# data[].attributes.body
I wake up at 7:pm and i sleep again because to tired and i wake up again at 9:pm and i tried to go brush my teeth
and then i eat breakfast . i Join class late

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Iron man
The graphic Novel is about a men is verry rich he creative a suit

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First  I wake up at 5:30 am and then i clean the house. After that, I make breakfast and lunch to take to school. Before I made the food I changed into my uniform.  finally i go to school.

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Coraline
Coraline is a 2009 American stop-motion animated horror book.
Coraline is character

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-Future State: Wonder Woman
-  because it's interesting and good.
-Future State: Wonder Woman follows the stories of three wonder-filled women, Maria Flor, Nubia, and Diana Prince. Maria Flor will face off against the forces of hell, while Nubia leads a squad of Amazons far from Paradise Island. And Diana Prince is ready to fight for the world until the very end.
- Yara flor

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The Amazing Spider Man

Because it have my favourite hero

Spiderman and his mission protect people

Spider Man

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1.The best I can do
    I see yellow flowers on green grass
2.Because it has good lines in the story The best I can do
Because I see yellow flowers on green grass has interesting situations in the story
3.novels about interesting stories in life and way of life
4

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Batman
The character is batman
It is about the batman

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Frist i wake up at 5am brush my teeth and wash my face then
I go out to ride a bike i come home at 6:30 and then i take a shower and get a clothe  at 7 am i go to school

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first i wake up at 7:00 am brush my teet and eat my breakfast. after that i go to my school at 7:50 am. finaly i go home at 3:00pm

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First i wake up at 7 . Am ,next i go to brush my teeth , after i brush my teeth i go to eat my breakfast . Then i drink some water . Finally i prepare to study online.

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First i wake up, brush my teeth and wash my face. Then i eat breakfast, wear my uniform and go to school. I learn, eat lunch at school and learn until 4:20. After the school i will go home. Finally, at night i brush my teeth again and start to sleep.

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First I wake up early to do personal hygiene and then I go to breakfast. After I go for a walk in the park and drink coffee. I finally finished a perfect Sunday

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First, I wake up and personal hygiene. Then, I run in the beach, and also watch the sun rise. Last, I eat breakfast after I go to school.

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First I wake up at 5am and then I take my dogs outside for a walk
After that i go inside and make myself some coffee.
...
....
...
and finally I go to sleep

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Write a reference for this piece of writing

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Home World History Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts
Table of Contents

Also called:

Second World War

(Show more)

Date:

September 3, 1939 - September 2, 1945

(Show more)

What was the cause of World War II?

What countries fought in World War II?

Who were the leaders during World War II?

What were the turning points of World War II?

How did World War II end?

How many people died during World War II?

World War II, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939-45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers- Germany, Italy, and Japan-and the Allies- France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China. The war was in many respects a continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of the disputes left unsettled by World War I. The 40,000,000-50,000,000 deaths incurred in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war, in history.

Along with World War I, World War II was one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. It resulted in the extension of the Soviet Union's power to nations of eastern Europe, enabled a communist movement to eventually achieve power in China, and marked the decisive shift of power in the world away from the states of western Europe and toward the United States and the Soviet Union.
(Read Sir John Keegan's Britannica entry on the Normandy Invasion.)

Axis initiative and Allied reaction

The outbreak of war

By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become determined to invade and occupy Poland. Poland, for its part, had guarantees of French and British military support should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler intended to invade Poland anyway, but first he had to neutralize the possibility that the Soviet Union would resist the invasion of its western neighbour. Secret negotiations led on August 23-24 to the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in Moscow. In a secret protocol of this pact, the Germans and the Soviets agreed that Poland should be divided between them, with the western third of the country going to Germany and the eastern two-thirds being taken over by the U.S.S.R.

Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About World War II

Having achieved this cynical agreement, the other provisions of which stupefied Europe even without divulgence of the secret protocol, Hitler thought that Germany could attack Poland with no danger of Soviet or British intervention and gave orders for the invasion to start on August 26. News of the signing, on August 25, of a formal treaty of mutual assistance between Great Britain and Poland (to supersede a previous though temporary agreement) caused him to postpone the start of hostilities for a few days. He was still determined, however, to ignore the diplomatic efforts of the western powers to restrain him. Finally, at 12:40 pm on August 31, 1939, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. The invasion began as ordered. In response, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, at 11:00 am and at 5:00 pm, respectively. World War II had begun.

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World War II | Facts, Summary, History, Dates, Combatants, & Causes

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World War II was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during 1939-45. The main combatants were the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allies (France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China). It was the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war, in human history.

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https://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/1402/referencing/47/referencing_explained

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List two graphic novels you know?

Why do you like them?

What are they about?

Can you name a character?

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Your daily routines:
First, then, last , after

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Easily create surveys and polls to collect customer feedback, measure employee satisfaction, and organize team events.

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Stacey Ryan, Zai1k - Don't Text Me When You're Drunk (Lyrics)

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https://youtu.be/AnMhdn0wJ4I

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Vicetone - Nevada (ft. Cozi Zuehlsdorff)

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https://youtu.be/7wtfhZwyrcc

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Imagine Dragons - Believer (Official Music Video)

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https://youtu.be/2Vv-BfVoq4g

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Ed Sheeran - Perfect (Official Music Video)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_v9MY_FMcw

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My favourite character is nobita in Doraemon book he is failure but he have a good friend is doraemon he always help nobita went he have bully in school

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My favourite character is Doraemon from Doraemon cartoon. Doraemon is a robot cat, sent from future to help Nobita a Clumsy boy. Doraemon is a smart and a little clumsy robot cat. Doraemon have a blue skin with white, he also have a bell in neck. I like him the most because he have a magic bag have many magic thing can help him. He have magic thing like a flashlight make he bigger or smaller, a cabinet phone can make everything he want.

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My favorite character is Cinderella. She is a friendly, gentle person. She is treated badly and unfairly by her stepmother and two sisters, they often force Cinderella to do very hard work and rarely get a break. Cinderella was helped by the fairy until she met the prince and became his bride for the rest of her life.

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My favorite character is Neymar. He plays the ball very well, handles the ball very well. A very friendly and intelligent person. He's also very rich and respects others

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My favorite character is Harry Potter. Harry Potter is an extremely brave, loyal, intelligent and positional man. He doesn't like being the center of attention and annoyed with people who use fame for personal gain. He always has perfect plans to destroy the bad guys. That's what I like most about him.

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My favourite character is mickey mouse .  Mickey mouse is kind and very smart . Mickey mouse very naughty . But he is brave .

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My favourire character is Harry, from Harry Potter, He is a brave wizzard who fights evil.
He is smart and very kind, he always helps his friends. I want to be like Harry Potter

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i think Phat is a quiet and active person
i wonder Phat is a kind and friendly
i know Phat is a good person who always help people

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I think hank is good person some times he speak to much that make me feel headache

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I think Cinly is friendly person

I wonder Cinly happy

I know smart and kind person

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I think Huy is childish
I know Andy is competitive
I wonder if Huy is funny

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i think Bella is a good  person she alway help her friend if they need

i wonder some time Bella is mean and talkative, and she also bully me

i know she is a funny person

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I think Ben is friendly and courageous.

I wonder if Ben is angry or happy.

I know Ben is a straightforward, honest person

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I think Andy is happy

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Easily create surveys and polls to collect customer feedback, measure employee satisfaction, and organize team events.

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Describe a character from your favourite movie/book

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Send me a link to your favourite song

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Group 1 : Andy and Hank
Group 2 : Ben and Cinly
Group 3: Huy, Phat and Bela

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https://youtu.be/uRGVtGfoXvI

Guess your parter:

I think:

I wonder:

I know:

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Describe Your Character and Personality in English

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https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/world-war-ii-fast-facts/index.html

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View CNN's Fast Facts to learn more about World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945.

