave - rather long and powerful.
The end of the Cybernetic Revolution and disappearance of K-waves
The sixth K-wave (about 2020 - the 2060/70s), like the first K-wave, will proceed generally during completion of the production revolution. However, there is an important difference. During the first K-wave the duration of the one phase of the industrial production principle significantly exceeded the duration of the whole K-wave. But now one phase of the K-wave will exceed the duration of one phase of production principle. This alone should essentially modify the course of the sixth K-wave; the seventh wave will be feebly expressed or will not occur at all (on the possibility of the other variant see above). Such a forecast is based also on the fact that the end of the Cybernetic Revolution and distribution of its results will promote integration of the World System and considerably increasing influence of new universal regulation mechanisms. It is quite reasonable, considering the fact that the coming final phase of the revolution will be the revolution of the regulating systems. Thus, the management of the economy should reach a new level. So, K-waves appear at a certain stage of social evolution and are likely to disappear at its certain stage.
References
Ashby R. 1956. An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall.

Ayres R. U. 2006. Did the Fifth K-Wave Begin in 1990-92? Has it been Aborted by Globalization? Kondratieff Waves, Warfare and World Security / Ed. by T. C. Devezas, pp. 57-71. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Brener R. 2006. The Economics of Global Turbulence. The Advanced Capitalist Economies from Long Boom to Long Downturn, 1945-2005. London - New York: Verso.

Dator J. 2006. Alternative Futures for K-Waves. Kondratieff Waves, Warfare and World Security / Ed. by T. C. Devezas, pp. 311-317. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Dickson D. 1983. Technology and Cycles of Boom and Bust. Science 219(4587): 933-936.

Dosi G. 1984. Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Foerster H. von, and Zopf G. (Eds.) 1962. Principles of Self-organization. New York: Pergamon Press.

Freeman C. 1987. Technical Innovation, Diffusion, and Long Cycles of Economic Development. The Long-Wave Debate / Ed. by T. Vasko, pp. 295-309. Berlin: Springer.

Freeman C., and Louçã F. 2001. As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Grinin L. E. 2006b. Periodization of History: A Theoretic-Mathematical Analysis. History & Mathematics: Analyzing and Modeling Global Development / Ed. by L. E. Grinin, V. de Munck, and A. V. Korotayev, pp. 10-38. Moscow: KomKniga.

Grinin L. E. 2007a. Production Revolutions and Periodization of History: A Comparative and Theoretic-Mathematical Approach. Social Evolution & History 6(2): 75-120.

Grinin L. E. 2007b. Production Revolutions and the Periodization of History. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 77(2): 150-156.

Grinin L. E. 2012b. Macrohistory and Globalization. Volgograd: Uchitel.

Grinin L. E. 2013. The Dynamics of Kondratieff Waves in the Light of the Production Revolutions Theory. Kondratieff Waves: The Spectrum of Ideas / Ed. by L. E. Grinin, A. V. Korotayev, and S. Yu. Malkov, pp. 31-83. Volgograd: Uchitel. In Russian (Гринин Л. Е. Динамика кондратьевских волн в свете теории производственных революций. Кондратьевские волны: Палитра взглядов / Отв. ред. Л. Е. Гринин, А. В. Коротаев, С. Ю. Малков, с. 31-83. Волгоград: Учитель).

Grinin L. E., and Grinin A. L. 2013a. Global Technological Transformations. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Theories, Research & Teaching / Ed. by L. E. Grinin, I. V. Ilyin, and A. V. Korotayev, pp. 98-128. Volgograd: Uchitel.

Grinin L. E., and Korotayev A. V. 2010a. Will the Global Crisis Lead to Global Transformations? 1. The Global Financial System: Pros and Cons. Journal of Globalization Studies 1(1): 70-89.

Grinin L. E., and Korotayev A. V. 2010b. Will the Global Crisis Lead to Global Transformations? 2. The Coming Epoch of New Coalitions. Journal of Globalization Studies 1(2): 166-183.

Hirooka M. 2006. Innovation Dynamism and Economic Growth. A Nonlinear Perspective. Cheltenham - Northampton: Edward Elgar.

Kleinknecht A. 1981. Innovation, Accumulation, and Crisis: Waves in Economic Development? Review 4(4): 683-711.

Kleinknecht A. 1987. Innovation Patterns in Crisis and Prosperity: Schumpeter's Long Cycle Reconsidered. London: Macmillan.

Kleinknecht A., and van der Panne G. 2006. Who Was Right? Kuznets in 1930 or Schumpeter in 1939? Kondratieff Waves, Warfare and World Security / Ed. by T. C. Devezas, pp. 118-127. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Lynch Z. 2004. Neurotechnology and Society 2010-2060. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1031: 229-233.

Maddison A. 2007. Contours of the World Economy, 1-2030. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mensch G. 1979. Stalemate in Technology - Innovations Overcome the Depression. New York: Ballinger.

Modelski G. 2001. What Causes K-waves? Technological Forecasting and Social Change 68: 75-80.

Modelski G. 2006. Global Political Evolution, Long Cycles, and K-Waves. Kondratieff Waves, Warfare and World Security / Ed. by T. C. Devezas, pp. 293-302. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Modelski G., and Thompson W. R. 1996. Leading Sectors and World Politics: The Coevolution of Global Politics and Economics. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Nefiodow L. 1996. Der sechste Kondratieff. Wege zur Produktivität und Vollbeschäftigung im Zeitalter der Information. 1 Auflage/Edition. Rhein-Sieg-Verlag: Sankt Augustin.

Nefiodow L., and Nefiodow S. 2014. The Sixth Kondratieff. The New Long Wave of the World Economy. Rhein-Sieg-Verlag: Sankt Augustin.

Papenhausen Ch. 2008. Causal Mechanisms of Long Waves. Futures 40: 788-794.

Perez C. 2002. Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages. Cheltenham: Elgar.

Pinkerton S. 2013. The Pros and Cons of Robotic Surgery. The Wall Street Journal November, 17. URL: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304655104 579163430371597334

Tylecote A. 1992. The Long Wave in the World Economy. London: Routledge.

Umpleby S. A., and Dent E. B. 1999. The Origins and Purposes of Several Traditions in Systems Theory and Cybernetics. Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal 30: 79-103.

Wiener N. 1948. Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge: MIT Press.

[1] For example, in the modernization phase of the Agrarian Revolution local varieties of plants and breeds of animals borrowed from other places were created.

[2] We took as the beginning a zero K-wave which downward phase coincided with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, i.e. the 1760s (as we know, it is downward phases that are especially rich in innovations).

[3] The reason for the shorter duration is the general acceleration of historical development.

[4] During the table compiling we took into account ideas and works cohering with the theories which explain the nature and pulsation of K-waves by changing of technological ways and/or techno-economic paradigms: Mensch 1979; Kleinknecht 1981, 1987; Dickson 1983; Dosi 1984; Freeman 1987; Tylecote 1992; Glazyev 1993; Mayevsky 1997; Modelski and Thompson 1996; Modelski 2001, 2006; Yakovets 2001; Freeman and Louçã 2001; Ayres 2006; Kleinknecht and van der Panne 2006; Dator 2006; Hirooka 2006; Papenhausen 2008; see also Lazurenko 1992; Glazyev 2009; Polterovich 2009; Perez 2002.

[5] Therefore, it appears reasonable that A-phase of the sixth K-wave can also make a great progress, as it will coincide with the beginning of the Cybernetic Revolution final phase. Thus, the sixth wave is to have a stronger manifestation than the fifth one. We will return to this point below.

[6] Even now this market is growing rapidly, and in the future it will run up to hundreds billion dollars.

[7] So, for example, resources and energy saving can be carried out via the choice of the optimal modes by autonomous systems that fulfil concrete goals and tasks and vice versa, the choice of an optimal mode will depend on the level of energy and materials consumption, and the budget of a consumer.

[8] We agree with Nefiodow that it is also necessary to include in this complex food, pharmaceutics and ecology (see Grinin and Grinin 2013a, 2013b).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Sixth Kondratieff Wave and the Cybernetic Revolution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
According to our theory (Grinin 2007a, 2007b, 2012b, 2013; Grinin and Grinin 2013a, 2013b), the whole historical process can be most adequately divided into four large periods, on the basis of the change of major developmental stages of the world productive forces, which we call production principles.

# data[].attributes.body
This is Kim K Skims

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Kim Kardashian has a new name for her shapewear brand: Skims.

After being criticized for cultural appropriation over the initial name of her shapewear brand - Kimono, which she revealed on June 25 - Kardashian is changing the brand's name to Skims and has announced a Sept. 10 launch date.

"My fans and followers are a huge inspiration to me - I'm always listening to their feedback and opinions, and am so grateful they shared their ideas for a new brand name," she wrote on Instagram. "I love the idea that the pieces will be the closest thing to someone's skin, skimming with amazingly soft and supportive fabrics which accentuate the best parts of our bodies."

The reality TV star had previously announced on Twitter she would be changing the brand's name on July 1, just six days after revealing the brand. Social media backlash was swift against Kardashian over the Kimono name, with the mayor of Kyoto, Daisaku Kadokawa, penning an open letter asking her to drop the trademark.

Being an entrepreneur and my own boss has been one of the most rewarding challenges I've been blessed with in my life. What's made it possible for me after all of these years has been the direct line of communication with my fans and the public. pic.twitter.com/IB5cto7Mlj

- Kim Kardashian West (@KimKardashian) July 1, 2019

I am always listening, learning and growing - I so appreciate the passion and varied perspectives that people bring to me. When I announced the name of my shapewear line, I did so with the best intentions in mind.

- Kim Kardashian West (@KimKardashian) July 1, 2019

My brands and products are built with inclusivity and diversity at their core and after careful thought and consideration, I will be launching my Solutionwear brand under a new name. I will be in touch soon. Thank you for your understanding and support always.

- Kim Kardashian West (@KimKardashian) July 1, 2019

She later addressed the backlash she received over Kimono's name in an interview with WSJ Magazine, stating: "You would think we would have obviously thought it through a little bit deeper. I'm the first person to say, OK, of course, I can't believe we didn't think of this. I obviously had really innocent intentions. But, let's listen. And I want to really listen. And I want to really take it all in. I do love Japan. My husband was in Japan when all of this was happening. It's a place that we love and go to. I have such respect."

Kardashian's initial announcement showed her line of skin tone-colored shapewear has been 15 years in the works. The brand's imagery - which was photographed by artist Vanessa Beecroft - shows styles like bras, underwear, bodysuits and a one-leg bike short available in nine shades and in sizes ranging from XXS to 4XL.
Read more here: Kim Kardashian Sues Makeup App for $10 Million Kim Kardashian Calls Out Fast-fashion Brands for Designer Knock-offs A Look at the Kardashian-Jenner-West Fashion and Beauty Empire WATCH: Celebrity Makeup Artist Patrick Ta on Working With Rihanna and Adriana Lima

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Kim Kardashian Reveals New Name for Shapewear Brand After Backlash

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kim Kardashian has a new name for her shapewear brand: Skims. After being criticized for cultural appropriation over the initial name of her shapewear brand - Kimono, which she revealed on June 25 - Kardashian is changing the brand's name to Skims and has announced a Sept. 10 launch date.

