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Minority students segregated in schools.
Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" public facilities for minorities was constitutional.

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Sound Smart: Plessy v. Ferguson | History

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It became unconstitutional to prohibit teaching a foreign language at school.
Supreme Court ruled that teaching in a language other than English was not "injurious to health, moral, or understanding of the ordinary child"

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Overruled the "separate but equal
doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896

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US Supreme Court Decision: Brown v. Board of Education

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Provided equal educational opportunities:
A person shall not be discriminated, on the grounds of race, color, or national origin.

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There was no equality in providing the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum to students who do not understand English.

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As a result of Lau v. Nichols, this federal act was baed on the Civil Rights of 1964. It required states and schools to provide equal educational opportunities to minorities.

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Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974

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Lu Remedies were written to remedy Lau v. Nichols  and to develop specific and proper approaches, methods and procedures.

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It set in place a "Three-pronged" test to ensure school districts take appropriate actions to meet the needs of ELL students.

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Castañeda v. Pickard: Are ELLs receiving the services they need?

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States cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education on account of their immigration status.

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Part A of Title III is officially known as the English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement Act. Title III is a part of the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. It is specifically targeted to benefit Limited English Proficient (LEP) children and immigrant youth.

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The ESSA recognizes the unique needs of English Learners (ELs), including by acknowledging the heterogeneity within the EL subgroup (e.g., recognizing separate groups of ELs such as English learners with disabilities, recently arrived ELs, and long-term ELs).

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The Every Student Succeeds Act: 5 Things You Need to Know