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Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

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English Language Arts Standards " Reading: Foundational Skills " Grade 1 " 2 " c

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Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

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https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonemic-awareness-assessment

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I start our phonics lesson every day by going through our sound spelling cards, just like a flashcard pack. We only work on the letters and sounds that my students need work on, so once my students have mastered certain sound, such as consonants, those come out of the pack. I quickly say the letter name, key word, and then the sound. Then the students repeat after me. I use the sound spelling cards that come with my reading series, but if you don't have a set, you can copy a set here. The reason we do this each day is to build automaticity when recognizing the letter and sound associated with the letter. The more automatic a child is with letter/sound recognition they are freeing up some "cognitive deskpace" in their brain and that part of their brain can now focus on comprehension. Automaticity also leads to fluency.

Once we've finished our flashcard pack I said, "Now I'm going to show you how to segment our words into our phonemes. What is a phoneme again? That's right it's a sound part. Remember, scientists have told us that if we can't break a word down into its phonemes, we are going to have a hard time learning how to read and spell, so it's really important that we learn how to do this well."

One of the key shifts in the Common Core standards is to make sure understand academic vocabulary. I want to make sure that my students aren't just able to decode, but also to understand what the reading process entails. The need to know the academic vocabulary associated with the reading process in order to do this. This is why I don't shy away from using vocabulary such as phonemes, segmenting, and graphemes. If I want students to truly understand a process, then I use the correct vocabulary.

I had my phoneme segmentation template projected on my Smartboard. I said, "Look at the board. Notice the arrow is at the bottom. The arrow on your mat has to be at the bottom too. I have to set my tokens up in the very bottom row. One token goes in each box. I will say a word. Then you will repeat the word. Then we will break the word up into phonemes. I will push my token up into the middle row of boxes. For each sound I say, I push one token to the middle row. When I am done segmenting the word, I need to blend it back together again. As I say the entire word, I am going to pick up my wand and sweep them across my tokens. The wand will magically pick up the tokens." Then I proceeded to model the word jump, pushing my tokens as I segmented, and then, since I was using the Smartboard, I pretended to use my wand and sweep across the word as I blended the word back together.

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I start our phonics lesson every day by going through our sound spelling cards, just like a flashcard pack. We only work on the letters and sounds that my students need work on, so once my students have mastered certain sound, such as consonants, those come out of the pack.

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Build bridges by building words in this silly game that tests your kindergartener's knowledge of using blends in spelling! As your child comes across each broken bridge in Blending Sounds Spelling, they'll need to spell a word using letter blocks. Each word has a colorful illustration to help, and a narrator sounds out each letter as your child spells, emphasizing letter sound relationships.

Grade

Subject

View aligned standards

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Blending Sounds Spelling Game | Game | Education.com

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Kids build blending and spelling skills to help get the gang to school in time.

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August, D., Hakuta, K. (1997). Improving schooling for language-minority children: A research agenda. Washington, DC: National Research Council.

Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement. (2001). Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read. The Partnership for Reading: National Institute for Literacy; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; and U.S. Department of Education.

Clay, M. (1993). Reading Recovery in English and other languages. Keynote address presented at the West Coast Literacy Conference, Palm Springs, CA.

Collier,V. & Thomas, W. (1992). A synthesis of studies examining long-term language minority student data on academic achievement. Bilingual Research Journal, 16(1-2), 187-212.

Cummins, J. (1989). Empowering minority students. Sacramento, CA: California Association for Bilingual Education.

Cummins, J. (1992). Language proficiency, bilingualism, and academic achievement. In P. A. Richard-Amato and M. A. Snow (Eds.), The multicultural classroom: Readings for content-area teachers. White Plains: Longman.

Escamilla, K. (1987). The relationship of native language reading achievement and oral English proficiency to future achievement in reading English as a second language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer-sity of California, Los Angeles.

Hiebert, E. H., Pearson, P.D., Taylor, B.M., Richardson, V., Paris, S.G. (1998). Every child a reader: Applying reading research to the classroom. Center for the Improvement of Earl Reading Achievement. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan School of Education.

International Reading Association. (2001). Summary of the National Reading Panel Report, "Teaching Children to Read." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Reading Association, Washington, DC, July 2001.

Moats, L.C. (1999). Teaching reading is rocket science: What expert teachers of reading should know and be able to do. Washington, DC: American Federation of Teachers.

National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education (2002). Survey of the states' limited English proficient students and available educational programs and services, 1999-2001. Washington, DC: NCBE.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2000a). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00-4769). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2000b). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups (NIH Publication No. 00-4754). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

National Reading Panel (2001). "Frequently asked questions." [Online]. Available: http:// www.nationalreadingpanel.org/faq/faq.htm

New York State Education Department, Office of Bilingual Education. (2000). The teaching of language arts to limited English proficient/English language learners: A resource guide for all teachers. Albany, NY: Author.

Peregoy, S. F. & Boyle, O. F. (2000). English learners reading English: What we know, what we need to know. Theory into practice, 39(4), 237-247.

Ramirez, J.D. (2001). Bilingualism and literacy: Problem or opportunity? A synthesis of reading research on bilingual students. A Research Symposium on High Standards in Reading for Students in Diverse Language Groups: Research, Policy, and Practice. Washington, D.C.: Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, U.S. Department of Education.

Rodriguez, A. (1988). Research in reading and writing in bilingual education and English as a second language. In A. Ambert (Ed.), Bilingual Education and English as a Second Language. New York: Garland Pub.

Snow, C., Burns, S., & Griffin, P. (Eds.). (1998). Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

U.S. Congress, No Child Left Behind Act (P.L. 107-110), 2001.

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English Language Learners and the Five Essential Components of Reading Instruction

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Find out how teachers can play to the strengths and shore up the weaknesses of English Language Learners in each of the Reading First content areas.

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A great resource for ELL's to properly learn the sounds of the letters.

