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Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual units of sound.  It is one of the most fundamental skills children need to learn in order to be able to read.

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1. Nursery Rhymes
2. Dramatic Play
3. Family Literacy

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Research has shown that hearing, learning, and chanting Mother Goose nursery rhymes can help children take their first steps in learning to read. (Cullinan, 1999)"There is also a strong link between the nursery rhyme knowledge of PreK children and their future success in reading and spelling." (MacLean, Bryant, and Bradley, 1987)
Start the school day off with songs, poems, and finger plays of popular and fun nursery rhymes.

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Dramatic play and literacy go hand in hand. It is also a way that children engage in, practice, and apply literary concepts. Print is used in a meaningful way, such as writing notes, lists, messages and signs. Environmental print surrounds the play area.(West and Cox, 2004)
Set up a Veterinarian's office, in the classroom. Students will "write" pets names and diagnoses. They will pretend to read patient charts and ask questions to get information.

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Family literacy refers to how families develop and use literacy skills at home. Research shows that children who engage in such activities at home are better prepared for school and have higher success rates than those who do not. (Galda, Cullinan, and Strickland, 1997)
Read books together. Make shopping lists, play word games, write letters to family members.

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Phonics is the connection of different sounds to different letters, or groupings of letters. It allows students to phonetically sound out words which aids in fluency.

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1. Literature-based Instruction
2. Mystery Bag

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A type of instruction in which the authors' original works are used in the classroom to develop student literacy.(Alber, 2014)
Using Dr. Seuss books, students can recreate their own stories, build upon mathematical skills such as measuring their feet in The Foot Book, and do an art project for My Many Colored Days.

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This tactile activity is played by placing 3 objects in a bag that all begin with the same letter. The student pulls them out one at a time naming each item. Finally, he has to name the letter each starts with. This can be played a variety of different ways as well. For example,  the middle or ending sound can be emphasized, rhyming words can be substituted etc.

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Fluency is the ability to read text accurately, quickly, and expressively.  It is the ability to be able to read as well as one speaks and to make sense of what is being read without having to stop and decode each word on the page. It is a very important component in a child's motivation to read. (Wierman, 2018)

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1. Choral Reading
2. Audiobooks

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This is the practice of reading aloud in unison. It is  beneficial because it takes the pressure off those students who may be struggling with the text.
In pairs or as a class, read aloud selected material. Use a variety of different methods to make it fun, such as whispering vs. shouting, or singing etc.

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Audiobooks can improve pronunciation and fluency. They are great for struggling readers. They also make listening to a story interesting and lively for the students. (Hodges)
In pairs or individually, students can listen to a variety of stories on audiobook using their headphones.

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Vocabulary is the range of words a student is able to understand and use in context. A student's vocabulary grows the more they read and are exposed to the printed word. (Best, 2018)

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1. Word of the Day
2. Charades/Pictionary

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These can be taken from spelling or reading lists, textbooks, or at random.
Create a word wall in which new words are displayed and discussed. After the wall is filled, students can choose an activity that demonstrates their understanding of the words. I.e., Illustrating the words, writing a story, making flashcards etc.

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This is a fun way to get students out of their seats and engaged in learning.
Using vocabulary words, have students act out or draw their meanings. Whether in pairs or as a whole class activity, this is a sure way to commit new words to memory.

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Comprehension is a student's understanding of the text. It is what gives reading purpose. Without comprehension, a student cannot predict, make connections, or analyze what is being read. (Wierman, 2018).

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1. Activate prior knowledge
2. Question and reflection

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Research shows that there is a strong relationship between prior knowledge and reading comprehension. "The more one already knows, the more one comprehends. The more one comprehends, the more one learns new knowledge." (Fielding and Pierson, 1994)
Have students share information and make personal connections to the material about to be read. Make a list of what students already know about the topic beforehand.

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Questioning is an effective strategy for students to help them gain clarity in what they are reading. Reflection is a way for students to give their opinions on the text. It also encourages deeper thinking into what the characters thoughts and feelings are.
Have students keep a journal of questions, predictions, and thoughts in general related to the text. Have students pair up and get another's point of view, which could in turn, lead to a deeper understanding of the text as well.