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https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/world-war-ii-after-the-war/100180/

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At the end of World War II, huge swaths of Europe and Asia had been reduced to ruins. Borders were redrawn and homecomings, expulsions, and burials were under way. But the massive efforts to rebuild had just begun. When the war began in the late 1930s, the world's population was approximately 2 billion. In less than a decade, the war between the Axis the Allied powers had resulted in 80 million deaths -- killing off about 4 percent of the whole world. Allied forces now became occupiers, taking control of Germany, Japan, and much of the territory they had formerly ruled. Efforts were made to permanently dismantle the war-making abilities of those nations, as factories were destroyed and former leadership was removed or prosecuted. War crimes trials took place in Europe and Asia, leading to many executions and prison sentences. Millions of Germans and Japanese were forcibly expelled from territories they called home. Allied occupations and United Nations decisions led to many long-lasting problems in the future, including the tensions that created East and West Germany, and divergent plans on the Korean Peninsula that led to the creation of North and South Korea and -- the Korean War in 1950. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine paved the way for Israel to declare its independence in 1948 and marked the start of the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. The growing tensions between Western powers and the Soviet Eastern Bloc developed into the Cold War, and the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons raised the very real specter of an unimaginable World War III if common ground could not be found. World War II was the biggest story of the 20th Century, and its aftermath continues to affect the world profoundly more than 65 years later. (This entry is Part 20 of a weekly 20-part retrospective of World War II)

View this page Hints: full screen. Skip to the next and previous photo by typing j/k or ←/→.

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Part 20 of a weekly 20-part retrospective of World War II

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Antarctic quest to find Shackleton's lost ship - BBC News

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Shackleton's last expedition to Antarctica

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Last name, Middle, first name ( year) Month, day , Title of article , Website URL

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How to Cite APA Format References (website, book, article, etc.)

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Reference

CNN Editorial Research( 2018), September 2, World War II Fast Facts

https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/world-war-ii-fast-facts/index.html

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Taylor, Alan( 2011) October, 30, World War II: After the War
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/world-war-ii-after-the-war/100180/

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At the end of World War II, huge swaths of Europe and Asia had been reduced to ruins. Borders were redrawn and homecomings, expulsions, and burials were under way. But the massive efforts to rebuild had just begun. When the war began in the late 1930s, the world's population was approximately 2 billion. In less than a decade, the war between the Axis the Allied powers had resulted in 80 million deaths -- killing off about 4 percent of the whole world. Allied forces now became occupiers, taking control of Germany, Japan, and much of the territory they had formerly ruled. Efforts were made to permanently dismantle the war-making abilities of those nations, as factories were destroyed and former leadership was removed or prosecuted. War crimes trials took place in Europe and Asia, leading to many executions and prison sentences. Millions of Germans and Japanese were forcibly expelled from territories they called home. Allied occupations and United Nations decisions led to many long-lasting problems in the future, including the tensions that created East and West Germany, and divergent plans on the Korean Peninsula that led to the creation of North and South Korea and -- the Korean War in 1950. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine paved the way for Israel to declare its independence in 1948 and marked the start of the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. The growing tensions between Western powers and the Soviet Eastern Bloc developed into the Cold War, and the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons raised the very real specter of an unimaginable World War III if common ground could not be found. World War II was the biggest story of the 20th Century, and its aftermath continues to affect the world profoundly more than 65 years later. (This entry is Part 20 of a weekly 20-part retrospective of World War II)

View this page Hints: full screen. Skip to the next and previous photo by typing j/k or ←/→.

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Part 20 of a weekly 20-part retrospective of World War II

# data[].attributes.body
CNN Editorial Research- September 2 , 2018- World War II Fast Facts

https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/world-war-ii-fast-facts/index.html

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First name : Alan , Last name : Taylor , The tittle is World war : after the war , 1950, October 30

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First nam : Alan , lastname : taylor , the title: world war 2 : after the war ,1950,October 30
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/world-war-ii-after-the-war/100180/

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At the end of World War II, huge swaths of Europe and Asia had been reduced to ruins. Borders were redrawn and homecomings, expulsions, and burials were under way. But the massive efforts to rebuild had just begun. When the war began in the late 1930s, the world's population was approximately 2 billion. In less than a decade, the war between the Axis the Allied powers had resulted in 80 million deaths -- killing off about 4 percent of the whole world. Allied forces now became occupiers, taking control of Germany, Japan, and much of the territory they had formerly ruled. Efforts were made to permanently dismantle the war-making abilities of those nations, as factories were destroyed and former leadership was removed or prosecuted. War crimes trials took place in Europe and Asia, leading to many executions and prison sentences. Millions of Germans and Japanese were forcibly expelled from territories they called home. Allied occupations and United Nations decisions led to many long-lasting problems in the future, including the tensions that created East and West Germany, and divergent plans on the Korean Peninsula that led to the creation of North and South Korea and -- the Korean War in 1950. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine paved the way for Israel to declare its independence in 1948 and marked the start of the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. The growing tensions between Western powers and the Soviet Eastern Bloc developed into the Cold War, and the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons raised the very real specter of an unimaginable World War III if common ground could not be found. World War II was the biggest story of the 20th Century, and its aftermath continues to affect the world profoundly more than 65 years later. (This entry is Part 20 of a weekly 20-part retrospective of World War II)

View this page Hints: full screen. Skip to the next and previous photo by typing j/k or ←/→.

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Part 20 of a weekly 20-part retrospective of World War II

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1.Ronald Amundsen
2 1914
3because they had no way to contact the outside war

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1. Ronald Amundsen
2. Endurance was the name of ship
3. Because He decided to be the first to cross Antartica on foot. There were in one of the most difficult environments on Earth, they had not way to contact the outside world.

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1. Roald Amundsen

2. Endurance is the ship name

3. Because the South pole already reach by another person

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1 Ronald Amundsen
2 endurance is the name of the ship
3 because he decided to be the first to cross Antarctica on foot

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1.  Roald Amundsen
2. the fact or power of enduring an unpleasant or difficult process or situation without giving way.
3. because there were in one of the most difficult environments on Earth, they had not way to contact the outside world.

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Ronal Amundsen

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What did the crew move first

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1. Shackleton worried about how far they were from land and his crew only had three small boats to carry 28 men

2. The first text tell Shackleton is a person care the crew because they dont have enough boats

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1. Shackleton worried about how far they were from land. His crew had only three small boats to carry his 28 men through the rough, ice-filled sea.
2. Shackleton was a kind people. He was worried for his crew because they don't enough boat and foood.

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Shackleton worried about how far they were
From
Land his crew had only three small boats to carry his 28 man through the rough ice filled sea.
2. Shackleton is stronger so he can worried about the crew because they don’t have enough boat

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1 he is worried about how far they were from land
2 Shackleton is calm and brave

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1. because he worried about how far thay were from land. his crew has only three small boats to carry his 28 men
2. Shackleton is a kind person. he takes care of his crew

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Bc he just have 3 small boat but they are 28 people

Shackletion is a he is a very smart person even though he only has 3 small boats but he still manages to bring everyone to the island

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Haul- carry
Surface- flat, top layer of something
Ton- unit of measurement  of weight  1000 kg
Slushy- like soft melting snow mixed with dirt
Frigid - Very cold , Freezing
Ice floats - large slices of ice

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In winter, frigid winds may at times whip up choppy waves.
On the surface he seems cold and unfriendly , but he’s really a kind person.

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the weight of  the boat is 1 ton

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I haul the shelf from the truck to my home.
The cow weight can bigger than a ton.
The table surface is smooth.
The snow is slushy.
The weather at antarctica is frigid.
The ice floes can sink a big ship.