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Photo Cards - Speech, Language, Vocabulary, ELL, Phonemic Awareness

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Photo Cards - Speech, Language, Vocabulary, ELL, Phonemic Awareness

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These are your new best friend in therapy. Hundreds of real life photo cards, created with a simple design to maximize versatility. Make them once and use them all year long.

Adapt them for changing seasons or themes using props and containers.

Pair them with turn taking games or a child's special interests to increase motivation.

Use these cards:

*With pre-k through adults

*As an independent task

*One-on-one

*With mixed groups.

Vary difficulty:

*For younger children pair photo cards with real objects

*For older children and adults use written words
Current Photo Card Sets:
*Contains some repeated cards
Photo Cards Include:
Scenes: farm, zoo, woodland forest, ocean (underwater), rainforest, pond, sky, road, ocean, beach, city, home, bedroom, closet, kitchen, bathroom, living room, garden, pool, park, grocery, school, garage, yard, restaurant, theater, mall, party

Small pictures scenes: country, mountains, sunrise, sunset, hospital, school, airport, hotel, church, office, park, museum, city, doctor's office, hut
Foods
Fruits: apple (red), apple (green), apples, strawberries, banana, lemon, orange, blueberries, grapes, figs, plums, pineapple, watermelon, peach, pear, cherries, raspberries, kiwi, limes, cantaloupe, coconut, avocado, dates

Vegetables: carrots, corn, broccoli, peas, eggplant, tomato, bell pepper, chili pepper, celery, peas, zucchini, green beans, mushrooms, beans, lettuce, onion, cauliflower, potato, butternut squash, sweet potato, salad, pumpkin, pickles, beets, kale

Grains: croissant, oatmeal, muffin, waffle, crackers, tortilla, rice, pasta, pancakes, cereal, toast, bagel, bun

Dairy: eggs, yogurt, cheese, ice cream sundae, egg (whole), eggs (fried), eggs (scrambled), butter

Meat/Protein: hotdog, sausage, steak, ham, peanut butter, bacon, turkey (roasted)

Condiments/Pantry: syrup, salad dressing, ketchup, mustard, jelly, jam, honey, can of food, flour, dip

Sweets: chocolate, cookie, brownies, doughnut, ice cream, ice cream cone, ice cream sundae, popsicle, lollipop, apple pie, pumpkin pie (whole), pumpkin pie (slice), cake, candy, candy cane, skittles, jelly beans, sprinkles, chocolates (variety), milkshake

Snacks: French fries, popcorn, nuts, pumpkin seeds, peanut

Meals: hamburger, spaghetti/dinner, soup, pizza, slice of pizza, casserole

Drinks: lemonade, chocolate milk, orange juice, soda / pop / coke, milk, tea, ice
Animals
Farm Animals: horse, sheep, pig, goat, rooster, donkey, llama, duck, goose, cow, chicken, chick, hen

Zoo Animals: giraffe, elephant, kangaroo, camel, leopard, chimpanzee, lion, tiger panda, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, panther, gorilla, polar bear, koala, zebra, cheetah, lino cub

Forest Animals: bear, rat, bat, squirrel, raccoon, fox, porcupine, elk, deer/fawn, wolf, skunk, chipmunk, mouse, mice, mole, hog/boar, ram

Pets: dog, cat, guinea pig, rabbit, goldfish, Dalmatian

Reptiles: lizard, turtle, snake, alligator

Insects/Other: fly, chameleon, caterpillar, cricket, beetle, dragonfly, moth, bee, spider, frog, worm, grasshopper, butterfly, ant, ladybug, snail

Birds: dove, macaw, ostrich, turkey, swan, pelican, owl, eagle, robin, pigeon, crow, parrot, peacock, penguin, flamingo, hawk

Fish/Ocean: fish, crab, dolphin, octopus, seal, walrus, orca whale whale shark, clam

Vehicles: train, tricycle, wagon, scooter, moped, canoe, kayak, rowboat, sailboat, airplane, helicopter, ambulance, ship, car, pickup truck, school bus, van, police car, fire engine, bulldozer, tractor, bike, taxi, garbage truck, rocket, jet, raft, hot air balloon, sailboat, submarine

People/Occupations: baby, children, man, woman, grandmother, grandfather, mailman, family, trash collector, plumber, veterinarian, police officer, farmer, construction worker, fire fighter, doctor, nurse, surgeon, scientist, teacher, students, dentist, waitress/server, soldier, football player, cheerleader, detective, cowboy, knight, baseball player, boxers, sports fans, king

Actions/Emotions: 125+ photos scenes of people. Includes a variety of babies, children, men and women.

Body Parts: face/head, neck, hand, mouth/lips, arm/elbow, leg/knee, toes, feet, eyes, ear, tongue, nose, teeth, skull, skeleton, hair (long, short, bun, wavy), back, thumbs up, thumbs down, stomach, heart (checking heartbeat)

Health: sick/fever/flu, thermometer, headache, pill, cough, medicine, sneeze, tissue/Kleenex, hurt, Band-Aid, shot/vaccine, needle, sprain, crutches, arm brace, broken bone, x-ray, first aid kit, cane, helmet, car seat, wheelchair, stethoscope, tweezers, gauze, hospital, reception/information, waiting room, doctor's office

Clothes: T-shirt, dress, shorts, sweater, socks, pajamas, swimsuit, pants, jeans, coat, sweatshirt (hoodie), dress/gown, sports jersey, robe, vest, overalls

Accessories: watch, gloves, glasses, hat, purse, backpack, wallet, umbrella, apron, baseball cap, tie, hair clip, beanie, mittens, raincoat

Jewelry: ring, bracelet, necklace, earrings

Shoes: shoes, flip flops, sandals, work boots (new), work boots (old), slippers, boot, snow boots, rain boots
Home:
Furniture: table, chair, crib, couch / sofa, stool, recliner, rug, dresser, bookshelf, bed

Appliances: television, washer dryer, blender, mixer, refrigerator, oven / stove, dishwasher, microwave, toaster, lamp, fan