# data[].attributes.body
Innovation is one of the main topics for competitiveness for companies , and your self and establishing success in your future.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services.[1] ISO TC 279 in the standard ISO 56000:2020 [2] defines innovation as “a new or changed entity realizing or redistributing value”. Others have d…

# data[].attributes.body
We are all creative we can create many different things and do many different things to be creative. Examples like exploring, navigating the system and many more heres a link to show you the what creativity and the importance of creativity in life.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Research shows that everybody is creative

In school, those who can write a good story or draw beautiful pictures are considered the special ones who are creative. But research shows that all people are creative.

In fact, creativity is one of the most important characteristics of being human. It is one of the main traits that make us successful as individuals and as a species.

Our workshops don't merely talk about being creative-we spend our class time actively getting people to jump in and do creative work. We have found in our 25 years of teaching The Creativity Workshop that if we let our hand move faster than our brain, the hurdles to creativity disappear.

The astonishing thing is how easy it is with the right techniques to get people who think they have no creativity at all to do very innovative and imaginative work.

An ideal environment for teaching creativity includes exercises and techniques that are supportive, playful, surprising, and value process over product.

In case you have doubts about your own creativity there are scientific studies to prove it. American neurologist Alice Flaherty in her book The Midnight Disease, talks about the neural basis of creativity:

"A creative idea will be defined simply as one that is both novel and useful (or influential) in a particular social setting."

Flaherty says that this applies to business, IT, science and math as much as it does to what we typically think of as "creative" fields, such as fiction writing, art or theatre.

Our brain and creativity

When we are doing something creatively what is actually active in our brain? Researchers Siyuan Liu and Allen Braun did research on this topic by tracking the brain activity of freestyle rappers.

It turns out that the parts of the brain that we use in 'business as usual' thinking are totally switched off when we are being creative, whereas other parts of our mind that we do not use everyday are quite active.

The medial prefrontal cortex showed increased activity during improvisation and lower activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Braun found that during creative expression, 'executive functions' take a back seat and more uncensored processes and de-focused attention happen.

George Land's Creativity Test

George Land conducted a research study in 1968. What the test shows is that non-creative behavior is learned.

Land did a creativity test on children in the age group 3 to 5. This was the same test he conducted to select scientists and innovative engineers for NASA. He tested the same children at 10 years of age, and again at 15 years of age. The results were shocking.

While the creativity in 5 year olds was 98%, it went down to 30% when they reached the age of 10. And it was just 12% when they were tested as 15 year olders.

When the same test was given to 280,000 adults, the creativity was just 2%.

So why aren't adults as creative as children?

Rules and regulations kill creativity. Our school systems typically denigrate imagination, day dreaming, and imperfection-all attributes that great minds say were key to their most revolutionary ideas. Educational systems all too often teach us not to think differently, but how to follow instructions and obey the status quo.

Creativity in education

The world is changing so rapidly now that just learning a specific skill set and following it exactly won't get us very far. What prepares students for life beyond the classroom is learning how to be more creative, which includes flexibility in perception and execution of tasks.

Schools have started acknowledging the importance of creativity in classrooms. Courses in creativity are now provided by academia because it is now common knowledge that only creativity can help students succeed in the 21st century.

Creativity is no longer relegated in the classroom to subjects like English, art, or music. Teachers and professors are beginning to emphasize creativity in the sciences, as well.

Why we need creative educators

Sir Ken Robinson, an international advisor on education, once interviewed Hans Zimmer, the Oscar winning German composer. Zimmer apparently was an unruly child at school. He was thrown out from 8 schools.

When his parents took him to the ninth, the head teacher figured out how to get Zimmer involved in education just by talking to him. The head teacher organized for him to study music because Zimmer said he liked music. This led to his successful career.

Not just Zimmer's music but the teacher and her teaching method are also creative. This again is proof of the importance of creativity in educators. Zimmer was lucky as the head teacher was creative in her teaching methods.

But in today's greatly synchronized teaching environment there is little scope for creativity.

During a recent experiment, a creative writing task was given to science and arts students. To everyone's surprise, the science students performed much better than arts students. The experiment showed the value of creative thought for scientists in the workplace. What makes their organizations excel is the creativity and innovation of these scientists.

Creativity in all of its forms should be embraced by educators if they want to nurture happy, well balanced students. The right kind of thinkers for future generations can be cultivated only through this method.

"The principle goal of education should be to create people who are capable of doing new things, not simply of repeating what other generations have done-men who are creative, inventive, and discoverers." - Jean Piaget

Help students embrace this creativity is what educators should aim for. Let students give wings to the imagination without the fear of failure.

"It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge." - Albert Einstein

Teachers should become creative themselves if they want to instill creativity in their students, schools, and fellow educators.

Creativity - a crucial skill for professionals

Creativity is no longer just seen as what artists and musicians process. It's a crucial skill for professionals in all fields.

The "20% rule" is practiced by most of the biggest and successful businesses in the world. This means that they are encouraging their employees to set aside 20% of their work time to exploring new ideas and thinking creatively.

In the modern business world creativity is valued as the most important business skill, says a recent survey.

For organizations the world over creativity and innovation are the number 1 strategic priorities.

The annual strategy survey by the Boston Consulting Group shows innovation and creativity as the top ranked tactical imperatives.

Creativity is part of all our day jobs

Many researchers would agree that in order to solve problems and exploit opportunities you have to think creatively in order to find useful and original ideas. According to a NESTA Everyday Innovation survey, creativity is an integral part of modern work. This is true not just for arch-strategists or chief executives, but for all of us.

In a new research by Adobe that surveyed college-educated professionals, it was clear that creative thought ought to have a more elevated precedence in the teaching curriculum and inn teacher professional development.

The U.S. study, Creativity and Education: Why it Matters, proves that to succeed in any career you need to be creative or you become obsolete. It also emphasized that while creativity is innate, it can be enhanced and developed as a learned skill.

Can Creativity be Taught?

Yes, creativity skills can be learned. You need an interest in the creative process, the desire to explore and a spirit of curiosity.

Several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of creative training. These studies show that well-designed creativity training programs typically improve creative performance in students, teachers and working professionals in all fields.

How creativity courses can improve creativity

There are several courses that will help adults - educators, artists, musicians, authors, scientists, business people, IT, advertising and marketing professionals, as well as doctors and lawyers- improve their creativity through creative writing, photography, collage, storytelling, free-form drawing, guided visualizations and mindfulness.

What are the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of these training programs? Studies on these programs show that successful programs focus on development of cognitive skills using realistic exercises that allow participants to ask and re-ask questions in a variety of ways.

The most successful programs helped participants fight incapacitating self-criticism, perfectionism, and the fear of failure that lead to creative blocks.

These workshops are taught in a nurturing, playful, non-competitive environment where focus and freedom go hand in hand. Rather than focusing simply on a specific creative product, such workshops focus on the creative process, which can then be applied to developing many products, no matter how different they are. Effective creativity training and workshops emphasize that creativity is a way of living and leads to pleasure in life-long learning.

Developing creativity through play

The basic components of the creative process are involved in play. It generates new experimentation, possibilities, and exploration of unlimited fantasy and reality. For the development of a healthy personality, play is crucial.

A child is calm and satisfied after a good session of play. The child often experiences deep distress if play is disrupted. The child experiences frustrations if the environment is too strict and he feels tortured. Such a child may begin to torture others.

In the book Human Development: An Introduction to the Psychodynamics of Growth, Maturity and Ageing, authors Eric Rayner, James Rose, Angela Joyce, Christopher Clulow, and Mary Twyman, say that these cruel games can carry on into adult life, in criminal behaviour or empire building. For meeting curriculum standards play is often prevented and this could have a harmful and negative impact on children's personality formation.

An adult who has lost his/her creative spark can be taught how to be creative through play. Through a series of experiments they retrieve the child's sense of wonder in adults. Participants in a creativity training program are taught how to fit into place in the process of creativity, and increase self-confidence in their creativity through play.

Creativity is required to succeed in life. People are born creative, and given the right environment and with the right creative tools and training everyone can tap into this innate talent.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Creativity? The Importance of Creativity in Life - Creativity Workshop

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In school, those who can write a good story or draw beautiful pictures are considered the special ones who are creative. But research shows that all people are creative. In fact, creativity is one of the most important characteristics of being human.

# data[].attributes.body
This society 5.0 link i will be linking in this to show you the technology and how it might develop new visions for smarter society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Society 5.0: What Is It & How To Achieve A Human-Centered Society

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Society 5.0 is a human-centered society that balances economic and technological advancement to solve society’s problems with AI data systems

# data[].attributes.body
Here is the source I have found of the 6th wave this will give you a graphic design of the 6th wave.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Kondratieff Wave is a concept that was introduced during the Russian Communist era by a sociologist economist, Nikolai D. Kondratieff. He

# data[].attributes.body
Singer-songwriter. Actress. Fashion icon. Performer. Charity champion.

# data[].attributes.body
Steve Jobs was an American business magnet, industrial designer, media proprietor, and investor

# data[].attributes.body
Fashion, Fame, celebrity, Icon, role model for younger girls

# data[].attributes.body
1. Practise until its perfect
2. Focus and don't lose focus
3. Be conscious of what is required
4. Experiment until you get it right
5. Don't be down if it doesn't work
6. Never give up!
7. Be confident you can achieve anything you put your mind to
8. Engage and listen well
9. Take a deep breath
10.Think but don't overthink

# data[].attributes.headline
entredonneur means giving to the in between so it balances the concept between entredonneur and entrepreneur 

# data[].attributes.subject
entredonneur means giving to the in between so it balances the concept between entredonneur and entrepreneur 

# data[].attributes.body
Aslan became well known internationally for her studies on the effect of procaine on the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, studies that she began in 1949. After a 3-year prospective study, she developed a medicine (Gerovital H3) that she prescribed for the prevention of aging. In 1970, she produced a similar drug (Aslavital). The so-called AsIan therapy became very popular and was used not only in Romania but also in many other European countries. AsIan established a busy clinical practice in Otopeni (near Bucharest), where her patients included many famous politicians, artists, and actors who hoped to obtain a never ending life. Convinced that aging was a disease that could be prevented, she formulated the concept of gerontoprophylaxis in 1976.

# data[].attributes.body
Kim using her platform to help individuals who have been wrongly incarcerated is
Powerfull
Bringing awareness
helping
Getting people Justice
Making a Change

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In a twist of fate that many people never expected from anyone in the Kardashian-Jenner family, Kim Kardashian West has been on the path to becoming a lawyer and prison reform advocate the last few years. On Sunday April 5, her new justice documentary titled Kim Kardashian West: The Justice Project comes out on the Oxygen network. The documentary is all about how her involvement in and advocacy for prison reform.

As a public figure, she's spent the last few years trying to bring national attention to cases that have been overlooked, and people who should be freed from their sentences. The new documentary details how Kardashian West first started her quest to become a lawyer, and who she's helped in her effort to change the criminal justice system so far.

Momolu Stewart, a 39-year-old who walked out of the Central Detention Facility in Washington, D.C. in October 2019, was released after serving more than 23 years, in part thanks to Kardashian West. Stewart was sentenced to life for the 1997 shooting death of Mark Rosebure. At the time, Stewart was only 16 years old, but tried as an adult, which is fairly common in America, especially for black boys.