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He is haul the sack
The truck can carry 1 ton
The surface of the table is straight
The buffalo is playing in the slushy
The snow is frigid
That ice floes is big

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1. They hauled the boat out of the water.
2. The marble has smooth, shiny surface.
3. We harvested many tons of rice.
4. Slushy snow is partly melted
5. Few plants can grow in frigid environment
6. Ice floats destroyed the Titanic.

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The fishermen had a good haul today.

She watched the sunlight dancing on the water's surface

That piece of wood weighs 1 ton

Slushy snow is partly melted.

In winter, frigid winds may at times whip up choppy waves.

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He is haul a
The ice surface is cold
The boat can carry 2 ton

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary

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Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 - 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. From 1985 to 1988 he served as New Zealand's High Commissioner to India and Bangladesh and concurrently as Ambassador to Nepal.

Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school. He made his first major climb in 1939, reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier. He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II and was wounded in an accident. Prior to the Everest expedition, Hillary had been part of the British reconnaissance expedition to the mountain in 1951 as well as an unsuccessful attempt to climb Cho Oyu in 1952. As part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition he reached the South Pole overland in 1958. He subsequently reached the North Pole, making him the first person to reach both poles and summit Everest.

Following his ascent of Everest, Hillary devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust, which he established. His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in Nepal. Hillary had numerous honours conferred upon him, including the Order of the Garter in 1995. Upon his death in 2008, he was given a state funeral in New Zealand.

Hillary was born to Percival Augustus and Gertrude (née Clark) Hillary in Auckland, New Zealand, on 20 July 1919. His father Percy had served at Gallipoli with the 15th (North Auckland) Regiment, and was discharged "medically unfit" from the Army in 1916; he had married Gertrude after his return to New Zealand. His grandparents had emigrated from Yorkshire to northern Wairoa in the mid-19th century.

His family moved to Tuakau, south of Auckland, in 1920, after Percy was allocated eight acres (3.2 ha) of land there as a returned soldier. Percy had been a journalist prewar, and soon became founding editor of the weekly Tuakau District News as well as an apiarist. Ed had a sister June (born 1917) and a brother Rex (born 1920).

Hillary was educated at Tuakau Primary School and then Auckland Grammar School. He finished primary school aged 11 or two years early, and at "Grammar" achieved average marks. His mother wanted him to go to a "good school" and he commuted by train, cycling to Tuakau station before 7 am and returning after 6 pm for 3½ years (a one-hour and 40 minutes journey each way) until the family moved to Remuera, Auckland in 1935, his last of four years at "Grammar".

He was initially smaller than his peers and shy, and did not enjoy "Grammar", where commuting barred him from after-school activities. He grew to be 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm) and gained confidence after taking up boxing.

He became interested in climbing when he was 16 following a 1935 school trip to Mount Ruapehu, after which he showed more interest in tramping than in studying and said he "wanted to see the world". He then attended Auckland University College, and joined the Tramping Club there. But in 1938, "after two notably unsuccessful years studying mathematics and science" he gave up on formal education.

He then became an apiarist ( beekeeper) with his father and brother Rex; with 1600 hives to attend, thousands of 90 lb (41 kg) boxes of honey comb to handle, and 12 to 100 bee-stings daily. So he kept bees in summer, and concentrated on climbing in winter. His father also edited the journal "The N.Z. Honeybee" and his mother Gertrude was famous for breeding and selling queen bees.

In 1938, he went to hear Herbert Sutcliffe, the proponent of a life philosophy called "Radiant Living", with his family. The family all became foundation members, and his mother became its secretary in 1939. He went to Gisborne as Sutcliff's assistant, and in 1941 sat examinations to become a teacher of Radiant Living, getting a 100% pass mark. His test lecture was on "Inferiority - cause and cure". He said of his five-year association with the movement that "I learned to speak confidently from the platform; to think more freely on important topics; to mix more readily with a wide variety of people". Tenets included healthy eating (the salads that June took to university for lunch) and pacificism. He joined the Radiant Living Tramping Club, and further developed his love of the outdoors in the Waitākere Ranges.

In 1939, he completed his first major climb, reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier, near Aoraki / Mount Cook in the Southern Alps. Climbing brought new friends; Harry Ayres and George Lowe became "the first real friends I'd ever had".

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, Hillary applied to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) but quickly withdrew the application, later writing that he was "harassed by [his] religious conscience". In 1943, with the Japanese threat in the Pacific and the arrival of conscription, he joined the RNZAF as a navigator in No. 6 Squadron RNZAF and later No. 5 Squadron RNZAF on Catalina flying boats. In 1945, he was sent to Fiji and to the Solomon Islands, where he was badly burnt in an accident.

Expeditions

In January 1948, Hillary and others ascended the south ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest peak. He took part in an arduous rescue on La Perouse in 1948, befriending fellow climber Norman Hardie.

In 1951 he was part of a British reconnaissance expedition to Everest led by Eric Shipton, before joining the successful British attempt of 1953. In 1952, Hillary and George Lowe were part of the British team led by Shipton, that attempted Cho Oyu. After that attempt failed due to the lack of a route from the Nepal side, Hillary and Lowe crossed the Nup La pass into Tibet and reached the old Camp II, on the northern side, where all the previous expeditions had camped.

1953 Everest expedition

In 1949, the long-standing climbing route to the summit of Everest was closed by Chinese-controlled Tibet. For the next several years, Nepal allowed only one or two expeditions per year. A Swiss expedition (in which Tenzing took part) attempted to reach the summit in 1952, but was forced back by bad weather and problems with oxygen sets 800 feet (240 m) below the summit. In 1952,

Hillary learned that he and Lowe had been invited by the Joint Himalayan Committee for the 1953 British attempt and immediately accepted. Shipton had been named as leader but was replaced by Hunt. Hillary objected but was immediately impressed by Hunt's energy and determination. Hunt asked Charles Evans and Hillary to form with him a small three-man planning group on the expedition. Hunt wrote that:

Hillary's testing in the Himalayas had shown that he would be a very strong contender, not only for Everest, but for an eventual summit party. When I met Shipton last autumn I well remember his prophesying this - and how right he was. Quite exceptionally strong and abounding in a restless energy, possessed of a thrusting mind which swept away all unproven obstacles, Ed Hillary's personality had made an imprint on my mind, through his Cho Oyu and Reconnaissance friends and through his letters to me.

Hillary had hoped to climb with Lowe, but Hunt named two teams for the ascent: Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans; and Hillary and Tenzing. Hillary, therefore, made a concerted effort to forge a working friendship with Tenzing. Hillary wrote, "Tenzing had substantially greater personal ambition than any Sherpa I had met."

The Hunt expedition totalled over 400 people, including 362 porters, 20 Sherpa guides, and 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of baggage. Lowe supervised the preparation of the Lhotse Face, a huge and steep ice face, for climbing. Hillary forged a route through the treacherous Khumbu Icefall.

Cameraman Tom Stobart was Hillary's room-mate in Kathmandu. He described Hillary as:

a skeleton as tall as I was ... a hatchet-thin face, and seemed tied together with steel ... I had just got a rubber torch to pieces and couldn't get it together again. This human machine took charge. 'Let's give it ago' he said, using an expression we came to know so well in the following months. It may have meant that he would try to fix it, but did not. Actually it meant he would fix it, a subtle but important difference so far as Ed and his fellow countryman George Lowe, were concerned.

The expedition set up base camp in March 1953 and, working slowly, set up its final camp at the South Col at 25,900 feet (7,890 m). On 26 May, Bourdillon and Evans attempted the climb but turned back when Evans' oxygen system failed. The pair had reached the South Summit, coming within 300 vertical feet (91 m) of the summit. Hunt then directed Hillary and Tenzing to attempt the summit.