Things at Home: doormat, plant, clock, calendar, hairdryer, toilet, bathtub, sink, shower, batteries, flashlight, books, mail, light bulb, candle, match, vase, birthday candles, trash can (empty & full), blanket, pillow, towel, laundry, hanger, plant pot, stamp, letter/mail

Kitchen/Dishes: fork, spoon, knife, bowl, plate, glass, cup, mug, baby bottle, spatula, can opener, measuring cup, whisk, oven mitt, kettle, grill, pan, clean dishes, dirty dishes, cooking pot, pitcher

Toiletries/Hygiene: brush, soap, water, toothbrush, toothpaste, sunscreen, toilet paper, comb, razor, dental floss, nail polish, hair gel, perfume, make-up, lotion/cream

Cleaning supplies: mop, bucket/pail, broom, dustpan, sponge, spray bottle, duster, vacuum, rag

Crafts/sewing: paint, paintbrush, needle, thread, button, pin, stamp, bow, knit/yarn, peg, string, zipper

Containers: box, sack, paper bag, suitcase, open suitcase, bag, jar, jug, pail, tin

Pet supplies: fish bowl, dog tag, dog bone

Money related: money, coins, cash, diamond, check, safe

Electronics/hardware: charger, spring, switch

Parts of a Home: mailbox, outlet, window, fence, brick, window (open & closed), (brick)wall

Musical Instruments: recorder, trumpet, violin, guitar, saxophone, banjo, triangle, harp, piano, drums

Tools: wrench, tape measure, pliers, shovel, screwdriver, screw, axe, drill, hammer, nail, rake, spade, hose, wheelbarrow, saw

School Supplies: scissors, paper, notebook, crayon, markers, glue stick, stapler, lunchbox, desk, pen, pencil, pencil sharpener, eraser, glue, tape, ruler, journal, file folder, chalk, tack

Toys: baby doll, teddy bear, play food, bubbles, blocks, play dough, action figure, rubber ball, puzzle, kite, inflatable tube (floaty), xylophone, dice

Sports Equipment: basketball, baseball, baseball bat, soccer ball, tennis racquet, tennis ball, volleyball, skateboard, sled, goggles, golf ball, cleats, football, helmet, paddle, fishing pole, weights, medal

Travel: vacation/road trip, ticket, passport, map, duffel bag, savings/piggybank, credit card, airport, hotel

Weapons/Military: sword, badge

Things in the City: buildings, crosswalk, playground, stop sign, flag, lamp post, skyscrapers

Things in Nature: nest, spiderweb, leaves, flowers/bouquet, sand, seashells, tree, palm tree, fall tree, grass, soil/dirt, Earth, moon, sun, planet, rose, daisy, sunflower, cactus, rocks, stick, rainbow, log, thorns, feather, acorn, fire, snowflake, sunrise, sunset, hillside, night, ocean wave, mountains, snow, cloud, lightening, wind, thunderstorm, rain, rainbow, fog

Basic Concepts: on (location), off (location), in, out (by, next to) in front, behind (in back of), between, around, top, bottom, over, under, through, small (smaller, smallest), medium, middle, large (larger, largest), big (bigger, biggest), on (switch), off (switch)

Seasonal/Celebrations:

Valentine's Day: Valentine's card, box of chocolates, candy hearts, making cards, opening present, date (couple)

Easter: Easter eggs, Easter basket, Peep, chocolate bunny, Easter bunny, coloring eggs, Easter egg hunt, finding eggs

St. Patrick's Day: gold, pot of gold, four leaf clover, Leprechaun hat

Fourth of July: parade, picnic, flag, fireworks

Halloween: ghost, mummy, vampire, pirate, princess, knight, witch, wizard, ninja, superhero, clown, witch hat, pirate hat, wig, cape, wand, mask, crown, glow stick, face paint, tombstone, Halloween decorations, Jack-o-lantern, pumpkin pie, candy corn, candy apple (+ more sorted into photo list ex. bat, pumpkin)

Thanksgiving: Also sorted into lists above - squirrel, acorn, tree, sunflower, leaves, rake, apple, apples, pumpkin, pumpkin pie, gourds, pumpkin seeds, turkey, casserole, corn, green beans

Christmas: holly, wreath, ornament, Christmas tree, Christmas cookies, candy cane, gingerbread man, gingerbread house, Santa Clause, toy bag, reindeer, sleigh, fireplace, chimney, present, stocking, elf, elf hat, nuts, nutcracker, bell, bow, making cookies, hot cocoa

Graduation: school, graduation, graduate, diploma

Wedding: bride, groom, wedding, church

Rhyming Word Cards: ab, ack, ad, ag, ail, ake, alk, all, am, an, ap, ar, at, aw, ed, ee, eg, en, est, ice, ick, ie, ill, in, ing, ip, it, oat, og, oke, one, op, ose, ot, ug, un, up, ut

Other: booth (seating), seats (theater seating), menu, tickets, gift, picnic basket, gum, confetti, snowman, ice, tire, anchor, sale (for sale sign), pencil point, bottle cap, scale, heart (shape)
Questions or Concerns
I'd love to hear from you. Send me a message, Lia@speechandlanguageathome.com

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About Lia
Nice to meet you. I'm a pediatric speech-language pathologist working in home health/private practice. I've been a certified SLP for 20 years.

My goal is to provide beautiful, high-quality materials for every day use. I hope you find what I create to be helpful and inspiring so you can do what you do best.
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Photo Cards - Speech, Language, Vocabulary, ELL, Phonemic Awareness

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These are your new best friend in therapy. Hundreds of real life photo cards, created with a simple design to maximize versatility. Make them once and use them all year long. Adapt them for changing seasons or themes using props and containers.Pair them with turn taking games or a child's special in...

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To increase skill in phoneme segmenting for students who have not yet mastered this skill

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To increase skill in phoneme blending for students who have not yet mastered this skill

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Build mastery and automaticity in phonics and decoding using the research-based Word Warm Ups intervention.

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Differentiation for students who need additional phonics instruction.

