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it’s fun!

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Planet Venus: Quiz Yourself on Venus Facts

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The 2nd planet from the sun is hot and cloud-shrouded. Test your Venusian knowledge.

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it’s real.

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Galaxy has 100 billion stars

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Orion

Orion is one of the most visible constellations. Because of its location, it can be seen throughout the world. Orion is named after a hunter from Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are Betelgeuse and Rigel.

Constellation Orion

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Kids learn about the constellations in the science of astronomy. These stars that form patterns when viewed from the Earth have been studied since ancient times.

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Read how can be used to study the composition of stars, and to obtain the temperature of stars. Plasma in hotter stars moves more vigorously. This vigorous movement broadens the features in spectra due to the Doppler Effect. Visit this interactive applet and watch this tutorial for more information!

The following are some of the cutting-edge telescopes in different wavelengths. Click on the link for each and find lots of information about the science that is being done using these telescopes. To get an idea of how things seen through each of these telescopes vary, check out the Crab Nebula in different wavelengths. Wow!

Infrared:
* Herschel Space Observatory
* Spitzer Space Telescope

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How do we study the stars? - Yuan-Sen Ting

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Our best technology can send men to the Moon and probes to the edge of our solar system, but these distances are vanishingly small compared to the size of the universe. How then can we learn about the galaxies beyond our own?

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Astronomers believe that every star in the galaxy has a planet, one fifth of which might harbor life. Only we haven't seen any of them - yet. Jeremy Kasdin and his team are looking to change that with the design and engineering of an extraordinary piece of equipment: a flower petal-shaped "starshade" that allows a telescope to photograph planets from 50,000 kilometers away. It is, he says, the "coolest possible science."
Ariel Anbar is a biogeochemist interested in the past and future evolution of the Earth as a habitable planet and how this knowledge informs the search for inhabited worlds beyond Earth. http://www.anbarlab.org/
NASA's Astrobiology Program addresses three fundamental questions: How does life begin and evolve? Is there life beyond Earth and, if so, how can we detect it? What is the future of life on Earth and in the universe? In striving to answer these questions and improve understanding of biological, planetary, and cosmic phenomena and relationships among them, experts in astronomy and astrophysics, Earth and planetary sciences, microbiology and evolutionary biology, cosmochemistry, and other relevant disciplines are participating in astrobiology research and helping to advance the enterprise of space exploration. http://astrobiology.nasa.gov
Professor Anbar and Dr. Lev Horodyskyj further delve into the subject of habitable worlds on their online course. http://www.habworlds.org/
Could there be intelligent life on other planets? This question has piqued imagination and curiosity for decades. Explore the answer with the Drake Equation -- a mathematical formula that calculates the possibility of undiscovered life. http://ed.ted.com/lessons/calculating-the-odds-of-intelligent-alien-life
Kepler-22b is the first confirmed planet in the "habitable zone," the area around a star where a planet could exist with liquid water on its surface, that has been discovered by NASA's Keplar mission. http://lightyears.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/05/first-planet-in-habitable-zone-discovered/
This article (from TIME Magazine in 2007) explains a technique scientists used to discover water on a planet 64 light years from Earth. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html
The search for water on other planetary bodies has taken a giant leap forward. In November 2010, NASA announced that it had found substantial quantities of water on the Moon. Also, the Cassini spacecraft obtained data about one of Saturn's moons, Enceladus, that may confirm the presence of sub-surface liquid water. While these missions scour our solar system for traces of water - a necessary condition for life - a group of scientists is looking beyond, at solar systems light years away. A recent study published in the journal Astrobiology described using infrared spectroscopy to model the dust surrounding young extrasolar stars to try to detect the presence of hydrous minerals called phyllosilicates. http://www.space.com/7962-search-water-planets-takes-giant-leap.html
This article discusses why we should consider planets with oceans in our search for extraterrestrial life. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htm
The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia http://exoplanet.eu/
Extraterrestrial liquid water, the presence of water in its liquid state, is a subject of wide interest because it is commonly believed to be a prerequisite for extraterrestrial life. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water
Given the vast number of planets in the universe, many much older than Earth, why haven't we yet seen obvious signs of alien life? The potential answers to this question are numerous and intriguing, alarming and hopeful. http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-can-t-we-see-evidence-of-alien-life
Launched in July, 2006, SESE (pronounced 'see-see') is a bold initiative to combine science and engineering research and education to achieve a better understanding of the universe and, especially, our home world. http://sese.asu.edu/