Snow and wind delayed them at the South Col for two days. They set out on 28 May with the support of Lowe, Alfred Gregory, and Ang Nyima. The two pitched a tent at 27,900 feet (8,500 m) on 28 May, while their support group returned down the mountain. On the following morning Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen solid outside the tent. He spent two hours warming them over a stove before he and Tenzing, wearing 30-pound (14 kg) packs, attempted the final ascent. The final obstacle was the 40-foot (12 m) rock face now called " Hillary Step"; Hillary later wrote:

I noticed a crack between the rock and the snow sticking to the East Face. I crawled inside and wriggled and jammed my way to the top... Tenzing slowly joined me and we moved on. I chopped steps over bump after bump, wondering a little desperately where the top could be. Then I saw the ridge ahead dropped away to the north and above me on the right was a rounded snow dome. A few more whacks with my ice-axe and Tenzing and I stood on top of Everest.

Tenzing in his 1955 autobiography wrote that Hillary took the first step onto the summit and he followed. They reached Everest's 29,028 ft (8,848 m) summit - the highest point on earth - at 11:30 am.

They spent about 15 minutes at the summit. Hillary took a photo of Tenzing posing with his ice-axe, but there is no photo of Hillary. BBC News attributed this to Tenzing's having never used a camera; Tenzing's autobiography says that Hillary simply declined to have his picture taken. They also took photos looking down the mountain.

Tenzing left chocolates at the summit as an offering, and Hillary left a cross given to him by John Hunt. Their descent was complicated by drifting snow which had covered their tracks. The first person they met was Lowe; Hillary said, "Well, George, we knocked the bastard off."

They returned to Kathmandu a few days later and learned that Hillary had already been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire and Hunt a Knight Bachelor. News reached Britain on the day of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, and the press called it a coronation gift. The 37 members of the party later received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal with mount everest expedition engraved along the rim. In addition to the knighting of Hillary and Hunt, Tenzing - ineligible for knighthood as a Nepalese citizen - received the George Medal. Tenzing also received the Star of Nepal from King Tribhuvan.

After Everest

Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas on further visits in 1956, 1960-1961, and 1963-1965. He also reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section, on 4 January 1958. His party was the first to reach the Pole overland since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912, and the first ever to do so using motor vehicles.

In 1960, Hillary organised the 1960-61 Silver Hut expedition, with Griffith Pugh; and Pugh showed that Mount Everest could be climbed without oxygen, with a long period of acclimatisation by living at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) for six months. An assault on Makalu, the world's fifth-highest mountain, was unsuccessful. Hillary was with the expedition for five months, although it lasted for ten.

The expedition also searched for the fabled abominable snowman. No evidence of Yetis was found, instead footprints and tracks were proven to be from other causes. During the expedition, Hillary travelled to remote temples which contained "Yeti scalps"; however after bringing back three relics, two were shown to be from bears and one from a goat antelope. Hillary said after the expedition: "The yeti is not a strange, superhuman creature as has been imagined. We have found rational explanations for most yeti phenomena".

In 1962, he was a guest on the television game show What's My Line?; he stumped the panel, comprising Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, Bennett Cerf, and Merv Griffin. In 1977, he led a jetboat expedition, titled "Ocean to Sky", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source. From 1977 to 1979 he commentated aboard Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand. In 1985, he accompanied Neil Armstrong in a small twin-engined ski plane over the Arctic Ocean and landed at the North Pole. Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest. This accomplishment inspired generations of explorers to compete over what later was defined as Three Poles Challenge. In January 2007, Hillary travelled to Antarctica as part of a delegation commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of Scott Base.

Public recognition

On 6 June 1953, Hillary was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and he received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal the same year. On 6 February 1987, he was the fourth appointee to the Order of New Zealand. He was also awarded the Polar Medal in 1958 for his part in the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu, 1st Class of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1953, and the Coronation Medal in 1975. On 22 April 1995 Hillary was appointed Knight Companion of The Most Noble Order of the Garter. On 17 June 2004 Hillary was awarded Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. The Government of India conferred on him its second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, posthumously, in 2008.

To mark the 50th anniversary of the first successful ascent of Everest, the Nepalese government conferred honorary citizenship upon Hillary at a special Golden Jubilee celebration in Kathmandu, Nepal. He was the first foreign national to receive that honour.

Since 1992, New Zealand's $5 note has featured Hillary's portrait, making him the only living person not a current head of state ever to appear on a New Zealand banknote. In giving his permission, Hillary insisted that Aoraki / Mount Cook rather than Mount Everest be used as the backdrop.

Annual Reader's Digest polls from 2005 to 2007 named Hillary as "New Zealand's most trusted individual".

Hillary's favoured New Zealand charity was the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre, of which he was patron for 35 years. He was particularly keen on how this organisation introduced young New Zealanders to the outdoors in a very similar way to his first experience of a school trip to Mt Ruapehu at the age of 16. A 2.3-metre (7.5 ft) bronze statue of Hillary was erected outside The Hermitage Hotel at Mount Cook Village; it was unveiled by Hillary himself in 2003. Various streets, institutions and organisations around New Zealand and abroad are named after him - for example, the Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara, which was established by Hillary in 2001.

Two Antarctic features are named after Hillary. The Hillary Coast is a section of coastline south of Ross Island and north of the Shackleton Coast. The Hillary Canyon, an undersea feature in the Ross Sea, appears on the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, published by the International Hydrographic Organization.

Personal life

Hillary married Louise Mary Rose (born 1930) on 3 September 1953, soon after the ascent of Everest; he admitted he was terrified of proposing to her and relied on her mother to propose on his behalf. They had three children: Peter (born 1954), Sarah (born 1956) and Belinda (1959-1975). On 31 March 1975 while en route to join Hillary in the village of Phaphlu, where he was helping to build a hospital, Louise and Belinda were killed in a plane crash near Kathmandu airport shortly after take-off. In 1989 he married June Mulgrew, the widow of his close friend Peter Mulgrew, who died on Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979.

His son Peter Hillary also became a climber, summiting Everest in 1990. In May 2002 Peter climbed Everest as part of a 50th anniversary celebration; Jamling Tenzing Norgay (son of Tenzing who had died in 1986) was also part of the expedition.

Hillary's home for most of his life was a property on Remuera Road in Auckland City, where he enjoyed reading adventure and science fiction novels in his retirement. He also built a bach at Whites Beach, one of Auckland's west coast beaches in the former Waitakere City, between Anawhata and North Piha; a friend called it Hillary's place of solace, where he could escape media attention.

The Hillary family has had a connection with the west coast of Auckland since 1925, when Louise's father built a bach at Anawhata. The family donated land at Whites Beach that is now crossed by trampers on the Hillary Trail, named for Edmund. Hillary said of the area: "That is the thing that international travel brings home to me - it's always good to be going home. This is the only place I want to live in; this is the place I want to see out my days."

Philanthropy

Following his ascent of Everest he devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust, which he established in 1960 and led until his death in 2008. His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in this remote region of the Himalayas. He was the Honorary President of the American Himalayan Foundation, a United States non-profit body that helps improve the ecology and living conditions in the Himalayas. He was also the Honorary President of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the worldwide protection of mountains.

Political involvement

Hillary supported the Labour Party in the 1975 New Zealand general election, as a member of the " Citizens for Rowling" campaign. His involvement in this campaign was seen as precluding his nomination as Governor-General; the position was offered to Keith Holyoake in 1977. In 1985, Hillary was appointed New Zealand High Commissioner to India (concurrently High Commissioner to Bangladesh and Ambassador to Nepal) and spent four and a half years based in New Delhi.

In 1975, Hillary served as a vice president for the Abortion Law Reform Association of New Zealand, a national pro-choice advocacy group. He was also a patron of REPEAL, an organization seeking repeal of the restrictive Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977.

On 22 April 2007, while on a trip to Kathmandu, Hillary suffered a fall, and was hospitalised after returning to New Zealand. On 11 January 2008 he died of heart failure at Auckland City Hospital. Flags were lowered to half-mast on New Zealand public buildings and at Scott Base in Antarctica, and Prime Minister Helen Clark called Hillary's death a "profound loss to New Zealand".