Motivation through graphing progress.

Practice and systematic review to solidify learning.

Instruction in the most common phonics and syllable patterns.

An assessment to place students in the appropriate level and lesson.

Students...

Improve word recognition.

Learn to use word patterns to decode rapidly.

Read words with the featured patterns in connected text.

Decode increasingly difficult phonetically regular words.

Reinforce featured phonics skills by spelling phonetically regular words.

Word Warm-ups develops accuracy and automaticity in decoding through a modified version of the powerful Read Naturally Strategy of teacher modeling, repeated reading, and progress monitoring. Students work on short audio-supported phonics exercises for as little as 10 minutes a day as reading warm-ups or up to 30 minutes a day as an intervention.

Research basis for Word Warm-ups

Word Warm-ups Steps

1. Look, Listen, and Respond
The student looks at the exercise sheet while listening to the audio lesson on the CD and responding to the lesson instructions. This step helps the student learn the featured sounds, phonics patterns, or syllable patterns.

2. Cold Timing
The student reads the words in a new exercise for a one-minute cold timing, underlining any words he or she doesn't know. The student subtracts the number of unknown words from the total number of words attempted to obtain a cold-timing score. This step establishes a baseline for progress monitoring, the component of the Read Naturally Strategy that motivates the student to improve.

3. Graph Cold Score
The student graphs the cold score in blue. Marking the graph provides a visual of the baseline data.

4. Read Along
The student reads along quietly with a recording of the exercise, which models correct pronunciation. Depending on the level, the student reads sample words sound-by-sound or syllable-by-syllable with the audio and then blends the parts into whole words. This step is the teacher-modeling component of the Read Naturally Strategy, which helps the student learn new words and master others.

5. Practice
The student practices reading the word lists independently until he or she can read all of the words correctly, down the columns and then across the rows, in one minute. As the student practices many words with the featured pattern, he or she learns to decode the pattern more easily and to read the words with automaticity. This step is the repeated-reading component of the Read Naturally Strategy, which helps the student apply the featured sounds, phonics patterns, or syllable patterns to master the words.

6. Hot Timing
The teacher listens to the student read the word lists for one minute. To pass, the student must read all of the words down the columns, then across the rows, with three or fewer errors. After the student passes, the teacher has the option of dictating five to ten words from the list for the student to write. The teacher provides additional instruction if needed.

7. Graph Hot Score
The student graphs the hot-timing score in red above the cold-timing score (in blue), to show how much he or she has improved.

Read Naturally Word Warm-ups has three levels. Each level focuses on specific phonics skills.

Word Warm-ups 1 teaches phonetically regular one-syllable words in 77 audio-supported exercises.

Word Warm-ups 2 teaches phonetically regular two- and three-syllable words in 57 audio-supported exercises.

Word Warm-ups 3 teaches phonetically regular multisyllabic words, including prefixes and suffixes, in 65 audio-supported exercises.

Word Warm-ups phonics elements by level

Read Naturally Word Warm-ups is sold by level. The teacher selects the appropriate level for each student.

​Each level includes a book of reproducible masters, audio CDs for up to six students, and teacher materials.

BOOK OF REPRODUCIBLE MASTERS

Multiple packets of student exercises include:

An introductory activity.

Several practice exercises.

A review exercise.

A nonfiction passage.

A challenge exercise focused on a phonic pattern.

Additional resource materials exercises include:

Letter to parents.

Student assessment.

Assessment scoring worksheets.

Class data sheets.

Pronunciation guide.

Mini-folder with graph.

Step poster.

Completion certificate.

AUDIO CDS

Each CD includes:

Phonics lesson for each exercise.

Recordings of each word list or story.

Student directions.

TEACHER MATERIALS

Teacher's Manual includes:

Research and rationale.

Teacher responsibilities.

Additional resources.

Additional Resources include:

Storage Box with six starter packets of each exercise.

Compact CD case.

Full-color 11-by-17-inch steps poster.

Samples

Use the following links to view a sample lesson or follow a step-by-step example of the program including the audio support.

Assessme nts (for Program Screening and Placement)

Phonics elements by level

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Differentiation for students who need additional phonics instruction. Motivation through graphing progress. Practice and systematic review to solidify learning. Instruction in the most common phonics and syllable patterns. An assessment to place students in the appropriate level and lesson. Students... Improve word recognition. Learn to use word patterns to decode rapidly.

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Research indicates a strong relationship between early phoneme awareness and later reading success, and it links some reading failure to insufficiently developed phoneme awareness skills. Intervention research clearly demonstrates the benefits of explicitly teaching phoneme awareness skills.

Many children at risk for reading failure are in general education classrooms where phoneme awareness training is not part of their reading program. This article presents a set of developmental phoneme awareness training activities that the special educator can integrate collaboratively into existing kindergarten and first-grade reading programs.

Instructional considerations

Before preparing to conduct phoneme awareness activities in a general education setting, the special educator needs to become familiar with the method being used to teach reading and should observe the class in action.

Most of the phoneme awareness activities should not take more than 15 or 20 minutes to complete and should fit the context of the classroom. Although a particular activity can be selected well in advance, the specific words targeted for phoneme awareness should be selected from material used actively in the class, such as a story or picture book that was just read and discussed, the immediate environment, words fitting a thematic unit being taught, or discussions about a field trip.

Phoneme awareness activities work well in classrooms where teachers implement shared reading. Typically, after previewing the text with the class, the teacher reads aloud a large-print text on a chart or in a big book, the teacher and children read the selection together, and then students complete individual activities related to the selection (Holdaway, 1979). Phoneme awareness activities are a natural extension of the shared reading activities.

To be successful, however, the general educator and special educator must plan ahead for sharing time, space, and teaching together in a collaborative effort. The benefits for the children far outweigh any disadvantages for the teachers. The willingness of the special educator to fit the activities to the contexts of the classroom can help diminish any existing reluctance a general education teacher might have toward phoneme awareness training.

