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Hialeah Middle School presentation to Florida House of Representatives

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Shared in chat by L. Honeywood

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Next, they tried the same principle with liberals and military spending. Those who read an argument saying we should maintain high levels of military spending because it's a poverty-fighting tool- "through the military, the disadvantaged can achieve equal standing"-were more likely to support a robust defense budget than those who read a paper on how the military "ensures the United States is the greatest nation in the world."

Finally, they crafted an argument that making English the official language of the U.S.-a traditionally conservative stance-would actually lead to "fairer" outcomes for immigrants by helping them avoid discrimination. Liberals were more likely to warm to that view, the researchers found, but so were a separate group of participants who just happened to really value fairness. That suggested the reason the reframed messages work is because they resonate with deeply held moral values.

In a later study that's currently under review, Feinberg and Tilburg University's Jan Völkel found this even worked to get conservatives to dislike Donald Trump, and liberals to disavow Hillary Clinton. Conservatives were less likely to support Trump if arguments against him were presented in terms of his patriotism- "has repeatedly behaved disloyally towards our country to serve his own interests"-rather than a tendency to overlook the marginalized ("his unfair statements are a breeding ground for prejudice.") Liberal participants, meanwhile, were more likely to be swayed by Clinton's ties to Wall Street than by the incident in Benghazi.

So if it's so easy, why don't more people-either in studies or in real life-try this strategy?

"We tend to view our moral values as universal," Feinberg told me. That "there are no other values but ours, and people who don't share our values are simply immoral. Yet, in order to use moral reframing you need to recognize that the other side has different values, know what those values are, understand them well enough to be able to understand the moral perspective of the other side, and be willing to use those values as part of a political argument."

Some people just can't bring themselves to take that last step, he said, even if they know it's more effective. And perhaps the reason it's so difficult is because politics is so deeply intertwined with our personal values. When something is important to us, it's usually for a reason, and it's hard to break free of those reasons, even for political expediency's sake. To do so would take an abundance of empathy, and that's in short supply all around these days.

What's more, not every researcher buys that it is quite so easy to persuade ideological opponents in the current climate, where people are changing their avatars to "#Resist" and "#MAGA." "This [research] assumes that both sides are rational and at least partially open to hearing a different point of view," said Blair Kidwell, a Florida International University professor whose consumer psychology research was cited by Feinberg and Willer. He says Trump is spearheading a "war on facts and even information itself," which is causing many conservatives to distrust anyone but a fellow Trump supporter. "This is something, in my opinion, that cannot be fixed simply by appealing to conservative's authority, purity ,and duty," he added.

Still, there's one thing Feinberg said definitely won't work. In the wake of the executive order, Feinberg said he saw lots of liberals lobbing ad-hominem attacks, such as "you're being un-American" or "you're making the Statue of Liberty cry."

"People typically do not do well when attacked," he said, "this could simply push them to be more staunch in their position."

If you can't persuade your political foes, that is, you can at least try not to make the conflict worse.

We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.

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The Simple Trick to Getting People to Support Refugees, Immigrants, and Obamacare

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Next, they tried the same principle with liberals and military spending. Those who read an argument saying we should maintain high levels of military spending because it's a poverty-fighting tool- "through the military, the disadvantaged can achieve equal standing"-were more likely to support a robust defense budget than those who read a paper on how the military "ensures the United States is the greatest nation in the world."

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Video resources from the Center for Civic Education

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Video resources from the Center for Civic Education

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Getting scholars to agree on a single, all-inclusive definition of public policy is no easy task. See how Professor Larry Gerston describes key characteristics of public policy in this Center for Civic Education produced video.

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Getting scholars to agree on a single, all-inclusive definition of public policy is no easy task. See how Professor Larry Gerston describes key characteristics of public policy in this Center for Civic Education produced video.

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Student performance on the NAEP civics assessment is reported in two ways: scale scores and NAEP achievement levels.

Scale scores represent the average performance of students who took the civics assessment. Scores are aggregated and reported for the nation and groups of students based on gender, race/ethnicity, etc.

NAEP achievement levels are performance standards that describe what students should know and be able to do. Results are reported as percentages of students performing at or above three NAEP achievement levels (e.g., NAEP Basic,NAEP Proficient, andNAEP Advanced) that are defined in the assessment framework. Students performing at or above theNAEP Proficient level on NAEP assessments demonstrate solid academic performance and competency over challenging subject matter. Note that theNAEP Proficient achievement level does not represent grade level proficiency as determined by other assessments standards (e.g., by state or district assessments).

Item maps illustrate how specific civics knowledge and skills correspond to the NAEP achievement levels. Item maps answer the question, "What assessment questions were likely to be answered correctly by students performing at the NAEP Basic, NAEP Proficient, and NAEP Advanced achievement levels?"

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Student performance on the NAEP civics assessment is reported in two ways: scale scores and NAEP achievement levels. Scale scores represent the average performance of students who took the civics assessment. Scores are aggregated and reported for the nation and groups of students based on gender, race/ethnicity, etc.

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See all the wonderful things Rachel Barnes has made

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You Can Help: 60-Second Civics is supported by private donations. You can help keep the podcasts coming by donating, buying an ebook, or by writing a nice review in iTunes to help others discover the show. We love our listeners. You are the reason we created the podcast.

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Session 5- Selecting a Public Policy to research

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Session 5- Selecting a Public Policy to research