After another campaign to commute sentences, this time specifically for women in prison, Kardashian West helped to free Crystal Munoz. By funding the 90 Days of Freedom Campaign, a response to Trump's signing of the First Step Act - which banned the inhuman treatment of shackling women in prison during childbirth - Kardashian West helped to free Crystal Munoz and 16 other women from prison. Munoz was originally arrested for "conspiring to distribute marijuana," and served 12 years in prison. Her case had been highlighted as an example in the First Step Act.

Judith Negron's sentence of 35 years in prison, charged with fraud, makes her one of the highest sentenced women in history under her sentence type. She was sentenced to 35 years in 2011 for aiding a $200 million fraud case. When later asked what she would do if released, Negron said, "I plan to utilise this experience to bring awareness to society of the urgent need for support groups that can properly address the serious consequences that our children face as a result of the stigma that comes with being 'children of incarcerated parents'." Negron's sentence was commuted in February and she accompanied Kardashian West to the White House in March to advocate for other women in prison.

Other incarcerated people Kardashian West helped

These are not the only people Kim Kardashian West has helped get out of prison, but there are quite literally too many to name and profile in one place. For the last several years, Kardashian West has been on a roll, consistently visiting President Donald Trump to have more people's sentences commuted. Among them are Matthew Charles, who is believed to be the first person released under the First Step Act, passed by Trump in 2018, largely because of public discourse caused in part by Kardashian West. Many other names of those Kardashian West has helped free have chosen to remain anonymous.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Kim Kardashian Helped Free These Incarcerated People In Her Fight For Prison Reform

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a public figure, she's spent the last few years trying to bring national attention to cases that have been overlooked, and people who should be freed from their sentences.

# data[].attributes.body
Creation Solutions Tool Card

When something goes wrong

[1] Leave the subject you are on and have a look at it another time

[2] Take time to reflect on different ideas

[3] Research or find other relevant information

[4] Change of surroundings can help rethink

[5] Communication and collaboration can help with new methods

[6] Best to have a coffee or tea break will help you relax

[7] Sometimes using methods and out the box thinking

[8] plan will and give yourself enough time to succeed

[9] Don’t be afraid to fail it will make you stronger

[10] Crowdsource and take on ideas from others to help you with challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneur story's who had been successful in there business venture.

# data[].attributes.body
Creative, Empathetic, social, innovative and current.

# data[].attributes.headline
Creative Solutions:- When something goes wrong

# data[].attributes.subject
Creative Solutions:- When something goes wrong

# data[].attributes.body
1.     change part of your idea accordingly

2.     Learn from the situation

3.     Use other methods

4.     work with others

5.     source local materials

6.     Exhale some energy

7.     always try again

8.     Revisit your plan

9.     Investigate why

10.  listen to music

# data[].attributes.body
The ability to make things more accessible and more universally used. The leveling out of the service or product and its intended audience. The upgrade to be more inclusive or the more socially giving version of the original idea or service. An alternative to an entrepreneurship based off its model with adjustments.

# data[].attributes.body
Examples of Entrepreneur vs Entredonneur

|Entrepreneur      | vs | Entredonneur
|Manual cars        |      | Automatic cars
|Push doors         |      | Automatic censored doors
|Reading books   |      | Electronic books to audio books

making manual cars more accessible was the creation of automatic cars making doors for disabled people more accessible was automatic doors and making reading more accessible for visually impaired is audio books.
Apple Iphone Vs Samsung/Android.

# data[].attributes.body
Serena's efforts to gain equality in sports for woman and men alike is great but her attempt to gain racial bias awareness in women's health is second to none.

# data[].attributes.body
When you need to find your creative state

1)    See what is going on around you that will benefit from a change

2)  Make notes of the changes you want to see

3)  Go for a walk to clear you head

4)  Re-think your ideas through

5)  Do something creative

6)  Focus on materials that are local you will benefit from

7)  Do not give up on your ideas

8)  Edit the ideas if you think you could do them better

9)  Collaborate on the ideas

10)  Look for determination methods and proceed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A fun card deck for anyone who needs creative inspiration

# data[].attributes.body
What is Entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business or businesses while building and scaling it to generate a profit.

But as a basic entrepreneurship definition, that one is a bit limiting. The more modern entrepreneurship definition is also about transforming the world by solving big problems. Like bringing about social change or creating an innovative product that challenges the status quo of how we live our lives on a daily basis.

Entrepreneurship is what people do to take their career and dreams into their hands and lead it in the direction they want.

It’s about building a life on your own terms. No bosses. No restricting schedules. And no one holding you back. Entrepreneurs are able to take the first step into making the world a better place – for everyone in it, including themselves.

# data[].attributes.body
5 Words to describe Greta Thunberg
-Aspirational
-Courageous
-Inspiring
-Persuasive
-Smart

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Latest News, Entertainment Stories And Viral Videos - UNILAD

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
UNILAD brings you the latest news, funniest videos & viral stories from around the world. Sit back, relax & let us entertain you.

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneurship is defined as the act of starting and running your own business or a tendency to be creative and wish to work for yourself in your own ventures. An example of entrepreneurship is a person who is running his own business.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition of entrepreneur

A person who organises manages and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Other Words from entrepreneur The Characteristics of an Entrepreneur Example Sentences Learn More About entrepreneur.

# data[].attributes.headline
Creative Solutions (When something goes wrong)

# data[].attributes.subject
Creative Solutions (When something goes wrong)

# data[].attributes.body
1)Learn from the environment

2)Experiment

3)Go for a walk

4)Re-think your idea

5)Do something creative

6)Focus on materials that are local

7)Do not give up on your idea

8)Edit the idea

9)Collaborate

10)Look for purposeful methods

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneurship is about taking that extra step to see if the ending is worth it or not. It is full of risks.

# data[].attributes.body
An example of an entrepreneur and entredonneur is writing. The entrepreneur will write the story like an author and then afterwards, the entredonneur will
fix and edit the book to make sure everything is alright and accessible to the public.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.inc.com/larry-kim/11-most-famous-entrepreneurs-of-all-time-and-what-made-them-wildly-rich.html#:~:text=Bill%20Gates%20is%20one%20of,of%20the%20past%2021%20years.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Today I'm sharing a list featuring 11 of history's most famous entrepreneurs. From Oprah to Hans Christian Anderson, we're sharing these tales of past and present entrepreneurs who had to claw their way to the top.

1. Oprah Winfrey

I think Oprah Winfrey has one of the most amazing modern rags-to-riches stories of all time. As you're probably well aware, Oprah is the richest African American of the 21st century, and with a net worth of over $3 billion, she is regarded as arguably the most influential woman in the world.

Her incredible success is all the more impressive considering her rough upbringing. The daughter of an unmarried teen who worked as a housemaid, Oprah grew up in extreme poverty. Her family was so poor that, as a child, Oprah was teased at school for wearing dresses made of potato sacks. She also was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of family members, which she discussed with TV viewers during a special episode of her show.

Oprah's first big break was her gig at the local black radio station. Stations managers were impressed with her oration and passion, leading Oprah to work her way up the ranks to bigger radio stations, eventually resulting in her appearing on TV as well.

It was actually Robert Ebert who convinced Oprah to sign the deal that launched The Oprah Winfrey Show. And the rest, folks, is history.

2. Walt Disney

Walt Disney started off as a farm boy drawing cartoon pictures of his neighbor's horses for fun. When he was older, Walt tried to get a job as a newspaper cartoonist, but was unable to find one and ended up working in an art studio where he created ads for newspapers and magazines. Eventually he grew to work on commercials, became interested in animation, and eventually opened his own animation company.

Disney's first original character creation was Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, but it was officially owned by Universal Pictures because he was working under contract at the time. When Walt walked out on Universal Pictures after getting a pay cut, he needed to create a replacement, which is how Mickey Mouse came into being.

Disney was wildly successful with his animation company, but he wasn't satisfied. He was determined to make the biggest and greatest theme park ever seen, saying to a colleague, "I want it to look like nothing else in the world."

One of the biggest entertainment moguls of all-time, with an unrelenting spirit and commitment to his vision, Disney is undoubtedly an entrepreneurial all-star.

3. J.K. Rowling

Today J.K. Rowling is a household name for fans of the beloved Harry Potter book series, but she wasn't always gifted with magic. The fact is, J.K Rowling was at her rope's end before her misfit gang of witches and wizards saved her. Before her bestseller cast a spell on readers, J.K. Rowling was living on welfare and struggling to get by as a single mother.

Today she is estimated to have a net worth of $1 billion. Rumor has it she's also the president of Gringotts Wizarding Bank, although it's a bit of a secret among the goblins.

Did you know that some people believe that J.K Rowling sold her soul to the devil in exchange for the Harry Potter inspiration? When you're so successful people think you're making deals with the devil, you're a pretty big deal.

4. John Paul DeJoria

Today he's known for his Paul Mitchell hair products and for Patron Tequila, but John Paul DeJoria started off at the bottom. A first-generation American, DeJoria was born to German and Italian parents. He was sent to live in a L.A. foster home, and he even spent time in a street gang.

When he first created John Paul Mitchell Systems, he was selling his hair products door to door while living out of his car. It all paid off, though--today John Paul Mitchell Systems earns over $900 million a year.

John Paul DeJoria proves that things have to get worse before they get better.

5. Madam CJ Walker

Sarah Breedlove (aka Madam CJ Walker) was one amazing lady. She is regarded as the first black female self-made American millionaire.

Born in 1867, her parents and older siblings had been slaves on a Louisiana plantation. She was the first of her family to be born into freedom (that's some lucky timing!).

Madam CJ Walker started her own line of beauty and hair products specifically designed for black women. She saw a market that wasn't being met, and created a solution to a problem no one else seemed interested in solving.

As you can imagine, during her time she had to fight tooth and nail for every step up the ladder. A smart, strategic, and enterprising woman, she perfectly embodies the entrepreneurial spirit (with stylish hair to match).

6. Steve Jobs

You can't really make a self-respecting "famous entrepreneurs" list without throwing in Steve Jobs. Jobs dropped out of college because his family couldn't handle the financial burden of his education. He unofficially continued to audit classes, living off free meals from the local Hare Krishna temple and returning Coke bottles for change just to get by. Jobs credited the calligraphy class he stopped in on as his inspiration for the Mac's revolutionary typefaces and font design.

Jobs went on to have an unbelievable career, eventually forming the Apple Computer Company with his childhood friend and electronics expert Steve Wozniak. Often referred to as "The Grandfather of the Digital Revolution," Jobs forever changed the consumer electronics industry. At the time of his death, his net worth was over $8.3 billion, and his influence will be felt for many digital generations to come.

7. Andrew Carnegie

Just hearing Andrew Carnegie's name brings back yawns and daydream distractions from high school history class. I had no interest in Carnegie back in school, but today he serves as a pretty amazing example of entrepreneurship.

Carnegie had a really rough life growing up. He spent his childhood working in factories, and at night he forced himself to sleep as a way to forget his constant hunger.