Specific guidelines

Teachers need to be aware of the developmental requirements of phoneme awareness activities. For example, when teaching children to partition words into parts, segmenting a compound word into its two parts ("What two words do you hear in cowboy?") precedes segmenting syllables and sounds.

Similarly, identification tasks ("Which one doesn't rhyme - cat, hat, sun?") are generally easier than production tasks ("Tell me the first sound in car"). The difficulty level of most activities can be manipulated by changing the input or response modes. For example, "Find the picture that starts with /r/" will be easier than "What sounds do you hear in robe?" A set of guidelines to keep in mind when planning instructional activities is provided below.

Instructional Guidelines for Planning Phoneme Awareness Activities

1. Identify the precise phoneme awareness task on which you wish to focus and select developmentally appropriate activities for engaging children in the task. Activities should be fun and exciting - "play" with sounds, don't "drill" them.

2. Be sure to use phoneme sounds (represented by / /) and not letter names when doing the activities. Likewise, remember that one sound may be represented by two or more letters. There are only three sounds in the word cheese: /ch/-/ee/-/z/. You may want to target specific sounds/words at first and "practice" beforehand until you are comfortable making them.

3. Continuant sounds (e.g., /m/, /s/, /i/) are easier to manipulate and hear than stop sounds (e.g., /t/, /q/, /p/ /b/). When introducing continuants, exaggerate by holding on to them: rrrrrring. With stop sounds, just pronounce the short "pure" consonant sound one time and without the "uh" sound added at the end, to ensure accurate blending. For example, /b/ should not be pronounced "buh".

4. When identifying sounds in different positions, the initial position is easiest, followed by the final position, with the medial position being most difficult (e.g., top, pot, setter).

5. When identifying or combining sound sequences, a CV pattern should be used before a VC pattern, followed by a CVC pattern (e.g., pie, egg, red).*

*Note: CV = consonant-vowel; VC = vowel-consonant; CVC = consonant-vowel-consonant

Awareness of onset and rime

Phonograms are the common elements in word families (e.g., the letter sequence "and" in sand, hand, band, and land). The initial consonant that changes the meaning of the word is called an onset and the following vowel/consonant combination that remains constant is called a rime. Because an awareness of syllables, onsets, and rimes develops before an awareness of phonemes (Goswami, 1994, p. 36), the first set of suggestions focuses on ways to expose children to word play.

Literature

A natural and spontaneous way of providing children with exposure to phonemes is to focus on literature that deals playfully with speech sounds through rhymes. Simple rhyme patterns are easily recalled after repeated exposure, and children will get the idea of creating new rhymes.

In There's a Wocket in My Pocket (Seuss, 1974), initial sounds of everyday objects are substituted as a child talks about the strange creatures around the house, such as the "zamp in the lamp." Children can make up their own strange creatures in the classroom such as the "zuk in my book."

Alliteration is the repetition of an initial consonant sound across several words, such as presented in the alphabet book Faint Frogs Feeling Feverish and Other Terrifically Tantalizing Tongue Twisters (Obligato, 1983).

Assonance, the repetition of vowel sounds within words, is often combined with rhyme, as in "It rains and hails and shakes the sails" from Sheep on a Ship (Shaw, 1989) or in humorous ways such as "The tooter tries to tutor two tooters to toot" in Moses Supposes His Toeses Are Roses (Patz, 1983). Some books include music to go with the rhymes, such as Down by the Bay (Raffi, 1987), in which two children try to outdo one another in making up questions that rhyme, such as "Did you ever see a goose kissing a moose?"

Yopp (1995) presented an annotated bibliography of 44 books for young children that deal playfully with language. She also provided guidelines for using these books in class:

1. read and reread the stories;

2. comment on the language use;

3. encourage predictions of sound, word, and sentence patterns;

4. comment on or elicit specific aspects of sound patterns (e.g., "What sound do you hear at the beginning of all those words?"); and

5. be creative in inventing new versions of the language patterns utilized in the stories.

Word families chart

The exposure to rhymes leads naturally to the use of phonograms and the creation of word family charts. Charts can contain words from one story or a brain-stormed list from the children.

A story that leads naturally to a word family chart is Tog the Dog (Hawkins & Hawkins, 1986), which is constructed so that as each page is turned, a different letter lines up with the rime "og." For example, when Tog takes a jog, the letter "j" lines up with the "og." The children can dictate to the teacher words to be placed on a word family chart. As they begin to develop letter/sound knowledge, they can copy or write the words themselves.

You can use magnetic letters to "create" words for a word family chart. Provide a rime of plastic letters (e.g., at) and have the children take turns placing different letters in the onset position to create new words (e.g., hat, bat, sat, rat). These charts can be used as reference charts (or the children can make their own word families reference book) for spelling and creative writing activities.

Direct instruction

Children who are struggling with recognizing and creating rhymed words may need more direct intervention. Initial rhyme recognition can be reinforced by direct modeling of instances ( nose/ rose) and non-instances ( bed/ car) of rhyming word pairs. The children are then presented other word pairs and asked if the two words sound the same or sound different.

This can be made into a game-like activity by having them respond with a "happy face" card if the words rhyme and a "sad face" card if they don't (or they can use a "thumbs up" and "thumbs down" response). It is important for the teacher to ask a child to repeat the rhyming pairs in this and the following activities to reinforce the verbal production of rhymed words.

Pictures provide visual cues for rhyme recognition and can be used during the modeling phase of instruction. The teacher can then present three pictures and ask the child to select and say the two that rhyme. A variation would be to display two nonrhyming pictures and have the child select the one that rhymes with the word being said by the teacher.

Bradley and Bryant (1983) used an activity called "Odd Word Out," which can be done with or without pictures. Four words, three of which rhyme, are presented by the teacher (e.g., weed, bead, pill, seed). The child determines which word is the odd one that doesn't belong with the others.