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A needle in countless haystacks: Finding habitable worlds - Ariel Anbar

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Astronomers believe that every star in the galaxy has a planet, one fifth of which might harbor life. Only we haven't seen any of them - yet. Jeremy Kasdin and his team are looking to change that with the design and engineering of an extraordinary piece of equipment: a flower petal-shaped "starshade" that allows a telescope to photograph planets from 50,000 kilometers away.

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Dark matter: How does it explain a star's speed?

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Dark matter: How does it explain a star's speed?

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Dark matter: How does it explain a star’s speed? - Don Lincoln

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All the stars in a spiral galaxy rotate around a center -- but to astronomers, the speed that each star travels wasn’t making sense. Why didn’t stars slow down toward the edges as expected? Don Lincoln explains how a mysterious force called dark matter is (possibly) the answer -- and why the search…

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Even though Venus isn't the closest planet to the Sun, it is still the hottest. It has a thick atmosphere full of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and clouds made of sulfuric acid. The gas traps heat and keeps Venus toasty warm. In fact, it's so hot on Venus, metals like lead would be puddles of melted liquid.

Venus looks like a very active planet. It has mountains and volcanoes. Venus is similar in size to Earth. Earth is just a little bit bigger.

Venus is unusual because it spins the opposite direction of Earth and most other planets. And its rotation is very slow. It takes about 243 Earth days to spin around just once. Because it's so close to the Sun, a year goes by fast. It takes 225 Earth days for Venus to go all the way around the Sun. That means that a day on Venus is a little longer than a year on Venus.

Since the day and year lengths are similar, one day on Venus is not like a day on Earth. Here, the Sun rises and sets once each day. But on Venus, the Sun rises every 117 Earth days. That means the Sun rises two times during each year on Venus, even though it is still the same day on Venus! And because Venus rotates backwards, the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east.

Just like Mercury, Venus doesn't have any moons.

Structure and Surface

Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system.

Venus is a terrestrial planet. It is small and rocky.

Venus has a thick atmosphere. It traps heat and makes Venus very hot.

Venus has an active surface, including volcanoes!

Venus spins the opposite direction of Earth and most other planets.

Time on Venus

A day on Venus lasts 243 Earth days.

A year on Venus lasts 225 Earth days.

Venus's Neighbors

Venus does not have any moons.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun. That means Mercury and Earth are Venus's neighboring planets.

Quick History

Venus has been known since ancient times because it can be seen easily without a telescope.

Venus has been visited by several spacecraft: Mariner 2, Mariner 5, Mariner 10, Pioneer Venus 1, Pioneer Venus 2, and an orbiter called Magellan.

What does Venus look like?

For more information visit:
NASA Solar System Exploration

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The moon is made out of hard rock and metal  AND YO CUT G its me who edit this this is khalid from grade 4E lol

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Phases of the Moon | Learn all about the moon for kids!

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A supernova is the biggest explosion that humans have ever seen. Each blast is the extremely bright, super-powerful explosion of a star.

What causes a supernova?

One type of supernova is caused by the "last hurrah" of a dying massive star. This happens when a star at least five times the mass of our sun goes out with a fantastic bang!

Massive stars burn huge amounts of nuclear fuel at their cores, or centers. This produces tons of energy, so the center gets very hot. Heat generates pressure, and the pressure created by a star's nuclear burning also keeps that star from collapsing.