Carnegie eventually worked his way up to becoming a superintendent for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company before creating several of his own businesses, the most successful being the Carnegie Steel Mill. Despite being one of the richest Americans of all-time, he also serves as a class act example of generosity.

Following his belief that "the man who dies rich dies disgraced," Carnegie donated nearly 90 percent of his wealth to various charities and foundations. His is widely considered one of the largest benefactors of libraries and educational institutions across the country. Thank you, Carnegie, for giving a second home to us nerdy kids who practically lived in our local libraries.

8. Benjamin Franklin

Only an entrepreneur would conduct some of the wacky experiments old Benny was always up to. Franklin is credited with creating the lightening rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove (yeah, that last one might have been a bit of a flop).

Like many famous entrepreneurs before and after him, Franklin was a man of a thousand hats. Scientist, printer, politician, inventor, author, diplomat, and savvy businessman were just a few of his many trades.

9. John D. Rockefeller

Even though we give these Gilded Age guys a lot of tough love for being so filthy rich, you can't say they didn't do good with their fortunes.

One of the world's wealthiest individuals of all time, Rockefeller was born the son of a traveling salesman. He showed early entrepreneurial promise selling candy and doing odd jobs for neighbors, eventually going on to become the founder of the Standard Oil Company. There's no business quite like oil business, and it made Rockefeller filthy rich.

While Rockefeller is accused of using shady business tactics to wipe competitors off the map, over his lifetime he donated $500 million to philanthropic causes (which he was inspired to do by Carnegie).

10. Hans Christian Anderson

Hans Christian Anderson's fierce determination and self-starter mentality make him another great example of a famous entrepreneur.

Anderson grew up poor, but set off alone to Copenhagen at 14 when a fortuneteller told him that although he would suffer early on, eventually he would become famous.

Those predictions came true, as Anderson first tried and failed to become actor and singer. Seeing something special in Anderson, the director of the Royal Danish Theater took him under his wing and attended to his education. Anderson was teased terribly at school and harassed by students and a hateful headmaster, and he considered those some of the darkest days of his life.

After leaving school, Anderson began to publish his writing. His fairy tales became immensely popular and eventually earned him the fame he was promised as a child. He never forgot his initial poverty-- The Little Match Girl was inspired by how his mother was forced to go begging in the streets as a young girl.

Today Hans Christian Anderson is still beloved, known for rich fairy tales, many of which have inspired Disney animation classics (which, it should be noted, have much happier endings than the original tales).

11. Bill Gates

Bill Gates is one of the most famous entrepreneurs of our era. The richest man in the world, Gates has a net worth estimated to be over $79 billion. He's held the title of "world's wealthiest individual" for 16 of the past 21 years.

Co-founder of the world's largest PC software company, Microsoft, Gates was one of the defining figures of the personal computer revolution.

Gates showed an interest in computer programming at a very young age, spending all of his free time creating programs on the teletype terminal computer his school had donated. Gates went on to create Microsoft and develop the Windows operating system, which continues to be tremendously popular.

Bill Gates is, like many other famous entrepreneurs, also known for his philanthropic activities, donating very large amounts of money to charitable organizations and scientific endeavors. Gates established the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000, a private philanthropic foundation dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing health care, improving education opportunities, and providing access to technology worldwide. Gates himself has donated over $28 billion to the foundation, which he continues to work for.

Have these famous entrepreneurs inspired you? Maybe you'll be next on the list.

Today I'm sharing a list featuring 11 of history's most famous entrepreneurs. From Oprah to Hans Christian Anderson, we're sharing these tales of past and present entrepreneurs who had to claw their way to the top.

1. Oprah Winfrey

I think Oprah Winfrey has one of the most amazing modern rags-to-riches stories of all time. As you're probably well aware, Oprah is the richest African American of the 21st century, and with a net worth of over $3 billion, she is regarded as arguably the most influential woman in the world.

Her incredible success is all the more impressive considering her rough upbringing. The daughter of an unmarried teen who worked as a housemaid, Oprah grew up in extreme poverty. Her family was so poor that, as a child, Oprah was teased at school for wearing dresses made of potato sacks. She also was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of family members, which she discussed with TV viewers during a special episode of her show.

Oprah's first big break was her gig at the local black radio station. Stations managers were impressed with her oration and passion, leading Oprah to work her way up the ranks to bigger radio stations, eventually resulting in her appearing on TV as well.

It was actually Robert Ebert who convinced Oprah to sign the deal that launched The Oprah Winfrey Show. And the rest, folks, is history.

2. Walt Disney

Walt Disney started off as a farm boy drawing cartoon pictures of his neighbor's horses for fun. When he was older, Walt tried to get a job as a newspaper cartoonist, but was unable to find one and ended up working in an art studio where he created ads for newspapers and magazines. Eventually he grew to work on commercials, became interested in animation, and eventually opened his own animation company.

Disney's first original character creation was Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, but it was officially owned by Universal Pictures because he was working under contract at the time. When Walt walked out on Universal Pictures after getting a pay cut, he needed to create a replacement, which is how Mickey Mouse came into being.

Disney was wildly successful with his animation company, but he wasn't satisfied. He was determined to make the biggest and greatest theme park ever seen, saying to a colleague, "I want it to look like nothing else in the world."

One of the biggest entertainment moguls of all-time, with an unrelenting spirit and commitment to his vision, Disney is undoubtedly an entrepreneurial all-star.

3. J.K. Rowling

Today J.K. Rowling is a household name for fans of the beloved Harry Potter book series, but she wasn't always gifted with magic. The fact is, J.K Rowling was at her rope's end before her misfit gang of witches and wizards saved her. Before her bestseller cast a spell on readers, J.K. Rowling was living on welfare and struggling to get by as a single mother.

Today she is estimated to have a net worth of $1 billion. Rumor has it she's also the president of Gringotts Wizarding Bank, although it's a bit of a secret among the goblins.

Did you know that some people believe that J.K Rowling sold her soul to the devil in exchange for the Harry Potter inspiration? When you're so successful people think you're making deals with the devil, you're a pretty big deal.

4. John Paul DeJoria

Today he's known for his Paul Mitchell hair products and for Patron Tequila, but John Paul DeJoria started off at the bottom. A first-generation American, DeJoria was born to German and Italian parents. He was sent to live in a L.A. foster home, and he even spent time in a street gang.

When he first created John Paul Mitchell Systems, he was selling his hair products door to door while living out of his car. It all paid off, though--today John Paul Mitchell Systems earns over $900 million a year.

John Paul DeJoria proves that things have to get worse before they get better.

5. Madam CJ Walker

Sarah Breedlove (aka Madam CJ Walker) was one amazing lady. She is regarded as the first black female self-made American millionaire.

Born in 1867, her parents and older siblings had been slaves on a Louisiana plantation. She was the first of her family to be born into freedom (that's some lucky timing!).

Madam CJ Walker started her own line of beauty and hair products specifically designed for black women. She saw a market that wasn't being met, and created a solution to a problem no one else seemed interested in solving.

As you can imagine, during her time she had to fight tooth and nail for every step up the ladder. A smart, strategic, and enterprising woman, she perfectly embodies the entrepreneurial spirit (with stylish hair to match).

6. Steve Jobs

You can't really make a self-respecting "famous entrepreneurs" list without throwing in Steve Jobs. Jobs dropped out of college because his family couldn't handle the financial burden of his education. He unofficially continued to audit classes, living off free meals from the local Hare Krishna temple and returning Coke bottles for change just to get by. Jobs credited the calligraphy class he stopped in on as his inspiration for the Mac's revolutionary typefaces and font design.

Jobs went on to have an unbelievable career, eventually forming the Apple Computer Company with his childhood friend and electronics expert Steve Wozniak. Often referred to as "The Grandfather of the Digital Revolution," Jobs forever changed the consumer electronics industry. At the time of his death, his net worth was over $8.3 billion, and his influence will be felt for many digital generations to come.

7. Andrew Carnegie

Just hearing Andrew Carnegie's name brings back yawns and daydream distractions from high school history class. I had no interest in Carnegie back in school, but today he serves as a pretty amazing example of entrepreneurship.

Carnegie had a really rough life growing up. He spent his childhood working in factories, and at night he forced himself to sleep as a way to forget his constant hunger.

Carnegie eventually worked his way up to becoming a superintendent for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company before creating several of his own businesses, the most successful being the Carnegie Steel Mill. Despite being one of the richest Americans of all-time, he also serves as a class act example of generosity.

Following his belief that "the man who dies rich dies disgraced," Carnegie donated nearly 90 percent of his wealth to various charities and foundations. His is widely considered one of the largest benefactors of libraries and educational institutions across the country. Thank you, Carnegie, for giving a second home to us nerdy kids who practically lived in our local libraries.

8. Benjamin Franklin

Only an entrepreneur would conduct some of the wacky experiments old Benny was always up to. Franklin is credited with creating the lightening rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove (yeah, that last one might have been a bit of a flop).

Like many famous entrepreneurs before and after him, Franklin was a man of a thousand hats. Scientist, printer, politician, inventor, author, diplomat, and savvy businessman were just a few of his many trades.

9. John D. Rockefeller

Even though we give these Gilded Age guys a lot of tough love for being so filthy rich, you can't say they didn't do good with their fortunes.

One of the world's wealthiest individuals of all time, Rockefeller was born the son of a traveling salesman. He showed early entrepreneurial promise selling candy and doing odd jobs for neighbors, eventually going on to become the founder of the Standard Oil Company. There's no business quite like oil business, and it made Rockefeller filthy rich.

While Rockefeller is accused of using shady business tactics to wipe competitors off the map, over his lifetime he donated $500 million to philanthropic causes (which he was inspired to do by Carnegie).

10. Hans Christian Anderson

Hans Christian Anderson's fierce determination and self-starter mentality make him another great example of a famous entrepreneur.

Anderson grew up poor, but set off alone to Copenhagen at 14 when a fortuneteller told him that although he would suffer early on, eventually he would become famous.

Those predictions came true, as Anderson first tried and failed to become actor and singer. Seeing something special in Anderson, the director of the Royal Danish Theater took him under his wing and attended to his education. Anderson was teased terribly at school and harassed by students and a hateful headmaster, and he considered those some of the darkest days of his life.

After leaving school, Anderson began to publish his writing. His fairy tales became immensely popular and eventually earned him the fame he was promised as a child. He never forgot his initial poverty-- The Little Match Girl was inspired by how his mother was forced to go begging in the streets as a young girl.

Today Hans Christian Anderson is still beloved, known for rich fairy tales, many of which have inspired Disney animation classics (which, it should be noted, have much happier endings than the original tales).

11. Bill Gates

Bill Gates is one of the most famous entrepreneurs of our era. The richest man in the world, Gates has a net worth estimated to be over $79 billion. He's held the title of "world's wealthiest individual" for 16 of the past 21 years.

Co-founder of the world's largest PC software company, Microsoft, Gates was one of the defining figures of the personal computer revolution.

Gates showed an interest in computer programming at a very young age, spending all of his free time creating programs on the teletype terminal computer his school had donated. Gates went on to create Microsoft and develop the Windows operating system, which continues to be tremendously popular.