The game of concentration or memory is a good practice activity for rhyme recognition. Separate pictures (not printed words) of rhyming word pairs (e.g., cat/ bat) are shuffled, and all are placed facedown in a grid pattern. The children take turns turning two cards face-up, trying to match a rhyme pair. If a match is made, the child keeps that pair and takes another turn. If not, the cards are turned facedown and the next child gets a turn.

A summary of activities to heighten awareness of onset and rhyme is offered in the table below.
Awareness of Onset and Rime
Simple phonemic awareness

Isolated sound recognition

As stated by Lewkowicz (1980), "Children should be familiarized with speech sounds in isolation before they attempt to detect sounds within words" (p. 694). Because children are usually unaware that words are made up of individual speech sounds that can be produced in isolation, it is up to the teacher to provide children with a concept of speech sounds.

This is probably best done by associating phonemes with a creature, an action, or an object that is familiar to the child. For example, the phoneme /s/ can be associated with the hissing sound a snake makes - sssssss. A sound personality can be created by calling /s/ the "Sammy snake" sound. Many sounds have natural associations, such as a crowing rooster for /r/, a buzzing bee for /z/, and the "be quiet" sound for /sh/.

Figure 1. An example of pictures of sound personalities incorporating letter-shape association.

Sound personalities can be introduced naturally and in context by selecting a particular sound to talk about that is stressed in alphabet or other books that use alliteration. For example, Obligato (1983) presented "smiling snakes sipping strawberry sodas" for the alphabet letter S. It is helpful to create or provide pictures that represent these sound personalities and to post them in the room as each is introduced. A natural connection can sometimes be made between the sound and the letter, such as presenting a picture of "Sammy snake" drawn in the shape of the letter S or "Buzzy bee" flying in a pattern of the letter Z (see Figure 1).

Besides providing a label to facilitate talking about sounds, the pictures provide self-correcting cues for children engaged in initial sound isolation and sound-to-word matching activities.

Word, syllable, and phoneme counting

Because words and syllables are more salient and more directly perceivable than individual phonemes, activities that involve counting the number of words in a sentence or syllables in a word can be used as initial steps leading to isolated phoneme synthesis and segmentation (Lundberg, Frost, & Peterson, 1988).

Word counting can be done for any sentence selected from a reading or writing lesson. The sentence should be read to the children without being visible. The children listen and place a marker from left to right for each word heard. The teacher can confirm the number of words by showing the printed sentence to the children, pointing to each word as it is read, and having the children touch their tokens in one-to-one correspondence. Or the teacher can reinforce the children's "counting" using auditory input only by repeating the sentence and having them touch each token to confirm the number of words heard.

To count syllables in words, activities can be used such as clapping hands, tapping the desk, or marching in place to the syllables in children's names ( Ma- ry), items in the immediate environment ( win- dow), or words from a favorite story ( wi- shy, wa- shy). Initially, two-syllable words can be targeted, building up to three. Visible, manipulable representation of sounds also helps to clarify and guide counting and segmentation tasks for beginners (Lewkowicz, 1980).

The marker activity used for word counting can be adapted for use in counting syllables by providing each child with two or three horizontally connected boxes drawn on a sheet of paper. The children place a token in each box from left to right as they hear each syllable in a word. These same activities can be used to count sounds in words.

Sound synthesis

Sound synthesis or sound blending is an essential skill related to later reading ability (Lewkowicz, 1980; Lundberg et al., 1988; Wagner, Torgeson, Laughon, Simmons, & Bashotte, 1993) and one of the easiest phoneme awareness tasks for children to perform (Yopp, 1988).

Sound synthesis can be done using the following sequence: blending an initial sound onto the remainder of a word, followed by blending syllables of a word together, and then blending isolated phonemes into a word.

The teacher can model blending an initial sound onto a word by using the jingle, "It starts with /l/ and it ends with ight, put it together, and it says light." When they have the idea, the children supply the final word.

An element of excitement can be created by using children's names for this activity and asking each child to recognize and say his or her own name when it is presented - "It starts with /b/ and it ends with etsy, put it together and it says ." Context can be provided by limiting the words to objects that can be seen in the room or to words from a particular story the children just read. As the children become proficient, they can take turns using the jingle to present their own words to be blended by the class.

Guessing games that utilize words broken into syllables or isolated phonemes provide fun sound blending activities.

One involves using a puppet (perhaps representing a character from a current reading lesson) who speaks "funny" by saying words syllable-by-syllable or sound-by-sound for the children to figure out. Initial clues can be provided by displaying three pictures, one of which is the word being said by the puppet. The puppet can confirm or negate a student response by picking up the picture and saying the word being segmented: "/f/-/i/-/sh/ - I said fish!"

Another is the familiar "What's in the bag?" activity. Instead of describing what is in the bag, the teacher says the word syllable-by-syllable or sound-by-sound and the children guess the word. A correct response is confirmed when the teacher brings the object out of the bag.

Yopp (1992) suggested the use of song games and presented an example to the tune of "If You're Happy and You Know It, Clap Your Hands":

If you think you know this word, shout it out!
If you think you know this word, shout it out!
If you think you know this word,
Then tell me what you've heard,
If you think you know this word, shout it out!

The teacher says a segmented word such as /k/-/a/-/t/, and the children respond by saying the blended word (pp. 700-701).

Sound-to-word matching

Sound-to-word matching is useful as a beginning step in sound segmentation. Basically, sound-to-word matching requires that the child identify the beginning sound of a word.

Awareness of the initial sound in a word can be done by showing the children a picture (dog) and asking the children to identify the correct word out of three: "Is this a /mmm/- og, a /d/d/d/- og, or a /sss/- og?" A variation is to ask if the word has a particular sound: "Is there a /d/ in dog?" This can then be switched to "Which sound does dog start with - /d/, /sh/, or /l/?" This sequence encourages the children to try out the three onsets with the rime to see which one is correct.

It is easiest to use continuants that can be exaggerated and prolonged to heighten the sound input. Iteration should be used with stop consonants to add emphasis.