A star is in balance between two opposite forces. The star's gravity tries to squeeze the star into the smallest, tightest ball possible. But the nuclear fuel burning in the star's core creates strong outward pressure. This outward push resists the inward squeeze of gravity.

When a massive star runs out of fuel, it cools off. This causes the pressure to drop. Gravity wins out, and the star suddenly collapses. Imagine something one million times the mass of Earth collapsing in 15 seconds! The collapse happens so quickly that it creates enormous shock waves that cause the outer part of the star to explode!

Usually a very dense core is left behind, along with an expanding cloud of hot gas called a nebula. A supernova of a star more than about 10 times the size of our sun may leave behind the densest objects in the universe- black holes.

A second type of supernova can happen in systems where two stars orbit one another and at least one of those stars is an Earth-sized white dwarf. A white dwarf is what's left after a star the size of our sun has run out of fuel. If one white dwarf collides with another or pulls too much matter from its nearby star, the white dwarf can explode. Kaboom!

How bright are supernovas?

These spectacular events can be so bright that they outshine their entire galaxies for a few days or even months. They can be seen across the universe.

How common are supernovas?

Not very. Astronomers believe that about two or three supernovas occur each century in galaxies like our own Milky Way. Because the universe contains so many galaxies, astronomers observe a few hundred supernovas per year outside our galaxy. Space dust blocks our view of most of the supernovas within the Milky Way.

What can we learn from supernovas?

Scientists have learned a lot about the universe by studying supernovas. They use the second type of supernova (the kind involving white dwarfs) like a ruler, to measure distances in space.

They have also learned that stars are the universe's factories. Stars generate the chemical elements needed to make everything in our universe. At their cores, stars convert simple elements like hydrogen into heavier elements. These heavier elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are the elements needed for life.

Only massive stars can make heavy elements like gold, silver, and uranium. When explosive supernovas happen, stars distribute both stored-up and newly-created elements throughout space.

How do scientists study supernovas?

NASA scientists use a number of different types of telescopes to search for and then study supernovas. One example is the NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) mission, which uses X-ray vision to investigate the universe. NuSTAR is helping scientists observe supernovas and young nebulas to learn more about what happens leading up to, during, and after these spectacular blasts.

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NASA encourages you to visit NASA Kids' Club and use its games and activities to inspire the next generation.

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The Mars Exploration Rovers were robotic vehicles that explored the surface of Mars. The mission of each rover was to help scientists figure out whether water had ever existed on the planet. The rovers also searched for other signs that the planet might have supported some form of life.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) designed and built the twin rovers, named Spirit and Opportunity. NASA launched Spirit on June 10, 2003, and Opportunity on July 7. Spirit touched down on January 3, 2004. Three weeks later Opportunity landed on the opposite side of the planet. The rovers had six wheels that allowed them to move in many directions. They also had cameras and many instruments for examining the rocks, soil, and dust on the planet.

Scientists on Earth sent commands to the rovers to tell them where to go and what to do. The cameras on the rovers allowed the scientists to see where to send them. The rovers sent signals back to the scientists through computers and large antennas on Earth. Each rover was designed to last for about 90 days. However, they worked so well that their mission was extended. NASA finally decided to continue operating the two landers until they failed to respond to commands from Earth. In 2010 Spirit stopped sending signals, but Opportunity continued to operate until 2018. NASA officially declared the Opportunity mission to be ended in February 2019.

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The Mars Exploration Rovers were robotic vehicles that explored the surface of Mars. The mission of each rover was to help scientists figure out whether water had ever...

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LOCATION: First rock from the sun

DISTANCE FROM THE SUN: 28,583,702 to 35,983,125 miles (46,001,200 to 69,816,900 kilometers)

AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE: 243° F (117° C)

LENGTH OF SPACE JOURNEY FROM EARTH TO MERCURY: 4 years

GRAVITY: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you'd weigh 38 pounds here.