On 21 January, Hillary's casket was taken into Holy Trinity Cathedral, Auckland, to lie in state. A state funeral was held on 22 January 2008, after which his body was cremated. On 29 February 2008 most of his ashes were scattered in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf per his desire. The remainder went to a Nepalese monastery near Everest; a plan to scatter them on the summit was cancelled in 2010.

Posthumous tributes

In January 2008, Lukla Airport, in Lukla, Nepal, was renamed to Tenzing-Hillary Airport in recognition of their promotion of its construction. On 2 April 2008, a service of thanksgiving in Hillary's honour at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle was attended by Queen Elizabeth II, New Zealand dignitaries including Prime Minister Helen Clark, and members of Hillary's and Norgay's families; Gurkha soldiers from Nepal stood guard outside the ceremony. In October 2008, it was announced that future rugby test matches between England and New Zealand would be played for the Hillary Shield. In 2009 the Duke of Edinburgh's Award in New Zealand - formerly the Young New Zealanders' Challenge - was renamed "The Duke of Edinburgh's Hillary Award". On 5 November 2008, a commemorative set of five stamps was issued by New Zealand Post.

There have been many calls for lasting tributes to Hillary. The first major public tribute has been by way of the "Summits for Ed" tribute tour organised by the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation. This tribute tour went from Bluff at the bottom of the South Island to Cape Reinga at the tip of the North Island, visiting 39 towns and cities along the way. In each venue, school children and members of the public were invited to join together to climb a significant hill or site in their area to show their respect for Hillary. The public were also invited to bring small rocks or pebbles that had special significance to them, that would be included in a memorial to Hillary at the base of Mt Ruapehu, in the grounds of the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre. Funds donated during the tour are used by the foundation to sponsor young New Zealanders on outdoor courses. Over 8,000 persons attended these "Summit" climbs between March and May 2008.

The tribute song "Hillary 88", by the New Zealand duo The Kiwis, is the official world memorial song for Hillary, with the endorsement of Lady Hillary.

A four-day track in the Waitākere Ranges, along Auckland's west coast, is named the Hillary Trail, in honour of Hillary. Hillary's father-in-law, Jim Rose, who had built a bach at Anawhata in 1925, wrote in his 1982 history of Anawhata Beach, "My family look forward to the time when we will be able to walk from Huia to Muriwai on public walking tracks like the old-time Maori could do". Hillary loved the area, and had his own bach near Anawhata. The track was opened on 11 January 2010, the second anniversary of Hillary's death. Rose Track, descending from Anawhata Road to Whites Beach, is named after the Rose family.

The South Ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest mountain, was renamed Hillary Ridge on 18 August 2011. Hillary and three other climbers were the first party to successfully climb the ridge in 1948. In September 2013 the Government of Nepal proposed naming a 7,681 metres (25,200 ft) mountain in Nepal Hillary Peak in his honour. After the New Horizons mission discovered a mountain range on Pluto on 14 July 2015, it was informally named Hillary Montes (Hillary Mountains) by NASA. The Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Legacy Medal, awarded by the Nepalese NGO Mountain Legacy "for remarkable service in the conservation of culture and nature in mountainous regions" was inaugurated in 2003, with the approval of Sir Edmund Hillary. A bronze bust of Hillary (circa 1953) by Ophelia Gordon Bell is in the Te Papa museum in Wellington, New Zealand. The Sir Edmund Hillary Archive was added to the UNESCO Memory of the world archive in 2013, it is currently held by Auckland War Memorial Museum.

Crest

An azure kiwi grasping an ice axe.

Escutcheon

A stylised mountain range surrounded by three prayer wheels.

Supporters

A Fiordland crested penguin wearing a plain collar on either side.

Compartment

An iceflow proper.

Motto

Nothing venture, nothing win

Orders

The Order of the Garter ribbon.
Honi soit qui mal y pense
(Shame be to him who thinks evil of it)

Publications

References

1. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.

2. Hillary, Sir Edmund (Percival). (2017). In Encyclopaedia Britannica, ^ Britannica concise encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: Britannica Digital Learning. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/0?institutionId=292

3. "Sir Edmund Hillary." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 September 2012. academic-eb-com/levels/collegiate/article/Sir-Edmund-Hillary/40469. Accessed 14 March 2018.

4. ^ Barnett, Shaun (7 December 2010). "Cho Oyu expedition team, 1952". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.

5. Gordon, Harry (12 January 2008). ^ "Hillary, deity of the high country", The Australian. Retrieved 19 June 2010.

6. Reaching The Top Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved 13 January 2008.

7. Joanna Wright (2003). "The Photographs Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine", in Everest, Summit of Achievement, by the Royal Geographical Society. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-7432-4386-2. Retrieved 11 January 2008.

8. 'George Medal for Tensing - Award Approved by the Queen' in ^ The Times (London), issue 52663 dated Thursday 2 July 1953, p. 6

9. ^ Hansen, Peter H. (2004). "'Tenzing Norgay [Sherpa Tenzing] (1914-1986)'" ((subscription required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.

10. ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage (13 January 2016). "The end of the 'big mountain days' - Ed Hillary"". New Zealand History online - Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa. Wellington, New Zealand.

11. Radio Network, ^ PM and Sir Edmund Hillary off to Scott Base, 15 January 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2007. Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine

12. "The Order of New Zealand" (12 February 1987) 20 ^ New Zealand Gazette 705 at 709.

13. ^ O'Shea, Phillip. "The orders, decorations and medals of Sir Edmund Hillary, KG, ON Z, KBE (1919-2008)" (PDF). Reserve Bank Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2010.

14. ^ "The Most Noble Order of the Garter-K.G." (4 May 1995) 42 1071 at 1088.

15. ^ "Pranab, Tendulkar, Asha Bhosle receive Padma Vibhushan". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 May 2008.

16. Sailing Source, ^ Sir Edmund Hillary to Start Rolex Sydney-Hobart Race Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22 January 2007.

17. ^ National Geographic 50th Anniversary Everest Expedition Reaches Summit Archived 30 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic News, 25 May 2002. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

18. ^ Map 3.5 (C) Outstanding Coastal Areas (PDF) (Map). Policy Section Maps. Waitakere City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2013.

19. ^ Rowling: The man and the myth by John Henderson, Australia New Zealand Press, 1980.

20. ^ "Horowhenua Musicians Perform Sir Edmund Hillary's Official World Memorial Song". Horowhenua District Council. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009.

21. ^ Wade, Pamela (13 January 2010). "Waitakere: Backyard adventure". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland, New Zealand: Wilson and Horton. ISSN 1170-0777. OCLC 55942740.

22. ^ "Mount Everest: Hillary and Tenzing to have peaks named after them". The Guardian. 6 September 2013.

23. ^ Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival. (2011). In L. Rodger, & J. Bakewell, Chambers Biographical Dictionary (9th ed.). London, UK: Chambers Harrap. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambbd/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/1?institutionId=292

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 - 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt.

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https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es

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Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia

Fernão de Magalhães hay thường được biết đến rộng rãi với tên tiếng Anh Ferdinand Magellan ( tiếng Tây Ban Nha: Fernando de Magallanes ; mùa xuân 1480 - 27 tháng 4 năm 1521) (tiếng Việt: Phơ-đi-nan Ma-gien-lăng) là một nhà thám hiểm và nhà hàng hải người Bồ Đào Nha. Ông sinh ra tại Sabrosa, miền bắc Bồ Đào Nha, nhưng sau đó đã từ bỏ quốc tịch Bồ Đào Nha để nhập quốc tịch Tây Ban Nha nhằm mục đích phục vụ cho Vua Carlos I của Tây Ban Nha trong việc khai phá các tuyết thương mại đường biển đến " Quần đảo Gia vị" (ngày nay là quần đảo Maluku ở Indonesia) và Ấn Độ bằng cách đi về hướng Tây qua Thái Bình Dương.