Yopp (1992) also suggested the use of songs in sound matching activities. One of several examples she presented uses the tune of "Old MacDonald Had a Farm":

What's the sound that starts these words?
Turtle, time, and teeth.
(Wait for a response from the children.)
/t/ is the sound that starts these words:
Turtle, time, and teeth.
With a /t/, /t/ here, and a /t/, /t/ there,
Here a /t/, there a /t/, everywhere a /t/, /t/.
/t/ is the sound that starts these words:
Turtle, time, and teeth! (p. 700)

The children might use favorite stories from their reading lessons to identify different sets of three words that start with the same sound to incorporate into the song. Each repeated verse could then emphasize a different sound. The teacher again is cautioned to use the phoneme sounds, not the letter names for these activities.

Identification of sound positions

Establishing that sounds occur in different positions of words - initial, final, and medial - helps some children with the later task of segmenting whole words into isolated sound components.

One method of representing sound positions is to display a picture of a train composed of an engine, a passenger car, and a caboose. Three connecting boxes can be drawn under each component: one under the engine, connected to one under the passenger car, connected to the one under the caboose (use poster board and laminate). Explain that words have beginning, middle, and end sounds just like the train has a beginning, a middle, and an end part.

Demonstrate by slowly articulating a CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant word (e.g., /p/-/i/-/g/) and pointing to the box corresponding to the position of each sound in the word. You can then repeat the word and ask the children to identify where they hear the different sounds - "Where do you hear the /g/ in pig?" Slowly articulate other CVC words for them to listen to and have them mark the box under the train that indicates the position of the sound you specify.

Sound segmentation

Segmenting refers to the act of isolating the sounds in a spoken word by separately pronouncing each one in order (Ball & Blachman, 1991; Spector, 1992; Wagner et al., 1993).

Yopp (1988) stated that segmenting the sounds in a word is one of the more difficult simple phonemic tasks for children to perform. Lewkowicz (1980) and Yopp (1992) suggested starting with isolated productions of initial phonemes as a precursor to segmenting entire words. The previous sound-to-word matching and identification of position activities help in early recognition and practice with initial phonemes.

Figure 2. An example of Elkonin boxes used for hearing sounds in words.

Several researchers (Ball & Blachman, 1991; Bradley & Bryant, 1985; Griffith & Olson, 1992; Lewkowicz, 1980) have used visual and tactile cues based on Elkonin boxes (Elkonin, 1973) to help with phoneme segmentation. A card is prepared with a picture of a simple word at the top. Below the picture is a matrix that contains a box for each phoneme (not letter) in the word (see Figure 2).

The teacher models the process by slowing articulating the word phoneme-by-phoneme while pushing a counter into a box for each phoneme. The children can say the word with the teacher while the counters are being placed. Gradually the children should participate in this "say it and move it" (Ball & Blachman, 1991) activity by taking turns placing the counters in each box while saying each sound in a word. Both the matrix and picture can be eliminated over time so that the children are segmenting the word without visual clues.

Words should be selected from familiar text to ensure a whole-to-part sequence of instruction and to provide the children with contextual cues that link word segmentation to everyday classroom lessons.

Letter-sound association

Many researchers (Ball & Blachman, 1991; Byrne & Field- Barnsley, 1993; Hurford et al., 1994; Iversen & Tunmer, 1993) have demonstrated the advantage of combining phoneme awareness with letter knowledge in a classroom setting. As stated by Griffith and Olson (1992), "The most pedagogically sound method of phoneme awareness training is one that eventually makes explicit the complete letter-to-sound mappings in segmented words" (p. 518).

All phoneme awareness activities that use tokens or other visual representations of sounds can be modified to include letter- sound associations. As individual sounds are mastered by the children, their corresponding letter names can be introduced and placed on the tokens (magnetic letters or Scrabble tiles can be used) and gradually introduced into the segmentation activities.

At first, only one letter or tile should be provided, and the remainder should be blank. After the child has successfully segmented with one letter or tile, others can be added as new letter names are mastered.

To reinforce letter names, Blachman (1991) played "post office" - the children select a picture, say the initial sound of the picture, and identify the letter represented by the first sound by "mailing" it in the appropriate letter pouch.

A modified game of bingo can provide practice in sound-letter association. The desired letters to be emphasized are selected, starting with two or three, and adding more as the children progress. The letters are printed in random order on cards that have 4-by-4 or 5-by-5 grids drawn on them, one card for each child.

The teacher draws from a container letter tiles matching those on the children's cards. The teacher says the phoneme for the letter drawn from the container (replacing it each time) and asks the children to identify the letter corresponding to the phoneme by placing a marker in the appropriate box on their cards. Any child who fills a row or column can then name the letters aloud.

The practice of invented spelling in a classroom can also be used to make explicit connections between sound segments and letters. Children select words they wish to write but don't know how to spell.

A box is drawn for each sound in the word (remember that one sound may be represented by two or more letters - the word shoes, for example, has only three phonemes, /sh/-/oo/-/z/). A child can fill in the letters he or she hears and knows with the teacher's help. The teacher can fill in any letters the child does not know.

A summary of activities for enhancing simple phonemic awareness is presented in the table below.
Simple Phonemic Awareness

Targeted Skill

Example

Isolated sound recognition

Sammy snake sound says... (/s/)

Word/syllable/phoneme counting

How many (words/syllables/sounds) do you hear in this (sentence/word)?

Sound synthesis

It starts with /l/ and ends with ight, put it together and it says... ( light)
What word am I saying?
Put these sounds together to make a word - /f/-/i/-/sh/.

Compound phonemic awareness

Word-to-word matching

Compound phonemic awareness requires holding a given sound in memory while performing a second operation such as determining whether two words begin with the same sound in a word-to-word matching task (e.g., "Do cup and cake begin the same?"; Yopp, 1988). Byrne (1991) offered several games for practicing word-to-word matching.

1. Make a set of dominoes that have two pictured objects on each card. The children are required to join cards sharing beginning (or ending) sounds.