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Mission to Mercury - Get facts about this planet

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Get the facts on Mercury, the closest planet to the sun.

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gemacad
teacher7

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To learn more about New Horizons and its journey through space, click here.

In this podcast episode of Gravity Assist, Jim Green speaks with the lesson's educator, Alan Stern, who was the New Horizons Principal Investigator.

This editorial in the Washington Post, co-written by David Grinspoon and the educator, explains why Pluto should be a planet.

Want to find out more about the equipment that captured vital information on Pluto? Click here to see a picture of the Ralph instrument and here to see REX.

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The journey to Pluto, the farthest world ever explored - Alan Stern

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As of 1989, mankind had successfully sent craft to every known planet in the solar system except one: Pluto. Located in an mysterious region called the Kuiper Belt, Pluto is a scientific goldmine, and could hold clues to the formation of our solar system.

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Let's Begin...

Have you ever looked up at the stars and felt small? Have you ever looked at the Moon and thought, "Wow! It looks huge!"? This video gives us perspective on those questions.

Create and share a new lesson based on this one.

About TED-Ed Best of Web

TED-Ed Best of Web are exceptional, user-created lessons that are carefully selected by volunteer teachers and TED-Ed staff.

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Have you ever looked up at the stars and felt small? Have you ever looked at the Moon and thought, "Wow! It looks huge!"? This video gives us perspective on those questions.

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Watch these recommended TED-Ed Lessons

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Prolonged space travel plays a severe toll on the human body: microgravity impairs muscle and bone growth, and high doses of radiation cause irreversible mutations. As we seriously consider the human species becoming space-faring, a big question stands: even if we do break free from Earth's orbit, can we adapt to the extreme environments of space? Lisa Nip examines our odds.

Why is NASA sending a spacecraft to a metal world?
In 2026, an unmanned NASA spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at 16 Psyche, a massive, metallic asteroid floating somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Why is NASA so interested in this heavy metal asteroid? Are we going to mine all that metal, or build a giant space magnet? Linda T. Elkins-Tanton explains how the real answer can be found right under our feet.

Here's Elon Musk's complete, sweeping vision on colonizing Mars to save humanity - Business Insider
SpaceX founder and billionaire Elon Musk wants to launch a million people to Mars in hopes of saving humanity from certain doom . Musk presented his sweeping vision at the 67th International Astronautical Congress in Guadalajara, Mexico, during a roughly 63-minute speech.

NASA backs designs for 3D-printed homes on Mars - CNN
Research and architecture studio AI Space Factory has designed a 3D-printed house for the surface of Mars -- and it looks like a beehive. Dubbed the Marsha Project, the vertical dwelling was dreamt up for NASA's 3D-Printed Habitat Challenge, and has been endorsed by the agency.

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Elon Musk's SpaceX program proposes that 100 people could be sent to colonize Mars within 10 years. What might that colony look like? PBS Space Time breaks down the challenges that the first humans on Mars would face and how they could overcome them.

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DID YOU KNOW?

* It takes eight minutes and 20 seconds for the light leaving the sun to reach Earth. (Note: Never look directly at the sun!) The light from our next closest stellar neighbor, Proxima Centauri, takes more than four years to reach Earth!

* The sun actually creates weather in space-a stream of charged particles called "solar wind." Sometimes these particles erupt from sunspots (cooler regions of the sun's surface) as "solar flares" that can knock out power on Earth.

* Our sun rules the solar system on its own, but many stars share their systems with a second or third star. Imagine having two or three birthdays!

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Think Earth is the most important spot in the solar system? Think again. The sun is the real star of the show-literally!

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Mars

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LOCATION: Fourth rock from the sun

DISTANCE FROM THE SUN: 128,409,598 to 154,865,853 miles (206,669,000 to 249,209,300 kilometers)

AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE: -81° F (-63° C)

LENGTH OF SPACE JOURNEY FROM EARTH TO MARS: 7 months

GRAVITY: If you weigh 100 pounds (45 kilograms) on Earth, you'd weigh 38 pounds (17 kilograms) here.

