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Cabinet - a group of president advisers that includes the heads of the 15 top - level executive departments and the VP.

Cabinet oversees departments that run specific parts of government

Heads of departments = secretaries
Ex. Secretary of treasury giving Biden recommendations for stimulus.

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House and Senate

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Part of the iron triangle along with bureaucracy and political parties

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this is the branch that houses congress and makes laws along with checking the executive branch by voting on approval.

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The legislative branch crafts legislation that sets out a sound national policy for the benefit of U.S. citizens. Creates statutes, or laws, that become part of the U.S. code.   

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The legislative branch crafts legislation that sets out a sound national policy for the benefit of U.S. citizens. Creates statutes, or laws, that become part of the U.S. code.   

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Outlines the process of judicial review (determining constitutionality of a law/action), emphasizes the importance of an independent judiciary, life long terms

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Hamilton wrote about the need for the Unitary Executive in which he would be the head of the country. The people would took to him during times of crisis. But in with plurality in the executive, there would be uncertainty. This uncertainty would reflect on to public perception of the entire government. Inevitably ending in an ineffectual government, which is why we need a unitary executive.

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Composed of 436 members, and have a certain number of representatives based on your state's population. You must be 25 years of age and be a U.S. citizen for 7 years. The representatives represent a portion of their state known as congressional districts and have many rules/more formal.

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Specific powers that are given to Congress through the Constitution. Such as the power to levy taxes and to wage war.

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When a member of Congress talks for a very long time in an effort to delay or prevent a the passing of a bill.
Can only happen in Senate today since a law was passed banning this in the House of Reps.

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2 major parties but there are 3rd parties

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2 major parties but there are 3rd parties

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Democrats (liberal) and Republicans (conservative) are the two major parties. There are several third parties such as Libertarians or Socialists who rarely win elections, but they help get larger parties to pay attention to certain issues

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NRA, Sierra Club, Labor Unions

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Groups of people with similar ideas are organized for political power. The United States has two major national political parties : The Democratic and The Republican party .

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Composed of 100 senators, 2 for each state. You must be 30 years of age and be a U.S. citizen for 9 years. The 2 senators represent your states equally and the senate has few rules/less formal.

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9 justices total, life long terms
Chooses which cases they hear (typically appeals)
Jurisdiction: constitutional issues, interstate problems, federal crimes, foreign government/ambassadors

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1. The process by which congressional districts are redrawn and seats are redistributed among states in the house

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Selected by the president himself, they advise him and sometimes speak on his behalf. Includes the heads of the 15 top-level departments and the vice president.

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Discretionary spending is a category through which governments can spend through a yearly appropriations bill. Ex. Military, environmental protection. Mandatory spending is areas of the federal budget that must be enacted each year by law and are not dependent on annual review by committees of congress. Ex. social security, medicare.

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Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated specifically but are considered to be reasonably implied through the exercise of the delegated powers

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a group of members of the US congress that meets to pursue common legislative objectives. Easier to form a long-lasting coalition in the senate because they are in term for longer.

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Collective agencies and employees of the executive branch that help the president carry out and enforce the laws

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The president sits at the head of the executive branch

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The president sits at the head of the executive branch

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Executive Orders are issued by the president to one or more agency or organization within the executive branch. It allows him or her to, as the Constitution directs, "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Article 2, Section 3) For example a president may use this if they can not get legislation they support passed.
Executive Agreements are agreement s made by the President of the United States and another foreign head of state that does not require a formal treaty. It also does not subject to Senate approval.
Bargaining and Persuasion is the ability of the president to use the power of the office in order to get members of Congress to agree with him or her on legislative priorities
Signing Statements is an addition issued by the President that accompanies the signing of a law. These are often controversial because their legal status remains uncertain but it is a way for presidents to clarify legislation.
Foreign Policy- the president can conduct foreign policy and influence relations with other countries.

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Authority for congress to raise and spend money. Congress allots how public money will be spent. President proposes a budget, but congress has the ultimate say.  Congress coins money and both the house and senate have committees for budgeting and appropriations.

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Connects the people to the politicians through lobbying

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the leader of the majority party who serves as the "boss" of the HOP. They are appointed by the majority party and voted upon. They are in charge of making everyone follow the rules and they manage the order of the HOP. Also third in line for succession for President.