Bill Gates is, like many other famous entrepreneurs, also known for his philanthropic activities, donating very large amounts of money to charitable organizations and scientific endeavors. Gates established the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000, a private philanthropic foundation dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing health care, improving education opportunities, and providing access to technology worldwide. Gates himself has donated over $28 billion to the foundation, which he continues to work for.

Have these famous entrepreneurs inspired you? Maybe you'll be next on the list.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
11 Most Famous Entrepreneurs of All Time (and What Made Them Wildly Rich)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Today I'm sharing a list featuring 11 of history's most famous entrepreneurs. From Oprah to Hans Christian Anderson, we're sharing these tales of past and present entrepreneurs who had to claw their way to the top. 1. Oprah Winfrey I think Oprah Winfrey has one of the most amazing modern rags-to-riches stories of all time.

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneurship is about taking risks to see if it pays off or not. Jazmin Dawes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mr Omondi George: Head of Thematic Area:
Entrepreneurship is the the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential part of a nation's ability to succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive global marketplace.

Entrepreneurship is the act and art of being an entrepreneur or one who undertakes innovations or introducing new things, finance and business acumen, in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses (referred as startup company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing activities within a firm or large organization it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate venturing, when large entities spin-off organizations. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities.
MEMBERS OF THE THEMATIC AREA Prof Ogutu Martin Dr. Gathungu James Muchiri Dr. Machuki Vincent Nyasaka Dr .Litondo Kate O Dr . Yabs John
Prof. Zachary Bolo Awino

Prof. Kinoti Mary Wanjiru

Prof. Njihia James Muranga

Prof. X N Iraki

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Entrepreneurship | DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mr Omondi George: Head of Thematic Area: Entrepreneurship is the the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.

# data[].attributes.headline
Benazir Bhutto a changemaker in Pakistan 

# data[].attributes.subject
Benazir Bhutto a changemaker in Pakistan 

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/benazir-bhutto

Bhutto was Pakistan's first democratically elected Prime Minister and the first female Prime Minister in a Muslim-majority country. She was the world's youngest Prime Minister, and the world's youngest elected leader in the Islamic world when she was 35 years old.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Contents

"The United States strongly condemns this cowardly act by murderous extremists who are trying to undermine Pakistan's democracy," President Bush said from his ranch near Crawford, "Those who committed this crime must be brought to justice."

Pakistan's Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) was the first democratically elected female leader of a Muslim country during a tumultuous life that ended with her assassination. The daughter of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) founder and Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Bhutto took over as chairperson of the PPP in 1982. After her two stints as prime minister in the 1990s ended early amid charges of corruption, Bhutto spent several years in exile in London. She returned to Pakistan with plans to participate in the 2008 general election, but was killed during an attack at a PPP rally in late 2007.

Benazir Bhutto was born June 21, 1953, in Karachi, SE Pakistan, the eldest child of former premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and was prime minister from 1971 to 1977. After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the United States. From 1969 to 1973, she attended Radcliffe College, and then Harvard University, where she graduated with a B.A. degree in comparative government. It was then onto the United Kingdom to study at Oxford from 1973 to 1977. There, she completed a course in International Law and Diplomacy.

Bhutto returned to Pakistan in 1977, and was placed under house arrest after the military coup led by General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq overthrew her father's government. One year after Zia ul-Haq became president in 1978, the elder Bhutto was hanged after his conviction on charges of authorizing the murder of an opponent. She inherited her father's leadership of the PPP.

There was more family tragedy in 1980 when Bhutto's brother Shahnawaz was killed in his apartment on the Riviera in 1980. The family insisted he was poisoned, but no charges were brought. Another brother, Murtaza, died in 1996 (while his sister was in power) in a gun battle with police in Karachi.

She moved to England in 1984, becoming the joint leader in exile of the PPP, then returned to Pakistan on April 10, 1986, to launch a nationwide campaign for 'open elections.

She married a wealthy landowner, Asif Ali Zardari, in Karachi on December 18, 1987. The couple had three children: son Bilawal and two daughters, Bakhtawar and Aseefa.

Zia ul-Haq's dictatorship ended when he was killed in a plane crash in 1988. And Bhutto was elected prime minister barely three months after giving birth to her first child. She became the first ever female prime minister of a Muslim nation on December 1, 1988. Bhutto was defeated in the 1990 election, and found herself in court defending herself against several charges of misconduct while in office. Bhutto continued to be a prominent focus of opposition discontent, and won a further election in 1993, but was replaced in 1996.While in self-imposed exile in Britain and Dubai, she was convicted in 1999 of corruption and sentenced to three years in prison. She continued to direct her party from abroad, being re-affirmed as PPP leader in 2002.

Bhutto returned to Pakistan on October 18, 2007, after President Musharraf granted her amnesty on all corruption charges, opening the way for her return and a possible power-sharing agreement.

Bhutto's homecoming rally after eight years in exile was hit by a suicide attack, killing 136 people. She only survived after ducking down at the moment of impact behind her armored vehicle. Bhutto said it was Pakistan's "blackest day" when Musharraf imposed a state of emergency Nov. 3 and threatened to bring her supporters on to the streets in mass demonstrations. She was placed under house arrest Nov. 9. Bhutto called for his resignation four days later. Emergency rule was lifted Dec.

Bhutto was killed when an assassin fired shots and then blew himself up after an election campaign rally in Rawalpindi on December 27, 2007. The attack also killed 28 others and wounded at least another 100. The attacker struck just minutes after Bhutto addressed a rally of thousands of supporters in the garrison city of Rawalpindi, 8 miles south of Islamabad. She died after hitting her head on part of her vehicle's sunroof - not as a result of bullets or shrapnel, a spokesman for Pakistan's Interior Ministry said. President Musharraf said he had asked a team of investigators from Britain's Scotland Yard to assist in the investigation into Bhutto's killing. Hundreds of thousands of mourners paid last respects to former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto on December 28, 2007 as she was buried at her family's mausoleum in Garhi Khuda Bakhsh, the southern province of Sindh. Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf announced three days of mourning. Bhutto's husband, Asif Ali Zardari, her three children and her sister Sanam attended the burial. Bhutto was buried alongside her father Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's first popularly elected prime minister who was later on executed by hanging.

The shooting and bombing attack on the charismatic former prime minister plunged Pakistan into turmoil. Pakistan is armed with nuclear weapons and is a key U.S. ally in the war on terrorism. Furious supporters rampaged through several cities, torching cars, trains and stores in violence that left at least 23 dead. Pakistan's election commission announced January 2, 2008 that parliamentary elections would be postponed until February 18, a delay of six weeks. Bhutto reportedly had been planning to give two visiting American lawmakers a 160-page report accusing the Musharraf government of taking steps to rig the Jan. 8 vote.

"The United States strongly condemns this cowardly act by murderous extremists who are trying to undermine Pakistan's democracy," President Bush said from his ranch near Crawford, "Those who committed this crime must be brought to justice."

Pakistan's Interior Ministry also revealed that it had "irrefutable evidence" showing that al Qaeda was behind Bhutto's assassination. Brigadier Javed Iqbal Cheema said the government had recorded an "intelligence intercept" in which al Qaeda leader Baitullah Mehsud "congratulated his people for carrying out this cowardly act." Mehsud is regarded as the commander of pro-Taliban forces in the lawless Pakistani tribal region South Waziristan, where al-Qaida fighters are also active. Mehsud has denied involvement.

Biography courtesy of BIO.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"The United States strongly condemns this cowardly act by murderous extremists who are trying to undermine Pakistan's democracy," President Bush said from his ranch near Crawford, "Those who committed this crime must be brought to justice." Pakistan's Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) was the first democratically elected female leader of a Muslim country during a tumultuous life that ended with her assassination.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan.[1] Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first governor-general until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as the Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader") and Baba-i-Qaum ("Father of the Nation"). His birthday is observed as a national holiday in Pakistan.

Quaid-e-Azam
Baba-i-Qaum

Muhammad Ali Jinnah
محمد علی جناح
મહમદ અલી ઝીણા

Jinnah in 1945

1st Governor-General of Pakistan

In office
14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948

Monarch

| George VI

Prime Minister

| Liaquat Ali Khan

Preceded by

| Position established

Succeeded by

| Khawaja Nazimuddin

Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

In office
11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948

Deputy

| Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan

Preceded by

| Position established

Succeeded by

| Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan

President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

In office
11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948

Deputy

| Liaquat Ali Khan

Preceded by

| Office created

Succeeded by

| Office abolished

Personal details

Born

| Mahomedali Jinnahbhai
25 December 1876
Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India

Died

| 11 September 1948(aged 71)
Karachi, Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan

Resting place

| Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi

Nationality

| British Indian (1876–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1948)

Political party

| Muslim League (1947–1948)

Other political
affiliations

| Indian National Congress(1906–1920)
All-India Muslim League(1913–1947)

Spouse(s)

| Emibai Jinnah​​(m. 1892; died 1893)​
Rattanbai Petit​​(m. 1918; died 1929)​

Relations

| See Jinnah family

Children

| Dina Wadia

Alma mater

| The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn

Profession

| Barrister Politician

Signature

|

Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, England. Upon his return to British India, he enrolled at the Bombay High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All-India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, which he regarded as political anarchy.

By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they may gain in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation for British Indian Muslims. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the provincial elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a predominantly Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state of Pakistan.

As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from neighbouring India to Pakistan after the two states' independence, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Innumerable streets, roads and localities in the world are named after Jinnah. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader.

# data[].attributes.body
Greta Thunberg is a 19 year old Activist known for challenging leaders around the world to take action on clime change.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Romanian Flight Pioneer Traian Vuia and his Flying Machines

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On March 18, 1906, the flying machine of Romanian inventor Traian Vuia lifted briefly to a powered hop of 11 metres. Though unsuccessful in sustained flight, Vuia’s invention influenced Louis Bléri

# data[].attributes.headline
Why I Think Martin Luther King was a changemaker

# data[].attributes.subject
Why I Think Martin Luther King was a changemaker

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil-rights activist who had a seismic impact on race relations in the United States, beginning in the mid-1950s he paved a way for change across the world

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Martin Luther King Jr. - Day, Quotes & Assassination

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Martin Luther King Jr. was a scholar and minister who led the civil rights movement. After his assassination, he was memorialized by Martin Luther King Jr. Day.

# data[].attributes.body
Nisha Sharma

# data[].attributes.body
I think in this present time the president of Pakistan is an elite changemaker for his vision of taking the poverty stricken people and give them a helping hand. His work with getting the homeless people of the streets of Pakistan and giving anyone a place to stay by creating hostels and shelters for the poor. His plan to make everyone be equal in the eyes of the law is a change that will be welcomed by many. The economy and the country as a hole has been ravaged by former presidents and their ruling elites have left the country left fighting a uphill battle which in the past four years prime minster Imran Khan has made it his mission to put right which was corrupted.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
I believe Dianna showed strength within poverty and diversity when everyone did not want her to and that is why she is and will always be the peoples princess  

# data[].attributes.body
Everyone of us needs to show how much we care for each other and, in the process, care for ourselves .” - Diana

# data[].attributes.body
Nelson Mandela showed heroism through his selfless and dedicated acts, by fighting to bring liberty and justice for his people, and risking his life for the equality of all. Mandela was he first president of South Africa who fought daily to bring liberty and justice to his people.