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Mission to Mars - Get facts about this planet

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Get the facts on Mars, also known as the red planet.

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NASA & TRAPPIST-1: A Treasure Trove of Planets Found

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Seven Earth-sized planets have been observed by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope around a tiny, nearby, ultra-cool dwarf star called TRAPPIST-1. Three of these planets are firmly in the habitable zone. In this video, NASA Scientists explain the implications of this amazing find.

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The educator of this lesson is also a theoretical astrophysicist working on black holes. You can find out more about his contributions to the field on his website.
The mystery of black holes grips our collective imagination. Innumerable books, movies, songs, videogames, comics, and paintings explore the enigma of black holes. Check out the fascinating film Interstellar and this interview with director Christopher Nolan and Kip Thorne, the Nobel Laureate astrophysicist who acted as a scientific consultant during production.

To learn about the ways in which our understanding of black holes has evolved, read Marcia Bartusiak's excellent book.

At the end of the 18 th century, John Michell and Pierre-Simon de Laplace proposed that very massive stars could become "obscure," hiding the light that they produce. Their theory was based on the Newtonian theory of gravity, published in 1687. However, it would take until 1915, with Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, for a theoretical framework that accurately explained black holes.

In 1916, in the middle of World War I, Karl Schwarzschild discovered the first full solution to the equations of general relativity. This solution describes what we now call a black hole: a mass concentrated in a point, or singularity. At a certain distance from this point, now named Schwarzschild radius (or event horizon), space and time appear to stop.

At this point, black holes were only a mathematical oddity. They existed as solutions to the equations of general relativity, but who would believe that an object with infinite density could really exist? It took about 50 years to understand and prove that these mathematical oddities were real. The work of several scientists, including Ralph Fowler, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, and Walter Baade, was necessary to reframe black holes from the mathematical to the physical realm. This paper, dated 1939, was one of the first to give a modern description of a black hole as a real object.

But until the 1960s, these oddities where not even named black holes. The name was coined by Robert Dicke, who compared the properties of these objects to the "black hole of Calcutta," an infamous Indian dungeon where 146 British prisoners were held for one night in 1756. The term "black hole" slowly became the official designation of these objects.

Until the early 1960s, black holes had never been observed. In 1963, a very strange object, named 3C 273, was detected. This source had an extremely luminous point about two billion lightyears away. These objects are now known as quasars, or "quasi-stellar radio sources."

In 1964, another strange object, this time in our own galaxy, was discovered and named Cygnus X-1. It took the work of several outstanding scientists, including Yakov Zel'dovich, Edwin Salpeter, Roger Penrose, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Stephen Hawking, Kip Thorne, Roger Blandford and Roman Znajek, to show that these objects were black holes: 3C 273 is a super-massive black hole, while Cygnus X-1 a stellar-mass one.

Nowadays, black holes are recognized as a fundamental part of the universe and new ones are detected every month. A major breakthrough happened on September 14, 2015, when the experiment LIGO detected the first gravitational wave ever observed. This gravitational wave was caused by the merging of two black holes. This observation opened up a new, exciting window into the universe. Check out the historical detection paper, as well as at this TED-Ed lesson on gravitational waves.

It is worth mentioning that now there is even an institute dedicated exclusively to the study of black holes, called the Black Hole Initiative (BHI) at Harvard University. The BHI is an interdisciplinary center involving a collaboration between scientists from the fields of astronomy, physics, mathematics and philosophy. It is the first center worldwide to focus on the study of black holes-not bad for a space oddity.

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Could the Earth be swallowed by a black hole? - Fabio Pacucci

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From asteroids capable of destroying entire species to supernovae that could exterminate life on Earth, outer space has no shortage of forces that could wreak havoc on our planet. But there's something in space that is even more terrifying than any of these -- something that wipes out everything it comes near.