2. A version of "snap" uses cards having one picture. The children take turns drawing a card from a face-down pile and placing it in a face-up pile. When a newly drawn card has the same beginning (or end) sound as the top card in the face-up pile, the first child to identify the match by saying "snap" collects the pile.

3. Sound bingo uses bingo cards with pictures that children mark if one of their pictures has the same beginning (or end) sound as the word said by the caller.

Each of these games can be related to other classroom activities by having the children make their own dominoes, snap cards, and bingo cards using pictures cut from catalogs or magazines, or hand drawn and laminated. The pictures selected by the children can represent things related to the literature and themes being covered in class.

Sound deletion

Because sound deletion tasks require manipulation of phonemes in words, they are considered to be more difficult than other types of phoneme awareness tasks.

Cole and Mengler (1994) stated that it is not until a mental age of approximately 7 years that children are able to perform phoneme deletion tasks adequately. Lewkowicz (1980) suggested that sound deletion activities be done after the children exhibit some skill in segmentation and after letter names have been introduced. Because phoneme deletion of medial consonants puts an undue burden on young children's memory, sound deletion should target only initial or final sounds in words.

To introduce the idea of deleting parts of a word, the teacher can show pictures or point to objects in the room that are compound words and demonstrate how each word can be said with a part missing. For example, "This is a seesaw. If I say seesaw without the see, it says saw (give other examples). Now you try it. This is a hotdog. Say hotdog without the dog." An element of fun can be introduced by making it a "Simon says" activity: "Simon says, 'say bookmark without the book.'"

Identification of a missing sound can be accomplished through a "What's missing?" guessing game. The teacher says two words for comparison and asks the children to identify the missing element: "Listen: eat/ meat. What's missing in eat that you can hear in meat?"

Final position deletions can be done in the same way (e.g., "What's missing in play that you can hear in plane?"). The children can be encouraged to make up their own "What's missing?" words for the initial position by referring to the phonograms on the word families charts: "What's missing in an that you can hear in pan ( man, ran, can)."

Identifying the missing element using phonograms tends to be easier than using unrelated words because the initial consonant determines the meaning of the word for the child and the rime remains constant.

The actual task of deleting a sound from a word can be made easier by building on earlier segmentation practice, playing a game of "sound take-away." The teacher models how to orally segment a word into the "target" sound plus "everything else" and then take the target sound away.

A modified version of the sound blending jingle can be used: " Chair. It starts with /ch/ and it ends with air; take the first sound away, and it says air." The jingle can be used until the children can delete sounds with a simple prompt: "Say ball without the /b/." A sound deletion that results in a "real" word such as deer becoming ear or card becoming car is easier than one resulting in a "nonsense" word such as book becoming ook or sun becoming su (although some children enjoy making "alien" or funny words).

Children who have difficulty with deleting sounds might benefit from visual clues. By placing two colored blocks side-by-side, the teacher can designate one as representing the target sound and the other as representing the remainder of the word: "I'm going to use these blocks to say moon. This (red block) says moo and this (yellow block) says /n/." The child is then asked what the first block says when the second block is removed.

A summary of compound phonemic awareness activities is given in the table below.
Compound Phonemic Awareness
Conclusion

Research has demonstrated not only a predictive relationship between phoneme awareness and reading success, but also a causal relationship. Phoneme awareness that has a positive impact on reading can be developed in children through systematic instruction in kindergarten and first-grade settings. Early training in phoneme awareness should be a priority for those interested in improving early reading instruction and in reducing reading failure.

General and special educators should be supported in their efforts to collaborate on incorporating phoneme awareness activities into kindergarten and first-grade classrooms.

These activities are not intended to replace children's interactions with meaningful language and print, but to be incorporated into classrooms as part of a language-rich environment. Reading aloud, using big books and predictable books, developing language experience charts, and using other language-oriented practices give children valuable reading experiences.

However, by supplementing these experiences with related phoneme awareness activities, general and special educators can draw children's attention to a critical aspect of their language - its phonemic base.

It takes only a few minutes a day to integrate activities that emphasize the sounds of language into the rich, oral language environments we are creating for our children. Those few minutes can result in a lifetime of reading benefits to children who otherwise might not learn to read.

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How Now Brown Cow: Phoneme Awareness Activities

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Research indicates a strong relationship between early phoneme awareness and later reading success, and it links some reading failure to insufficiently developed phoneme awareness skills. Intervention research clearly demonstrates the benefits of explicitly teaching phoneme awareness skills. Many children at risk for reading failure are in general education classrooms where phoneme awareness training is not part of their reading program.

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Fish Bowl Word Families - 189 Pages!!! For Special Education (Autism, etc.); Regular Education: Homeschoolers, Kindergarten; First Grade; Great for Centers! Independent activity to practice spelling words in word families.

★ Word families included in this packet:
ed; en; et, eg; id; in; it; ig; ip; im; iz;

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♥ These activities were made specifically for those that struggle using a writing tool. There is no writing involved. This activity packet can be used in regular education as well as special education. The use of VELCRO is highly recommended for these activities.

Included in this packet:
★ Word Family Lists for word families: ed, en, et, eg, id, it, in, im, ip, iz, ig
★ Word Family Practice Spelling - matching the word to the word (example: placing the word "pig" under the word "pig.")
★ Making new words in each word family
★ Assessing/Testing student

Common Core Standards:
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RF.1.3b Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RF.1.2c Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

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Instructions included for presenting activities.

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Word Families (short vowel e,i); First Grade; Special Needs; Autism

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Fish Bowl Word Families - 189 Pages!!! For Special Education (Autism, etc.); Regular Education: Homeschoolers, Kindergarten; First Grade; Great for Centers! Independent activity to practice spelling words in word families. ★ Word families included in this packet: ed; en; et, eg; id; in; it; ig...

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An online interactive module to help learners with disabilities grasp the concept of blending

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IXL | Blend the sounds together to make a word | 1st grade language arts

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Improve your language arts knowledge with free questions in "Blend the sounds together to make a word" and thousands of other language arts skills.