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The president is the commander in chief and therefore commander of the US military but cannot declare war

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purpose: inform the public and lawmakers about issues that matter to the group, lobby Congress and the Bureaucracy to pass certain laws/regulations, and endorse candidates & create ads

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Congress has the power to regulate commerce which means they can regulate foreign and interstate trade. Because of the necessary and proper clause in conjunction with the interstate commerce power the government can set a minimum wage and prohibit discrimination in trade.

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the executive branch can choose whether or not to enforce SCOTUS decisions and can nominate people for the supreme court. The Judaical branch can control who is appointed to the supreme court, can change the decisions made by SCOTUS through new laws, and can take away the jurisdiction of low level federal courts. And the Judaical branch has the balance of Judaical review.

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Occurs every four years for both the Republican and Democratic Party.

During this meeting the party sets political goals, establishes a vision for the party, and hosts speeches.

establishes the party's platform

vote for party's presidential candidate

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Interest groups endorse candidates and can create ads for a campaign

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The party whips are supposed to keep people in their parties in line and make sure they vote the way the party wants.

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Congress can declare war, set a budget for military spending, and approve all ambassador appointments and secretary of state. The senate in particular ratifies treaties made by the president.

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- Turns laws into administrative actions. Their role is to interpret laws passed by congress and decide how to enforce these laws
ex. FBA, OSHA IRS and CDC

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Two political parties working together to reach a common goal

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Organization that seeks political power by electing members to different government offices

Primary purpose: Gain power and win elections

Secondary purpose: Influence public policy

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Someone who represents the interest organization to try to influence legislators.
inside lobbying: Takes the interest group’s message directly to a government official such as a lawmaker.
outside lobbying: indirect lobbying where the interest group will advocate for their cause on tv, social media, etc.

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Strong allegiance to one's own political party, often leading to unwillingness to compromise with members of the opposing party.

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These are groups in congress and the HOR that debate bills associated with a certain topic. Members are assigned to these committees to be in charge of certain bills.

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Judicial review is the right of the supreme court to determine acts from the executive or legislative branch unconstitutional. This gave the judicial branch more power and helped even out the amount of power between the three branches.

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This allows the government, mainly Congress, to do more than is stated in the Constitution. Some actions that are justified by this are setting a minimum wage, prohibiting discrimination, drug laws, and environmental laws.

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Professional interest groups seek to influence laws that will benefit the professional interests of their members (ex. Exxon Mobil, Amazon, banks). Single use interest groups focus on single issues in society (ex. NAACP, Sierra Club, NRA) Public interest groups work for the good of society in general (ex. Common Cause, League of Women Voters)

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the president and the legislature being of different political partys

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Each party hosts a convention to announce their nominee every election cycle. These conventions over time have turned into a larger event

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- The 22nd amendment limits the president to only be able to serve two terms (8 years)
- The 25th amendment largely covers matters pertaining to the Vice President including:
-The Vice president becomes the official president if the current president is to die
-If there is a vacancy in the role of the Vice President, the President appoints and congress approves the appointment
-If there is a temporary vacancy in the role of the president due to things like illness or any personal matters, the Vice president is to fill in the role of President until they return to the position
-The Vice President along with the Cabinet are able to seem the President "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office"

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These are groups in congress and the HOR that debate bills associated with a certain topic. Members are assigned to these committees to be in charge of certain bills.

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When the Supreme Court makes a decision in a case, their decision impacts the laws of the states.  This essentially incorporates a right from the Bill of Rights so that it is applicable to the states.

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introduce revenue bills( tax bills), select president if no one wins the electoral college vote, and impeachment power (accuse of wrongdoing)

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Agencies that run outside of the President's direct control and outside the cabinet with very specific tasks.

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This is a committee in the House of Representatives that makes the rules for the debates of bills like who can speak when and for how long.

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oh no its when a political party manipulates voting districts by srinking and streching the borders to divided and combine

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advice and consent (recommend and reject/ approve presidential appointments ex: cabinet secretaries, federal judges, and ambassadors), approval of presidential treaties (⅔ vote), conducts trials of impeachment officials.

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this is a committee made up of all the people in the legislative branch to preform a procedure that hastens the bill making process.

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System of electing the president where all the votes go to one party in a state. There are some exceptions where the state's votes can be split

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Acts in the absence of VP from the senate, is the longest-serving member of the majority party, and is third in line for presidential succession.