# data[].attributes.body
To be creative you just have to have an open mind and be focused on what you want nothing is impossible when you think widely and make your ideas and dreams come true. Being creative is a key to your success.

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneur's invent new modifications of the latest products out.
Entredonneur's invent new modifications to help ensure carbon footprints are decreased.
Nisha Sharma

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneur is the innovator of the source of the new idea, service or goods.

# data[].attributes.body
An entrepreneur might create a security system for homes and a entredonneur might create a more modified version that is accessible for not just homes but other companies

# data[].attributes.body
Created from activity and research

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
You may now get this word cloud on many items, such as T-shirts, mugs, cards, bags and even more! They make great custom gifts for someone special as well as personalised presents for yourself.

Find out more

If you do buy something with these affiliate links, you help WordItOut continue to run for free at no extra cost to you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You may now get this word cloud on many items, such as T-shirts, mugs, cards, bags and even more! They make great custom gifts for someone special as well as personalised presents for yourself. Find out more If you do buy something with these affiliate links, you help WordItOut continue to run for free at no extra cost to you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
You may now get this word cloud on many items, such as T-shirts, mugs, cards, bags and even more! They make great custom gifts for someone special as well as personalised presents for yourself.

Find out more

If you do buy something with these affiliate links, you help WordItOut continue to run for free at no extra cost to you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You may now get this word cloud on many items, such as T-shirts, mugs, cards, bags and even more! They make great custom gifts for someone special as well as personalised presents for yourself. Find out more If you do buy something with these affiliate links, you help WordItOut continue to run for free at no extra cost to you.

# data[].attributes.body
Think outside the box and use the skills of innovation.

# data[].attributes.body
Malcolm X was a major figure in the black nationalist movement in the United States. Many of the principles he advocated, such as race pride and self-defense, became intellectual staples of the 1960s and 1970s Black Power movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Creativity is someone's idea that is just imagined first then bought to life by hard work and dedication. A prime example is Steve jobs who changed the word with an hand held device that so much of the world has come to depend on. Its everything from a cell phone to a computer/entertainment system with many more features. creativity at its highest.

# data[].attributes.body
Innovation Group Infront Solutions | Insurance Claim Solutions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Innovation Group Infront Solutions | Insurance Claim Solutions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
I have a flurry of subsidence claims on my desk, where the policyholder has felt poorly represented by their insurers agents, Innovation Group...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Constantin Brâncuși ( Romanian: [konstanˈtin brɨŋˈkuʃʲ] ; February 19, 1876 - March 16, 1957) was a Romanian sculptor, painter and photographer who made his career in France. Considered one of the most influential sculptors of the 20th-century and a pioneer of modernism, Brâncuși is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. As a child he displayed an aptitude for carving wooden farm tools. Formal studies took him first to Bucharest, then to Munich, then to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris from 1905 to 1907. His art emphasizes clean geometrical lines that balance forms inherent in his materials with the symbolic allusions of representational art. Brâncuși sought inspiration in non-European cultures as a source of primitive exoticism, as did Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, André Derain and others. However, other influences emerge from Romanian folk art traceable through Byzantine and Dionysian traditions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Constantin Brâncuși ( Romanian: [konstanˈtin brɨŋˈkuʃʲ] ; February 19, 1876 - March 16, 1957) was a Romanian sculptor, painter and photographer who made his career in France. Considered one of the most influential sculptors of the 20th-century and a pioneer of modernism, Brâncuși is called the patriarch of modern sculpture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Which one do you think best describes me?

# data[].attributes.body
Please pick one of the words from this cloud and tell me what you think best describes me in your opinion.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20243493

# data[].attributes.body
Richard Branson was inspired by Nelson Mandela and has helped tackle key world problems.
To assist with climate change he set up The Carbon War Room to help with global emissions.
He has used his entrepreneurial skills to assist with social problems as well as business.
'Once a change maker, always a change maker but only a few swim against the tide'.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Nelson Mandela dedicated his life to fighting for equality and helped topple South Africa’s racist system of apartheid.

# data[].attributes.body
Turn your Ideas into Reality

Turn your ideas into reality, they say . . . but, this is never an easy task.

If it were easy, everyone would do it. ~ Anonymous (Tweet this)

You often hear that giving your sincere effort is vital for turning your ideas into reality. But in fact, it is the most fundamental commitment one must make to assume any form of risk management. As such, you must find a way to make this level of commitment if you want to continue on the journey.

Yeah, we all dream it big. We want things to happen perfectly for us. Yes, there are plenty of ideas that come to our minds. There are brilliant ideas or simple ideas or ideas that will hit it like a jackpot. But, inaction is the main reason that brilliant ideas fizzle out without anyone noticing it.

Ideas need to take a physical shape or turn into something that can be seen and felt. We all have ideas, but what makes some successful and some not is due to ideas remaining just in the mind and not on the paper.

Tips to help get those ideas on paper

1. Believe in your idea

The idea can be anything, old or new or even something that has never been heard of. You have to believe in your goal. Depending on what the plan is, you have to give it a shape, and make sure you can make it happen. If you believe in your idea, others will believe it too. The more confident you are, the easier it will be to turn your ideas into reality.

2. Focus on the idea

Now that you know your idea is not far from reality, you have to set your goal clear and focus on the idea. You will find many obstacles and distractions and sometimes you might think of giving up, but focusing on your goal is vital, your determination plays a vital role in whatever you do.

3. Get ready to face hurdles

Yes, when you begin something, you will face obstacles, so get ready to deal with them without any fear of it. Obviously, there will be hurdles, but, concentrating on the results will definitely give you the strength to handle all that comes in your way. Hurdles should be dealt without fear of losing. Know your hurdles and the way to overcome them.

4. Stay motivated to turn ideas into reality

Motivation takes you to your goal. Never forget that you are turning ideas into reality. So make it a point to stay motivated. Your sailing will never be smooth, accept it and do not give up. There are things that will let you down and make you give up. But, remember, these phases will also pass and you will be a winner all the way. Be positive and stay in the company of people who believe in you and help you stay motivated.

5. Go for It

People always think that there are difficulties to face when they put ideas into reality. But, the fact is that, not implementing the plan to actually turn your ideas into reality is the biggest hurdle. If you do not ever act on your idea, how will you ever succeed?

Make a decision, it is important. And if you cannot make a decision, then drop the idea totally and never let it come back. It was never yours. But, if you are passionate about the idea, you have to take action or a small step in that direction.

Read more on –  Overcome the Obstacles and Execute the Idea

6. Make a Plan

Before you venture you have to chalk out a plan. Your ideas should be neatly written on a paper. Then take small steps forward and go through the details of each step. Every small step is important. Remember, these small steps will take you forward. Know the obstacles and make a plan to deal with them.

Do not hurry to reach your goal. Take your time and make good decisions with the advice of experts. This will help a lot. Before you know it, your idea will turn into an amazing reality.

An idea can only become a reality once it is broken down into organized, actionable elements ~ Scott Belsky (Tweet this)

Turn your ideas into reality . . . let your ideas fly. Right from the start, we need to acknowledge that man’s ideas have had an impact on reality. Maintaining a balance between your personal and professional life helps you turn your ideas into reality.

# data[].attributes.body
Social workers aim to improve people’s lives by helping with social and interpersonal difficulties, promoting human rights and wellbeing. Social workers protect children and adults with support needs from harm. From helping keep a family under pressure together to supporting someone with mental health problems, social work is a varied, demanding, often emotional and very rewarding career. I found that being a social worker was quite inspirational to me as I would like to help the people in need and these photos show an insight to what my idea is for my future job.

# data[].attributes.body
Society 5.0

What is Society 5.0?

One definition: "A human-centered society that balances economic advancement with the resolution of social problems by a system that highly integrates cyberspace and physical space."

Society 5.0 was proposed in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan as a future society that Japan should aspire to. It follows the hunting society (Society 1.0), agricultural society (Society 2.0), industrial society (Society 3.0), and information society (Society 4.0).

Achieving Society 5.0

In the information society (Society 4.0), cross-sectional sharing of knowledge and information was not enough, and cooperation was difficult.

Because there is a limit to what people can do, the task of finding the necessary information from overflowing information and analyzing it was a burden, and the labor and scope of action were restricted due to age and varying degrees of ability. Also, due to various restrictions on issues such as a decreasing birthrate and aging population and local depopulation, it was difficult to respond adequately.

Social reform (innovation) in Society 5.0 will achieve a forward-looking society that breaks down the existing sense of stagnation, a society whose members have mutual respect for each other, transcending the generations, and a society in which each and every person can lead an active and enjoyable life.

How Society 5.0 works

Society 5.0 achieves a high degree of convergence between cyberspace (virtual space) and physical space (real space). In the past information society (Society 4.0), people would access a cloud service (databases) in cyberspace via the Internet and search for, retrieve, and analyze information or data.

In Society 5.0, a huge amount of information from sensors in physical space is accumulated in cyberspace. In cyberspace, this big data is analyzed by artificial intelligence (AI), and the analysis results are fed back to humans in physical space in various forms.

In the past information society, the common practice was to collect information via the network and have it analyzed by humans. In Society 5.0, however, people, things, and systems are all connected in cyberspace and optimal results obtained by AI exceeding the capabilities of humans are fed back to physical space. This process brings new value to industry and society in ways not previously possible.

Society 5.0 Balances Economic Development and Solves Social Issues

It can be said that the environment surrounding Japan and the world is in an era of drastic change. As the economy grows, life is becoming prosperous and convenient, the demand for energy and foodstuffs is increasing, lifespan is becoming longer, and the aging society is advancing. In addition, the globalization of the economy is progressing, international competition is becoming increasingly severe, and problems such as the concentration of wealth and regional inequality are growing. Social problems that must be solved in opposition (as a tradeoff) to such economic development have become increasingly complex. Here, a variety of measures have become necessary such as the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increased production and reduced loss of foodstuffs, mitigation of costs associated with the aging society, support of sustainable industrialization, redistribution of wealth, and correction of regional inequality, but achieving both economic development and solutions to social problems at the same time has proven to be difficult in the present social system.

In the face of such major changes in the world, new technologies such as IoT, robotics, AI, and big data, all of which can affect the course of a society, are continuing to progress. Japan seeks to make Society 5.0 a reality as a new society that incorporates these new technologies in all industries and social activities and achieves both economic development and solutions to social problems in parallel.

Economic Development and Solutions to Social Problems in Society 5.0

In Society 5.0, new value created through innovation will eliminate regional, age, gender, and language gaps and enable the provision of products and services finely tailored to diverse individual needs and latent needs. In this way, it will be possible to achieve a society that can both promote economic development and find solutions to social problems.

Achieving such a society, however, will not be without its difficulties, and Japan intends to face them head-on with the aim of being the first in the world as a country facing challenging issues to present a model future society.

Examples of New Value in Each Field

Examples of new values in each field are introduced at the link destination.