Chuyến hải trình trong khoảng thời gian 1519-1522 của Magellan đã đi vào lịch sử như là chuyến đi đầu tiên bằng đường biển của con người từ Đại Tây Dương đến Thái Bình Dương (cái tên có nghĩa "biển bình yên" này được đặt bởi Magellan; nơi tiếp nối giữa hai đại dương được đặt là eo biển Magellan), và là chuyến đi đầu tiên băng qua Thái Bình Dương. Chuyến đi này cũng đánh dấu sự kiện con người lần đầu tiên thành công trong việc đi vòng quanh Trái Đất, mặc dù chính bản thân Magellan đã không thể hoàn thành chuyến hành trình sau khi bị giết trong một trận chiến ở đảo Mactan, Philippines. Tuy nhiên, Magellan đã từng đi theo hướng đông đến Bán đảo Mã Lai trong một chuyến hải hành trước đó, nên ông trở thành nhà thám hiểm đầu tiên đi qua tất cả đường kinh tuyến của địa cầu. Trong số 237 thủy thủ khởi hành trên năm con tàu, chỉ còn lại 18 người hoàn thành chuyến đi và xoay xở để quay trở về Tây Ban Nha vào năm 1522,[1][2] dưới sự dẫn dắt của nhà hàng hải xứ Basque Juan Sebastián Elcano, người đã nhận trách nhiệm chỉ huy thủy thủ đoàn sau cái chết của Magellan. Mười bảy thủy thủ nữa sau đó cũng về được Tây Ban Nha bao gồm mười hai người bị Bồ Đào Nha bắt ở Cape Verde trong khoảng thời gian giữa năm 1525 và 1527 và năm người sống sót còn lại trở về trên con tàu Trinidad.

Tên của Magellan cũng được đặt cho loài Chim cánh cụt Magellan, vốn được ông lần đầu tiên ghi chép lại,[3] và Đám mây Magellan, ngày nay được biết đến là một thiên hà lùn.

Magellan sinh vào khoảng năm 1480 tại Sabrosa, gần Vila Real, tỉnh Trás-os-Montes, Bồ Đào Nha. Cha ông là Rui de Magalhães (ông nội là Pedro Afonso de Magalhães và bà nội Quinta de Sousa) và mẹ Alda de Mesquita, gia đình ông có các anh em Duarte de Sousa, Diogo de Sousa và Isabel de Magalhães. Sau khi ba mẹ mất vào năm ông lên mười, ông trở thành cậu bé giúp việc cho Hoàng hậu Leonor trong triều đình Hoàng gia Bồ Đào Nha theo truyền thống của gia đình.

Vào tháng 3, 1505, ở tuổi 25, Magellan gia nhập hạm đội gồm 22 tàu, đứng đầu là Francisco de Almeida Phó Vương đầu tiên của Ấn Độ thuộc Bồ Đào Nha. Mặc dù tên của ông không được tìm thấy trong biên niên sử các cuộc chiến tranh ở Ấn Độ, những điều còn lại người ta biết về ông là ông đã trải qua tám năm ở Goa, Cochin và Quilon. Ông đã tham dự một vài trận đánh, bao gồm trận Cannanore năm 1506, nơi ông đã bị thương. Năm 1509, ông dự trận đánh Diu[4] và sau đó đi cùng thủy thủ đoàn của Diogo Lopes de Sequeira với tư cách Sứ thần đầu tiên của Bồ Đào Nha đến Malacca. Trong thủy thủ đoàn còn có bạn ông và có thể là người anh em họ Francisco Serrão.[5] Tháng 9, sau khi đến Malacca, chuyến đi trở thành thảm họa khi họ rơi vào một âm mưu tấn công và phải rút lui. Trong dịp này Magellan đóng một vai trò then chốt giúp cho đoàn hải hành không bị tiêu diệt hoàn toàn, ông đã cảnh báo Sequeira và chiến đấu dũng cảm cứu Francisco Serrão, người vốn đã lên bờ trước cuộc tấn công.[6] Sau đó, ông được chú ý tới và thăng chức.

Năm 1511, dưới quyền của vị Thống sứ mới là Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan và Serrão tham gia vào cuộc chinh phục bán đảo Malacca, đồng thời phục hận cho thất bại của Sequeira. Sau cuộc chiến họ chia tay: Magellan được thăng cấp, kèm một số tiền lớn. Cùng với một thổ dân Malay ông đã nhận và rửa tội với cái tên Enrique của Malacca, ông trở về Bồ Đào Nha trong năm 1512. Serrão khởi hành trong chuyến thám hiểm đầu tiên đi tìm "Quần đảo Spice "trong vùng Moluccas, và sau đó ở lại luôn tại vùng đất đó. Serrão kết hôn với một người phụ nữ vùng Amboina và trở thành một cố vấn quân sự cho Sultan của vùng Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. Serrão đã viết nhiều thư cho Magellan và cung cấp thông tin về các vùng đất xa xôi trồng cây gia vị, khiến ông quyết định đi thám hiểm chúng.[7][8]

Trong các năm 1505- 1512 ông tham gia các chuyến hải hành của Bồ Đào Nha đến Ấn Độ Dương, 2 lần đến Malacca (nay là Malaysia) trong các năm 1509 và 1511. Thiết lập dự án bơi bằng con đường phía Tây đến quần đảo Molucca (nay thuộc Indonesia), nhưng ông bị loại bởi vua Bồ Đào Nha, do chuyến hải hành của Vasco da Gama, một con đường phía đông gần hơn đã được lập nên. Trong năm 1517, dự án này đã được nhận bởi vua Tây Ban Nha, vào ngày 20 tháng 9 năm 1519, 5 chiếc tàu với hải đoàn 265 người dưới sự lãnh đạo của Magalhães khởi hành từ cảng San Lucar de Barrameda (những con sông nhỏ Guadalquivir) đi tìm eo biển Tây Nam từ Đại Tây Dương đến "biển Nam", khám phá bởi Vasco Nunes de Balboa. Ngoài ra theo chỉ đạo của vua Carlos I:

"

Theo ta biết thì trên quần đảo Moluccas có nhiều gia vị, do đó ta phái ngươi đi chính là để tìm kiếm chúng, và nguyện vọng của ta là ngươi hãy đi thẳng đến quần đảo đó.

"

- Carlos I

Đoàn tàu của Magalhães gồm những tàu sau:

Trinidad (110 tấn, 55 người) dưới sự điều khiển của Magalhães;

San Antonio (120 tấn, 60 người) dưới sự điều khiển của Juan de Cartegena;

Concepción (90 tấn, 45 người) dưới sự điều khiển của Gomez;

Victoria (85 tấn, 42 người) dưới sự điều khiển của Gaspar de Quesada; và

Santiago (75 tấn, 32 người) dưới sự điều khiển của Luis de Mendoza.

Vinh danh

Tên ông được đặt cho:

Cliffe, Edward (1885). Hakluyt, Richard (biên tập). "The voyage of M. John Winter into the South sea by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with M. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577". The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation. Edinburgh, Scotland: E. & G. Goldsmid.

Drake, Francis (1628), The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake: being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios Elibron, Classics series, Issue 16 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 1-4021-9567-2

Hogan, C. Michael (2008). N. Stromberg (biên tập). Magellanic Penguin. GlobalTwitcher.com.

Noronha, Dom José Manoel de (1921). Imprensa da Universidade (biên tập). Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães (bằng tiếng Bồ Đào Nha). Coimbra: Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2010.

Stefoff, Rebecca (1990), Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the World Ocean, Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN 0-7910-1291-3

Suárez, Thomas (1999). Early mapping of Southeast Asia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-962-593-470-9.