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this is one congress member trading votes with another, saying like if you vote for my bill ill vote for yours.

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these are small spending projects that are set aside in the budget by congress members.

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Made to design rules for how bills will be debated on the floor. The speaker determines who is on this committee. Any bill debated must have rules. Open rules mean any member can add any amendment to any section of the bill, closed rules are when no member can add an amendment to the bill, modified open and closed is when the rules committee chair picks who can engage in the amendment process. The majority party dominates.

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1.  Elections - Encourage their membership to vote for particular candidates that support their cause
2. Mobilize Membership - To apply pressure to legislators & civil servants
3. Educate voters & officeholders - Educate voters on issues concerning the group, provide expert information to government officials
4. Draft Legislation - Suggest and support legislation, draft executive branch regulations
5. Create PACs - Political Action Committees (Organization that raises and spends money to elect and defeat candidates)
6. Lobbying

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Implements policies from other branches and creates regulations. It implements using different agencies and departments.

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Although Third Parties don't have political dominance .They are composed of other groups :The Libertarian ,The Green Party ,The Reform Party etc..)

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This is unique to the house and includes but does not require all representatives. The committee of the whole is more of a state operation in which the House rules are relaxed than the actual committee. It was created to allow longer debates among fewer people and to allow members to vote as a group rather than in an individual roll call. Other nonvoting delegates from US territories like Puerto Rico and Guam can vote when the House operates in the Committee of the Whole. Only 100 members must be present and when it finished shaping the bill the Committee “rises and reports” the bill to the House.

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Parties look for candidates to run for state legislature positions or for U.S. Congress especially in “swing” districts.

Mainly look for candidates who are energetic, telegenic, and scandal-free with good resumes.

Parties look for candidates to run for office, that have their own financial resources or a strong, established following.

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- harder to raise funds
- difficult to get ballot access
- often the party needs to pay a fine and get a min amount of signatures to be placed on ballot
- Media doesn't usually cover 3rd party candidates, debates
- winner-take-all voting in the Electoral College means that 3rd parties get no votes because they don't win popular vote

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when because of people moveing the goverment has to redraw the borders to make it fair but can be manipulated into jerrymanderation

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Parties can say a lot about a candidate's beliefs, so many people who have not done extensive research into candidates will vote for them just for their political party

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The discharge petition can bring a bill out of a reluctant committee. The petition’s required number of signatures has changed over the years but now stands at a simple majority to discharge a bill.

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Writing and Enforcing Regulations- authority to interpret laws and make those laws more specific when enforcing
Monitoring and Issuing Fines: Enforce laws by issuing fines for those who don't follow. Also have the authority to issue inspections. Ex: OSHA employees inspecting a work site making sure it complies with all of their polices.
Testify in front of Congress- provide oversight to congress in advising in cases
---cabinet and officials seen as experts

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Each department has sub-departments called agencies.

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The cloture rule enables and requires a two-thirds supermajority to stop debate on a bill, thus, stopping a filibuster and allowing for a vote. In 1975 it was lowered to three-fifths or 60 out of 100 senators. Once cloture is reached, each senator has the privilege of speaking for up to one hour on that bill or topic.

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The Supreme Court is the last stop for appeals cases, so it is the last opportunity for many plaintiffs to get justice. Many landmark cases arose as a result of plaintiffs feeling that their fundamental rights have been neglected or outright denied. SC decisions can influence federal and state policy. Some decisions rule in the favor of citizens' rights, while others prioritize law/order/traditionalism.

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Unanimous consent is the approval of all senators. Before the Senate takes action, the acting senate president requests unanimous consent to suspend the debate. If anyone objects, the motion is put on hold or at least stalled for discussion. For example, unanimous consent is asking if any of the 100 senators object to ending the debate and moving to a vote. If no objection is heard, the Senate proceeds to a vote. If the majority leader can’t secure the consent of all 100 senators, the leader (or another senator) typically files a cloture motion, which then requires 60 votes to adopt.

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-With consent and advice from Senate to make treaties
-Appoint ambassadors, public ministers, council, and judges of the supreme court and others that don't get elected by law with the consent of the Senate.
-Veto/pocket veto
-Commander-in-chief

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Middle aged/older (Ex. Might care more about money and finances.)

White

Men (Ex. Men more likely to believe in death penalty & fiscal conservatism).