Mobility / Healthcare and caregiving / Manufacturing / Agriculture / Food / Disaster Prevention / Energy

Society 5.0 Will Bring About a Human-centered Society

In society up to now, a priority has generally been placed on social, economic, and organizational systems with the result that gaps have arisen in products and services that individuals receive based on individual abilities and other reasons. In contrast, Society 5.0 achieves advanced convergence between cyberspace and physical space, enabling AI-based on big data and robots to perform or support as an agent the work and adjustments that humans have done up to now. This frees humans from everyday cumbersome work and tasks that they are not particularly good at, and through the creation of new value, it enables the provision of only those products and services that are needed to the people that need them at the time they are needed, thereby optimizing the entire social and organizational system.

This is a society centered on each and every person and not a future controled and monitored by AI and robots.

Achieving Society 5.0 with these attributes would enable not just Japan but the world as well to realize economic development while solving key social problems. It would also contribute to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations.

Japan aims to become the first country in the world to achieve a human-centered society (Society 5.0) in which anyone can enjoy a high quality of life full of vigor. It intends to accomplish this by incorporating advanced technologies in diverse industries and social activities and fostering innovation to create new value.

Page top

Sitemap

# data[].attributes.headline
NewsHow will Industry 4.0 shape Society 5.0? How will Industry 4.0 shape Society 5.0?VIENNA, 18 August —The United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s  ITP Network has convened an expert panel to discuss “Exploring the Future of Manufacturing and Industries: Industry 4.0’s Potential in Advancing the Attainment of the SDGs and Shaping Society 5.0”. The panel discussion was part of the GMIS Digital Series of online webinar discussions on the Fourth Industrial Revolution, foreshadowing the GMIS 2020 Virtual Summit taking place on 4 and 5 September.Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, UNIDO Managing Director, Directorate of Digitalization, Technology and Agri-Business, noted that the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted significant downward pressure on global GDP growth, global value chains and manufacturing trade, and indeed on development spending.“However, it is also evident that the COVID-19 pandemic provides us with a big opportunity to accelerate progress towards collaborative solutions to development issues, most notably through advanced manufacturing technologies and digitalization,” he said.“Even prior to the crisis, global manufacturing was in the midst of an unprecedented and rapid change due to the convergence of the digital and traditional sectors. COVID-19 has precipitated this situation where digitalization is taking centre-stage.” Professor Stefano Fantoni of the Euroscience Open Forum 2020 stressed the integration of science and manufacturing and innovation systems, especially for sustainability, “the common denominator”.Yusuke Kajihara, Associate Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, identified two common problems with design optimization, namely obtaining micro-scale dynamics and rapid assembly. He advocated that through combining THZ nanoscopy, adhesiveless joining and artificial intelligence, we could improve time productivity ten-fold and working productivity 100-fold, especially through new innovations such as atomic layer semi-conductors, artificial organs, micro-needles and implantable devices in the brain.Alina Sorgner, Assistant Professor of Data Analytics, John Cabot University, Rome, observed that while women’s participation in the workforce was increasing, there was also a defeminization of labour in the manufacturing sector. This, she said, could be exacerbated as new modes of production require new skills which are often in short supply at present, particularly in developing countries. She added that as gender inequality is often locally determined, glocal and long-term approaches were required.“In a nutshell, Industry 4.0 has enormous potential to improve our welfare, our well-being. However, the defeminization of the manufacturing sector can also lead to certain new types of gender inequalities,” said Sorgner.Bill Huang, CEO and Founder, CloudMinds, focused on cloud robotics, noting the potential of 5G and neural networks to build much more complex robots. These had been deployed to deliver medicines and to act as nursing assistants during the pandemic, he said.Andrey Suvorov, Head of Business Development, IIOT Cyber Security, Kaspersky Lab, addressed skills and training issues, citing these as common challenges globally. He identified a number of essential skills for the workers of the future, including being able to use and design AI analytics; creative problem solving; working safely and effectively with new technologies; having strong cybersecurity skills; and possessing entrepreneurial skills.To watch the GMIS Digital Series session and others in the series, click on the following link: https://www.gmisummit.com/watch-gmis2020/To register to view the GMIS Summit, click on the following URL: https://www.gmisummit.com/gmis-digital-seriesFor further information contact:Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, Managing Director, Directorate of Digitalization, Technology and Agri-Business.Email gallery-1 gallery-1FooterWho we areUNIDO in briefHistoryUNIDO WorldwideDirector GeneralOur focusUNIDO & the SDGsInclusive and Sustainable Industrial DevelopmentProgramme for Country PartnershipThird Industrial Development Decade for AfricaGMIS - Global Manufacturing & Industrialisation SummitExploreProjectsStoriesNewsPublicationsMoreEmploymentProcurementLegal ResourcesScam AlertEvaluation and Internal OversightReport WrongdoingContact InformationPress and MediaDisclaimer

# data[].attributes.subject
NewsHow will Industry 4.0 shape Society 5.0? How will Industry 4.0 shape Society 5.0?VIENNA, 18 August —The United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s  ITP Network has convened an expert panel to discuss “Exploring the Future of Manufacturing and Industries: Industry 4.0’s Potential in Advancing the Attainment of the SDGs and Shaping Society 5.0”. The panel discussion was part of the GMIS Digital Series of online webinar discussions on the Fourth Industrial Revolution, foreshadowing the GMIS 2020 Virtual Summit taking place on 4 and 5 September.Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, UNIDO Managing Director, Directorate of Digitalization, Technology and Agri-Business, noted that the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted significant downward pressure on global GDP growth, global value chains and manufacturing trade, and indeed on development spending.“However, it is also evident that the COVID-19 pandemic provides us with a big opportunity to accelerate progress towards collaborative solutions to development issues, most notably through advanced manufacturing technologies and digitalization,” he said.“Even prior to the crisis, global manufacturing was in the midst of an unprecedented and rapid change due to the convergence of the digital and traditional sectors. COVID-19 has precipitated this situation where digitalization is taking centre-stage.” Professor Stefano Fantoni of the Euroscience Open Forum 2020 stressed the integration of science and manufacturing and innovation systems, especially for sustainability, “the common denominator”.Yusuke Kajihara, Associate Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, identified two common problems with design optimization, namely obtaining micro-scale dynamics and rapid assembly. He advocated that through combining THZ nanoscopy, adhesiveless joining and artificial intelligence, we could improve time productivity ten-fold and working productivity 100-fold, especially through new innovations such as atomic layer semi-conductors, artificial organs, micro-needles and implantable devices in the brain.Alina Sorgner, Assistant Professor of Data Analytics, John Cabot University, Rome, observed that while women’s participation in the workforce was increasing, there was also a defeminization of labour in the manufacturing sector. This, she said, could be exacerbated as new modes of production require new skills which are often in short supply at present, particularly in developing countries. She added that as gender inequality is often locally determined, glocal and long-term approaches were required.“In a nutshell, Industry 4.0 has enormous potential to improve our welfare, our well-being. However, the defeminization of the manufacturing sector can also lead to certain new types of gender inequalities,” said Sorgner.Bill Huang, CEO and Founder, CloudMinds, focused on cloud robotics, noting the potential of 5G and neural networks to build much more complex robots. These had been deployed to deliver medicines and to act as nursing assistants during the pandemic, he said.Andrey Suvorov, Head of Business Development, IIOT Cyber Security, Kaspersky Lab, addressed skills and training issues, citing these as common challenges globally. He identified a number of essential skills for the workers of the future, including being able to use and design AI analytics; creative problem solving; working safely and effectively with new technologies; having strong cybersecurity skills; and possessing entrepreneurial skills.To watch the GMIS Digital Series session and others in the series, click on the following link: https://www.gmisummit.com/watch-gmis2020/To register to view the GMIS Summit, click on the following URL: https://www.gmisummit.com/gmis-digital-seriesFor further information contact:Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, Managing Director, Directorate of Digitalization, Technology and Agri-Business.Email gallery-1 gallery-1FooterWho we areUNIDO in briefHistoryUNIDO WorldwideDirector GeneralOur focusUNIDO & the SDGsInclusive and Sustainable Industrial DevelopmentProgramme for Country PartnershipThird Industrial Development Decade for AfricaGMIS - Global Manufacturing & Industrialisation SummitExploreProjectsStoriesNewsPublicationsMoreEmploymentProcurementLegal ResourcesScam AlertEvaluation and Internal OversightReport WrongdoingContact InformationPress and MediaDisclaimer

# data[].attributes.body
CHARLES LEADBEATER

Innovation comes from communities

Creative entrepreneurs joke that the best way to build a creative business is to work with people you don’t like! One of the most powerful lessons of the creative world is that a diversity of thinking is the best way to come up with truly innovative ideas.

The basic unit of sustained innovation is not a creative individual, nor even a team, but a creative community with a cause. We think that innovation comes from brilliant individuals and in a way it does, but the lesson of these examples is that the most effective innovators build creative communities and provide them a cause.

Communities rather than individuals are the basic unit of sustained innovation. That is because innovation invariably stems from creating new recipes, new ways to blend old and new ideas and resources to create new technologies and solutions, products and services. Those combinations usually come from people with different ideas, knowledge and insights finding one another and coming together. Out of their conversations and collaboration come new mixes and blends. That kind of fluid combination is often incredibly difficult in organisations where hierarchy stifles communication and rules inhibit the ability to form teams. Small organisations often lack the diversity of skills to come up with complete new solutions, all on their own. Often they have a vital ingredient but need other ingredients from partners to make the recipe work. That is why sustained, successful innovation usually comes from within communities that can assemble all the necessary skills for the complex task of taking an idea from the drawing board and into the real world where it can be used.

Communities sustain innovation because as they share ideas they can mutate and grow, especially at they adapt to new conditions. But they can also be defensive bastions of parochial conservatism. What do they need to become creative?

First, the members have to be reasonably skilled at what they do: they must have something to contribute. Second, the community needs a diversity of skills, knowledge and outlooks. A community made up of people with the same background, view of the world and knowledge, will come up with very similar solutions. That helps to explain why companies dominated by male engineers often fail to come up with novel ideas. Third, a creative community is curious and outward looking, drawing in new ideas and seeking out new challenges.

Groups with diverse skills and outlooks come up with innovative smart solutions more often than groups of very clever people who share the same outlook and skills. The more vantage points there are from which a complex problem is seen the easier it becomes to solve. A group of experts who think in the same way are probably no better at devising a solution than just one of them. Adding more people who think in the same way is unlikely to improve a group’s ability to come up with different solutions. Diverse viewpoints are likely to generate more possible solutions and evaluate those solutions from wider range of vantage points, so spotting potential flaws.

The challenge however is how to organise such a creative, curious and diverse community. Here hierarchies, rules, targets and bureaucracy are completely useless. The most effective way to organise a creative community is to ensure it is drawn together and motivated by a cause. Communities get organised by the laws of attraction : people are attracted to one another and to a cause they share.

Having a shared cause provides people with a sense of momentum and purpose. There is nothing like a simple “cause” uniting the creative community in a city such as London, for example, but creatives in the city are united by wanting to sustain the freedoms and community which make them creative. There is a commitment to the city as a way of life that sustains creativity, and the values that sustain that way of life, cosmopolitan, open, curious, tolerant and meritocratic, are becoming ever more important to stand up for.

So the fundamental unit of sustained innovation is a creative community with a cause. If we want a more innovative society we need more such communities. What are the implications of that for individuals, cities and governments?