Các nguồn chính

Pigafetta, Antonio (1906), Magellan's Voyage around the World, Arthur A. Clark (orig. Primer viaje en torno del globo Retrieved on 2009-04-08)

Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis, 1523, 1542

Nowell, Charles E. ed. (1962), Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts, Evanston: NU Press

The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan, full text, English translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley, London: Hakluyt, [1874] - six contemporary accounts of his voyage

Oliveira, Fernando (1550-1560), The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan, National Historical Institute (xuất bản 2002), ISBN 978-971-538-163-5 , English translation by Peter Schreurs from the original Portuguese manuscript in the University Library of Leiden, The Netherlands.

Các nguồn thứ cấp

Bergreen, Laurence (ngày 14 tháng 10 năm 2003), Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, William Morrow, ISBN 0-06-093638-X ://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066211735.asp

Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (1890), The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480-1521, G. Philip

Nunn, George E. (1932), The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography

Parry, J. H. (1979), The Discovery of South America, New York: Taplinger

Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo E. (1998), Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century, trans. Carla Rahn Phillips, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5746-1 ://www.marcusrediker.com/reviews/Perez_review.htm

Schurz, William L. (tháng 5 năm 1922), "The Spanish Lake", Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, 5 (2): 181-194, doi:10.2307/2506024, JSTOR 2506024.

Thatcher, Oliver J. ed. (1907), "Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries", The Library of Original Sources, University Research Extension Co, tr. 41-57

Wilford, John Noble (2000), The Mapmakers, New York: Knopf, ISBN 0-375-70850-2 ://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm

Zweig, Stefan (2007), Conqueror of the Seas - The Story of Magellan, Read Books, ISBN 1-4067-6006-4

Các nguồn trực tuyến

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Fernão de Magalhães - Wikipedia tiếng Việt

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Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia Fernão de Magalhães hay thường được biết đến rộng rãi với tên tiếng Anh Ferdinand Magellan ( tiếng Tây Ban Nha: Fernando de Magallanes ; mùa xuân 1480 - 27 tháng 4 năm 1521) (tiếng Việt: Phơ-đi-nan Ma-gien-lăng) là một nhà thám hiểm và nhà hàng hải người Bồ Đào Nha.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Erikson

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Leif Erikson, Leiv Eiriksson, or Leif Ericson, also known as Leif the Lucky ( c. 970s - c. 1019 to 1025), was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to have set foot on continental North America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus. According to the sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, which is usually interpreted as being coastal North America. There is ongoing speculation that the settlement made by Leif and his crew corresponds to the remains of a Norse settlement found in Newfoundland, Canada, called L'Anse aux Meadows, which was occupied approximately 1,000 years ago.

Leif was the son of Erik the Red, the founder of the first Norse settlement in Greenland, and Thjodhild (Þjóðhildur) of Iceland. His place of birth is not known, but he is assumed to have been born in Iceland, which had recently been colonized by Norsemen mainly from Norway. He grew up in the family estate Brattahlíð in the Eastern Settlement in Greenland. Leif had two known sons: Thorgils, born to noblewoman Thorgunna in the Hebrides; and Thorkell, who succeeded him as chieftain of the Greenland settlement.

Leif was the son of Erik the Red and his wife Thjodhild, and the grandson of Thorvald Ásvaldsson. He was also a distant relative of Naddodd, who discovered Iceland. Thorvald Ásvaldsson had been banished from Norway for manslaughter and went into exile in Iceland accompanied by young Erik. When Erik was banished from Iceland, he travelled further west to an area he named Greenland, where he established its first permanent settlement in 986.

Leif's year of birth is most often estimated in the c. 970s Though his birthplace is not accounted for in the sagas, it is likely he was born in Iceland, where his parents met-probably somewhere on the edge of Breiðafjörður, and possibly at the farm Haukadal where Thjóðhild's family is said to have been based. Leif had two brothers, whose names were Thorsteinn and Thorvald, and a sister, Freydís. Tyrker, one of Erik's thralls, had been specially trusted to keep in charge of Erik's children, as Leif later referred to him as his "foster father".

The Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders, both thought to have been written around 1200, contain different accounts of the voyages to Vinland (usually interpreted as coastal North America). The only two known strictly historical mentions of Vinland are found in the work of Adam of Bremen c.  1075 and in the Book of Icelanders compiled c.  1122 by Ari the Wise.

Account in the Saga of Erik the Red

According to this saga, Leif discovered Vinland after being blown off course on his way from Norway to Greenland. Before this voyage, Leif had spent time at the court of Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvesson, where he had converted to Christianity. When Leif encountered the storm that forced him off course, he had been on his way to introduce Christianity to the Greenlanders. After they had arrived at an unknown shore, the crew disembarked and explored the area. They found wild grapes, self-sown wheat, and maple trees. Afterwards, they loaded their ship with samples of these newly-found goods and sailed east to Greenland, rescuing a group of shipwrecked sailors along the way. For this act, and for converting Norse Greenland to Christianity, Leif earned the nickname "Leif the Lucky". Leif did not return to Vinland, but others from Greenland and Iceland did, including Thorfinn Karlsefni.

Account in the Saga of the Greenlanders

According to this saga, Leif was not the first European to discover Vinland. Instead Bjarni Herjólfsson and his crew-on a voyage from Iceland to Greenland-were overtaken by wind and fog, missed the southern tip of Greenland, and encountered an unknown coast. Believing it to be somewhere other than Greenland, they did not disembark but rather continued to sail and found two additional coasts that did not correspond with their understanding of Greenland. After sailing back east, they eventually made it to their original destination, and then told of their discoveries.

Roughly 15 years later, Leif approached Bjarni, purchased his ship, gathered a crew of thirty-five men, and mounted an expedition towards the land Bjarni had described. His father Erik was set to join him but dropped out after he fell from his horse on his way to the ship, an incident he interpreted as a bad omen. Leif followed Bjarni's route in reverse and landed first in a rocky and desolate place he named Helluland (Flat-Rock Land; possibly Baffin Island or northern parts of Labrador). After venturing further by sea, he landed the second time in a forested place he named Markland (Forest Land; possibly near Cape Porcupine, Labrador). After two more days at sea, he landed on an island to the north (possibly Belle Isle), and then returned to the mainland, going past a cape on the north side (perhaps Cape Bauld). They sailed to the west of this and landed in a verdant area with a mild climate and plentiful supplies of salmon. As winter approached, he decided to encamp there and sent out parties to explore the country. During one of these explorations, Tyrker discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. Leif therefore named the land Vinland ('Wineland'). There, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbudir (Leif's Booths) by later visitors from Greenland.

After having wintered over in Vinland, Leif returned to Greenland in the spring with a cargo of grapes and timber. On the return voyage, he rescued an Icelandic castaway and his crew, earning him the nickname "Leif the Lucky". Leif never returned to Vinland, but others from Greenland and Iceland did.

Research done in the early 1960s by Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, identified a Norse site located at the northern tip of Newfoundland. It has been suggested that this site, known as L'Anse aux Meadows (carbon dating estimates 990-1050 CE and tree-ring analysis dating to the year 1021) could be Leifsbudir. The Ingstads demonstrated that Norsemen had reached America about 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station and waypoint for voyages there. That does not necessarily contradict the identification of L'Anse aux Meadows as Leifsbudir since the two sagas appear to describe Vinland as a wider region which included several settlements. The Saga of Erik the Red mentions two other settlements in Vinland: one called Straumfjǫrðr, which lay beyond Kjalarnes promontory and the Wonderstrands, and one called Hóp, which was located even farther south.