Evangelical/White Protestants (Conservative social values).

Higher Income (Less regulation & taxes).

Rural (Prefer less gov. intrusion).

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The bureaucracy is a part of the iron triangle which also includes Congress and interest groups.

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A hold is a measure to stand a bill. Senators will place a hold on a motion or a presidential appointment as a bargaining tool. An informal practice by which a senator informs Senate leadership that he or she does not wish a particular measure or nomination to reach the floor for consideration. A Senate hold is how a senator informally signals his objection to a bill or nomination. Most congressional actions clear parliamentary hurdles by “unanimous consent” of the Senate, so a senator who intends to object to such procedures can, effectively, hold up the action.

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Department of the Interior- Protects parks and endangered species
Homeland Security- Oversees americas defense against terrorism
Department of Transportation- Manages public roads and transportation in the US

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A bill is drafted by people/lobby makers/ Congressmen and sent to the House or Senate. This bill has to be passed by one side and then is sent to the other side to be approved before it can go to the president.. It then goes to the president for them to approve or veto. If the president vetoes the bill, both sides of Congress can override the bill with a 2/3's vote.

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Member who introduces a bill and assumes authorship over it

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Younger (Tend to be more liberal)

Minorities (Ex. African Americans tend to view the justice system more negatively than whites; more concerned with domestic issues than foreign).

Women (Favor more spending on welfare, more anti-death penalty).

LGBTQ

Jewish, Muslim, secular (Ex. Jews put high priority on privacy, basic rights for the accused & supporting charity).

Post-graduate education

Urban/City (Cities are more heterogeneous).

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Article three talks about the Judicial Branch. It outlines the job requirements and how being in the supreme court means working life term on "good behavior". It also talks about how at times, judges should receive a compensation for their services.

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Article three talks about the Judicial Branch. It outlines the job requirements and how being in the supreme court means working life term on "good behavior". It also talks about how at times, judges should receive a compensation for their services.

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The Bureaucracy is a complex organization that has multilayered systems and processes.

Functions of Bureaucracy:
- rule making: regulations about how Congressional laws must be carried out (quasi-legislative)
- enforcement & fines: compliance monitoring - ongoing inspections ex. EPA & factory pollution, USDA, & farms. , administrative adjudication (quasi-judicial) - judge settles a dispute between an agency & a company.
- testifying before Congress: cabinet secretaries & agency directors are often considered experts on their field & are asked to testify during committee hearings.

Federal Bureaucracy: the collective agencies and employees of the executive branch that enforce the law.

These are all the positions that the President uses to manage the executive branch

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Parties tend to try to recruit candidates who are telegenic, scandal-free, have a following, and have financial resources

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A spending bill that incorporates multiple different smaller areas of spending into one larger bill.

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Businesses that the United States government runs.

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Conservative vs. Liberal Arguments Regarding Spending

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Conservative vs. Liberal Arguments Regarding Spending

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Conservatives argue that people’s tax burden is already significant and instead of raising taxes or increasing debt, the government should pass laws that reduce social programs that are responsible for most mandatory spending. Liberals tend to argue that rich people can bear the burden of higher taxes and that the mandated social programs serve a vital function in an economy with a vastly unequal distribution of wealth.

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1. Delegate Model- A member of congress who always follows their constituent's voting preferences ex: Senator Portela votes for the bill

2. Trustee Model-  A member of congress who takes into account the views of their constituents and uses their own judgment to decide how to vote. Ex: Rep. Wallen voting against his constituents

3. Politico Model- A member of congress who acts as a delegate on issues that their constituents care about and a trustee on issues that their constituents don't care about. Ex: Senator Kamath votes in favor of the park bill but also in favor of her constituents

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Political Party influence in the Executive Branch

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Political Party influence in the Executive Branch

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In the current day, the president runs with an agenda that aligns with a specific ideology/political view this then affects the appointment to the cabinet, court appointments, and ambassadors. This also applies to the legislation or projects they will sign and endorse.

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Parties have employees who fund raise, advertise, recruit, poll, and research

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The main task of the federal bureaucracy is to help the president enforce the laws.

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Is the idea that SCOTUS should let past precedents stand, and not overturn them to keep decisions by the government consistent and less confusing to the public.

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Congress has difficulty passing laws there is no movement
(Because of Gerrymandering)

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Parties have state and local chapters to manage the party on a smaller level