One implication is that education should be redesigned to ensure young people develop the kinds of social, emotional and intellectual capabilities they need to form, contribute to and lead communities of this kind. Schools should be creative communities with a cause; too often they are places where children go to be processed along a pointless production line of tests.

The implications for organisations are no less profound. Most organisations see themselves as hierarchies of power and position rather than communities of ideas. Companies will be innovative only if they can foster a sense of creative community.

Creative communities with a cause, movements, propel big political changes; the civil rights movements, the movement for women’s suffrage and changes to legislation and welfare, the rise of trade unions leading to fairer employment legislation in the 19th century and the welfare state in the 20th. Yet most of the time the state seems more like a monument than a movement.

This all comes together in cities, the focal point for creative communities. There is no finer example than London.

The people gathering in London from all over the world are creating a highly cosmopolitan, civil, convivial, safe and largely self-governing city, in which their difference generates a flow of dividends in the form of new ideas in culture, work, entertainment, and business. The very weakness of London’s patchwork state with an elected Mayor, a citywide Greater London Authority and 32 boroughs, each with its own elected council, means that the main business of governance in London is transacted by citizens themselves, with one another. London stands for an ideal of a self-governing, creative community. Protecting that sense of civic self-governance, being part of the daily drama of the city: that is the city’s cause.

So if you want to be a successful innovator make sure you are part of a creative community. Don’t get isolated. Always stay connected. You will not win unless you can pass the ball. Find people who share your cause.

CHARLES LEADBEATER

Charles Leadbeater is the author of numerous books and papers on creativity and innovation.

www.charlesleadebeater.net

Main text

New skills for a new economy

The creative economy not only requires new and rapidly changing skills, it requires a completely new approach to education in which collaborative learning and mutual respect between the traditional disciplines of arts, science and technology will be crucial.Read more »

Main text

New skills for a new economy

Share

Twitter

Facebook

Follow CE

Twitter

Facebook

Newsletter

British Council Arts opportunities and newsletter

Check the British Council website for current and upcoming international opportunities for artists, creatives, professionals, and organisations.
Given the international nature of our work and the evolving situation with COVID-19, please note that some of the opportunities may be subject to change.

British Council Arts Newsletter
Every month, we send out an Arts newsletter highlighting what’s happening in the UK arts sector.

Data Protection
British Council complies with data protection law in the UK and laws in other countries that meet internationally accepted standards.
You have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you have concerns about how we have used your personal information, you also have the right to complain to a privacy regulator.
For detailed information, please refer to the privacy section of our website or contact your local British Council office. We will keep your information for a period of 7 years from the time of collection.

# data[].attributes.body
This was just created on worditout to put on the padlet.

# data[].attributes.headline
Things that bring me joy and inform me about my future career choices!!

# data[].attributes.subject
Things that bring me joy and inform me about my future career choices!!

# data[].attributes.body
what gives me great joy is my religion, being a firm believer of destiny and god gives to those who pray and believe in him, future choices are all within reach if you have the ability and strive to achieve

# data[].attributes.headline
Who do you consider to be a changemaker?

# data[].attributes.subject
Who do you consider to be a changemaker?

# data[].attributes.body
I consider Princess Diana to be one of the worlds most influential changemakers. I loved her ethic of showing kindness, empathy and love to all people. Her determination to improve the lives of people in 3rd world countries, lead her to becoming Humanitarian of the Year 1995 when working with sick and under privileged children.
Nisha Sharma

# data[].attributes.body
Ingrid Fettell Lee conducted social experiments asking people what brought them Joy to help her understand the relationship between the Physical World and the feeling of Joy. She also collected images of things that brought her joy and put them altogether and analyzed them, her findings were patterns in the pictures she had chosen i.e shapes/colors which helped her feel elevated and hopeful creating emotional engagement.
Joy is a genuine feeling that's momentary and when we as humans are placed in environments that are surrounded by color findings were people feeling happier, safer. Her views were that as a culture we are obsessed with chasing happiness that we overlook Joy. Here are some things that help me feel joyful each day!
Nisha Sharma
Lee, I., n.d. Joyful.

# data[].attributes.body
DETERMINATION TO MAKE DIFFERENCE

# data[].attributes.headline
creative works and innovation in health and social

# data[].attributes.subject
creative works and innovation in health and social

# data[].attributes.body
The innovations in health and social care like the digitalization of records and notes have decreased the amount of paperwork and helped care be more efficient

# data[].attributes.body
Greta has been instrumental in bringing awareness to the young children to educate them on global warming and she has also educated and woke up many adults to

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Also in 2019, she won the Right Livelihood Award (known as the Alternative Nobel Prize) and Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award, and was listed by Forbes as one of the world's 100 most powerful women.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Greta Thunberg: Who is the climate activist and what has she achieved?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The climate activist has been arrested in Sweden and the UK as a result of her protests.

# data[].attributes.body
here is the word cloud that i have created

# data[].attributes.body
The implementation of creative activities in healthcare has been demonstrated to develop a positive self, sense of purpose, social skills, community integration, and overall better quality of life.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Society 5.0 was proposed in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan as a future society that Japan should aspire to. It follows the hunting society (Society 1.0), agricultural society (Society 2.0), industrial society (Society 3.0), and information society (Society 4.0).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What Is a Kondratiev Wave?

A Kondratiev Wave is a long-term economic cycle in commodity prices and other prices, believed to result from technological innovation, that produces a long period of prosperity alternating with economic decline. This theory was founded by Nikolai D. Kondratiev (also spelled "Kondratieff"), an agricultural economist who noticed agricultural commodity and copper prices experienced long-term cycles. Kondratiev believed that these cycles involved periods of evolution and self-correction.

Also known as "Kondratieff Wave," "supercycle," "K-Wave," "surge" or "long wave."

Understanding Kondratiev Waves

Kondratiev's research into the pricing of agricultural commodities led him to investigate historical prices of wheat and other crops in major European grain markets where price records had been maintained. He managed to collect almost 150 years worth of data on commodity prices from various markets. Kondratiev combined these data sets of reported market prices together to make long time series of price data. He then transformed the resulting data series from raw price data into moving averages as well as the rates-of-change of prices and their respective moving averages. Kondratiev hoped to explore the long-term characteristics and trends in prices by doing this to the data.

In this way, Kondratiev was able to identify what he believed to be a regular wave-like pattern in commodity prices with a period of approximately 50 years. He asserted that two full cycles could be observed in his data, the first running from 1790-1849 and a second from 1850-1896, and that world commodity markets were about mid-way through a third wave. He hoped to use insights gained from the patterns he observed to help with Soviet planning of prices and production in the economy of the U.S.S.R.

However, Kondratiev's theory was not welcomed. His views were disliked by Communist officials because they suggested that capitalist nations were not on an inevitable path to destruction, but that they instead only experienced ups and downs. Kondratiev was also an enthusiastic proponent of Lenin's New Economic Policy, which reintroduced markets for some goods and services after the early disastrous failures of economic central planning in the Soviet economy, but was anathematized with Stalin's rise to power. As a result of his economic ideas, Kondratiev was sentenced to 8 years in a prison near Moscow. Upon completion of his sentence he was retried and sentenced to a further 10 years, but instead of being imprisoned, he was shot to death by NKVD (Soviet secret police) agents at the Kommunarka execution grounds in Moscow.

Later Application of Kondratiev's Theory

Some later economists have taken interest in Kondratiev's theory, though it remains more popular with non-economically trained investors that economists. Various proponents of these ideas often disagree on the timing, direction, and causal factors involved. Some financial and economic forecasters have attempted to make use of Kondratiev Waves and similar theories in their predictive models.

In his book Economic Cycles, Joseph Schumpeter argued that a series of wave-like patterns of different lengths, including Kondratiev Waves (in addition to other shorter waves), could explain historical and cyclical trends in the economy. He attributed technological innovation as the primary driver of Kondratiev Waves.

Do Kondratiev Waves Really Exist?

The existence of Kondratiev Waves is not generally accepted by economists. The somewhat arbitrary and often conflicting views on the timing and nature of Kondratiev's theory leads to a lack of consensus even among it's proponents as to what a Kondratiev Wave actually is, and where the economy is on the supposed wave at any given point in time. The relatively long period of the waves compared to the length of the data available (only a few full waves in length) makes firm conclusions on their characteristics inherently murky.

Moreover, a well-known mathematical property of random time series data, known as the Slutsky-Yule Effect, shows that transforming the data by taking successive moving averages and rates-of-change between data points (as Kondratiev did with his raw price data) creates spurious wave-like patterns that do not reflect any underlying trend in the data themselves. This can easily be demonstrated with any series of random numbers. It means that results like Kondratiev's are almost certainly inadvertent artifacts of statistical massaging of the data, with no actual explanatory or predictive power outside the transformed data (which are necessarily backward looking by the definition of a moving average).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Kondratiev Wave is a long-term economic cycle in commodity prices and other prices, believed to result from technological innovation, that produces a long period of prosperity alternating with economic decline. This theory was founded by Nikolai D. Kondratiev (also spelled "Kondratieff"), an agricultural economist who noticed agricultural commodity and copper prices experienced long-term cycles.

# data[].attributes.headline
How has Creativity Contributed in Society?

# data[].attributes.subject
How has Creativity Contributed in Society?

# data[].attributes.body
Creativity has contributed in society in many different ways. It allows recognition of uniqueness and identity. Creativity frees the mind in a way that enables a person to absorb knowledge more easily. It makes processing learning more efficient. It challenges and nurtures confidence. It has contributed to society in many different ways e.g. Improving Infrastructure, Advanced Mental Health Care etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why is Creativity Important and What Does it Contribute? - National Youth Council of Ireland

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you’ve landed on this page, you may also be interested in the SPARK Youth Arts Festival, taking place from February 20th – 24th! Following […]

# data[].attributes.body
is clear that to be creative you need to have a good imagination. innovation  lead to value creation. New innovations are developing more and more because with globalization and the advent of the internet, people are more and more creative.
Alix Mawe

# data[].attributes.headline
new innovation in past 10year in health care

# data[].attributes.subject
new innovation in past 10year in health care

# data[].attributes.body
ALIX MAWE

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneur or Entredonneur

Whilst entrepreneurs create businesses by creating business ideas, entredonneur according to Wikipedia means to a “creative giver”. That means Entredonneurs take from between and do not necessarily provide any significant value to a product/service, but act as intermediary between capital and labour.

# data[].attributes.body
A youth Music hub drop in and therapy centre!
The use of Music and Arts to allow people the ability to use their inner voice to project their feelings and thoughts. Instead of allowing people to just let it out the key is to discuss and dissect what they are feeling to help resolve any negativity.
All to often people assume that to get it out is sufficient but actually the ability to discuss issues is the process of resolving or owning any real concerns.
Music can speak to the masses and with its ever growing catalogue and genres it's a type of therapy and social assistance that will always be available and current.

Therabeat, Inc. (n.d.). Mental Health & Community Music Therapy — Therabeat, Inc.Mental Health & Community Music Therapymusic therapy Mental Health & Community Music Therapymusic therapy north georgia Mental Health & Community Music Therapymusic therapy atlanta. [online] Available at: http://www.therabeat.com/news-and-events/2019/8/8/mental-health-amp-community-music-therapy.