Leif has been described in the Norse sagas as a wise, considerate and strong man of striking appearance. When he was of a proper age, Leif went to Norway, likely to serve as a retainer to its king, Olaf Tryggvason. It was on this journey to Norway that the Saga of Erik the Red states that Leif's ship was driven to the Hebrides, where he and his crew were forced to remain for much of the summer, awaiting favorable winds. During his stay there, Leif fell in love with a noblewoman, Thorgunna, who gave birth to their son Thorgils. Thorgunna remained in the Hebrides when Leif left, as he refused to take her along without permission from her family. Thorgils was later sent to Leif in Greenland, but he did not become popular.

After arriving at the court of Norway's King Olaf Tryggvason, Leif was converted to Christianity. According to both the Saga of Erik the Red, and Olaf Tryggvason's Saga as found in Heimskringla, after Leif's conversion, the king then commissioned him to return to Greenland to convert the settlers there. During the journey, he was blown off course and discovered Vinland before finding his way to Greenland. Leif's father Erik reacted coldly to the suggestion that he should abandon his religion, while his mother Thjóðhildr became a Christian and built a church called Thjóðhild's Church. A different version of Olaf Tryggvason's Saga, found in Flateyjarbók, makes no reference to Leif being blown off course and discovering Vinland during his return from Norway, but indicates that after arriving in Greenland, all of that country was converted, including Leif's father Erik. Some versions of Olaf Tryggvason's Saga also indicate that to help with the conversion, Leif brought a priest and clerics with him to Greenland. If accurate, the missionary work of Leif and those that accompanied him to Greenland would make them the first Christian missionaries to the Americas, preceding the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

The winter following Leif's return from Vinland, his father died (shortly after 1000 CE), making Leif paramount chief in Greenland. Leif is last mentioned alive in 1018 in the Saga of St. Olaf. According to The Saga of the Sworn Brothers, by 1025 the chieftaincy of Eiríksfjǫrðr had passed to his son Thorkel. Nothing is mentioned about his death in the sagas-he probably died in Greenland some time between these dates. Nothing further is known about his family beyond the succession of Thorkell as chieftain.

Leif is, in all likelihood, a historical figure who remains the first known European to set foot in continental North America, but other details of his life vary and are a subject of debate. It has been suggested by several scholars that both Leif's sister, Freydís, and his foster father, Tyrker, are works of fiction, as are their roles in the Vinland sagas. Leif's commission as a missionary to Greenland may also be fictional, as that aspect of his story is often attributed to Gunnlaugr Leifsson's version of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar (which likely served as a source for some of the other sagas which mention Leif).

Leif's successful expedition in Vinland encouraged other Norsemen to also make the journey, and the Norse became the first Europeans to colonize the area. In the end there were no permanent Norse settlements, although sporadic voyages at least to Markland for forages, timber and trade possibly lasted for centuries. The casual tone of references to these areas may suggest that their discovery was not seen as particularly significant by contemporaries, or that it was assumed to be public knowledge, or both. Knowledge of the Vinland journeys spread around medieval Europe although to what extent is unclear; writers made mention of remote lands to the west, and notably the medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen directly mentions Vinland (c. 1075) based upon reports from the Danes. It has been suggested that the knowledge of Vinland might have been maintained in European seaports in the 15th century, and that Christopher Columbus, who claimed in a letter to have visited Iceland in 1477, could have heard stories of it.

While Leif had no contact with the Indigenous peoples of Vinland, later Norse explorers did, referring to them as , an archaic term for "wretches".

According to the Saga of Erik the Red, the first encounter was made during a colonizing expedition led by Thorfinn Karlsefni, which also included Leif's brother Thorvald. At first this group traded with the natives, but weeks later the new Norse settlement at Hóp was attacked and Karlsefni decided to abandon it. The Norse retreated to their other settlement at Straumfjǫrðr, where they remained and continued to explore the general area. One morning they encountered a one-legged native, who shot an arrow that killed Thorvald. He is famously known for pulling the arrow out, and poetically reciting the phrase, "This is a rich country we have found; there is plenty of fat around my entrails", upon which he dies. On their return to Greenland, Karlsefni's crew captured two native boys, taking them to Greenland.

According to the Saga of the Greenlanders, Leif's brother Thorvald made first contact with the natives. The encounter happened while Thorvald and his crew were exploring the coast, likely in the Markland area, and found nine natives asleep under boats. They attacked the natives, killing eight of them, while one escaped. In a later fight, Thorvald was killed by a native's arrow. Later, Thorfinn Karlsefni led a group to colonize Vinland and encountered natives, who they initially traded with, but relations soured when a native was killed attempting to steal weapons from the Norse. In retaliation, the natives attacked and Karlsefni decided to abandon the colony.

Stories of Leif's journey to North America had a profound effect on the identity and self-perception of later Nordic Americans and Nordic immigrants to the United States. The first statue of Erikson (by Anne Whitney) was erected in Boston in 1887 at the instigation of Eben Norton Horsford, who was among those who believed that Vinland could have been located on the Charles River or Cape Cod; not long after, another casting of Whitney's statue was erected in Milwaukee. A statue was also erected in Chicago in 1901, having been originally commissioned for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition to coincide with the arrival of the reconstructed Viking ship from Bergen, Norway. Another work of art made for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, the painting Leiv Eirikson Discovering America by Christian Krohg, was in the possession of a Leif Erikson Memorial Association in Chicago before being given back to the National Gallery of Norway in 1900.

For the centenary of the first official immigration of Norwegians to America, President Calvin Coolidge stated at the 1925 Minnesota State Fair, to a crowd of 100,000 people, that Leif had indeed been the first European to discover America. Additional statues of him were erected at the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul in 1949, near Lake Superior in Duluth, Minnesota, in 1956, and in downtown Seattle.

In 1924, a party of four consisting of a Swede, an Englishman, and two Americans attempted to emulate Leif's voyage in an eponymous 40-foot vessel but were lost after reaching the west coast of Greenland.

In 1930, a statue of Leif was erected in the city center of Reykjavík, Iceland - currently situated in front of Hallgrímskirkja - as a gift from the United States to Iceland to commemorate the 1,000 year anniversary of Alþingi, the parliament of Iceland.

The Leif Erikson Awards, established 2015, are awarded annually by the Exploration Museum in Húsavík, Iceland. They are awarded for achievements in exploration and in the study of the history of exploration.

Several ships are named after Leif - a Viking ship replica, a commercial passenger/vehicle ferry, and a large dredger.

Leif Erikson Day

In 1929, the Wisconsin Legislature passed a bill to make 9 October "Leif Erikson Day" in the state. In 1964, the United States Congress authorized and requested the president to proclaim 9 October of each year as "Leif Erikson Day". On 6 October 2000 President Bill Clinton issued Presidential Proclamation 7358, proclaiming Monday, 9 October 2000 as Leif Erikson Day.

The Sagas do not give the exact date of Leif's landfall in America, but state only that it was in the fall of the year. At the suggestion of Christian A. Hoen of Edgerton, Wisconsin, 9 October was settled upon, as that already was a historic date for Norwegians in America, the ship Restaurationen having arrived in New York Harbor on 9 October 1825 from Stavanger with the first organized party of Norwegian immigrants.[citation needed ]

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Leif Erikson, Leiv Eiriksson, or Leif Ericson, also known as Leif the Lucky ( c. 970s - c. 1019 to 1025), was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to have set foot on continental North America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus.

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https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiF18mz9Kj2AhVDIbcAHViyA1IQtwJ6BAgJEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMHLiobkTUd0&usg=AOvVaw0YCYC2d-wyZz1FLIZA49qe

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The screw say i am exhausted , i am starving , this is insane . I refuse to go any further

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1. they moved supplies first.
2. I'm exhausted, I'm starving, this is insane.

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The crew move the supplie frist
The ice is damming the Boat hull

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the they say that they are exhauted and starving

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I’m exhausted , i am starving , this is insane

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1. The crew move the supplies by dog teams first.
2. Im exhausted, im starving, this is insane I refuse to go anh further!

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this is damaging the boat's hull.

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A week

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a week

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A week