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The value of this source to my research question is that it helped me understood how the infection/death rate due to COVID for Africa-Americans in the US compare to other ethnicities, which is could be one of the reasons why people are becoming aware again of racial inequality. The source shows that during the pandemic, the COVID-19 mortality rate for Black people really was 3.2 times higher than White people, and they have the highest mortality rate among Latinos, Indigenous, Pacific islanders, Asians and Whites. Despite that, out of every 100,000 people from that ethnicity, about 108 Black would die due to COVID-19, while only 54 White people would die (note that the mortality rate of Black people may seem to be only two times higher than the White people, however, the 3.2 times higher mortality rate was calculated after adjusting the data for age difference of race groups, this widens the difference in mortality rate with the White people). This unequal mortality rate may have instigated a sense of unfairness and anger for the Black people, which then indirectly exacerbated protests for black lives.

Also, because of the source's origin and purpose, it is a reliable source. As explained in the origin section, this source was created by APM research lab staffs, and both the senior research associate and the senior research analyst are "authorized". Also, the source is probably not biased since the purpose of APM research lab is to collect and present the objective information. Although there are some texts in this source instead of mere data, the texts are just analysis of the data. Thus, based on the origin and purpose, this is a reliable source.

This source does corroborate with many other sources, for example, a webpage by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is probably a reliable source since it was created by the health department of the US government. The source also suggest that the mortality rate of Black people is 2.1 times higher than white people (corroborating with “out of every 100,000 people from that ethnicity, about 108 Black would die due to COVID-19, while only 54 White people would die”), and the infected rate of Black people is also about 4.7 times higher than White people, which led to the higher mortality rate.

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This website (the data itself is primary, but when written into an article it becomes secondary) was published by APM research lab on October 15th, 2020. It was created by APM research lab staffs, with Andi Egbert being the senior research associate and Benjamin Clary being the senior research analyst. Andi Egbert had a Master of Public Policy degree from the Humphrey school at the University of Minnesota, and had also earned a bachelor’s degree in English with minors of journalism, humanities and creative writing from Valparasio University. She was also the assistant director of the Minnesota State Demographic Center, and she also worked as a research scientist for Minnesota Compass. Benjamin Clary had earned humanities PhDs and a doctoral degree in comparative literature from Emory University, and a bachelor’s degree in philosophy from Kenyon University. These information shows that the two people are very knowledgeable, thus will probably create reliable information. The APM research lab is the publisher of the source, AOM research lab’s sources were used by Forbes, CNN, NBC News, Vox, New York Times, Newsweek, The Guardians Washington Post and many other famous websites companies, which shows that APM research lab is probably a reliable source otherwise companies like New York Times would not have used their source.

APM research lab is a company that conducts research of all types, so the main purpose of this source is probably to inform readers about the fact that Black People have a higher risk of getting infected and dying due to COVID. Also, since racial inequality was brought to awareness again in the US, another purpose of this source is probably to show how vulnerable Black People are right now in the US, and urge for support for Black People. The intended audiences of this source are probably scholars, college student who want to research about the infection and mortality rate of Black People compared to other races. The audience may also be the US government, maybe the AMP research lab wants to use the data to show that Black People need help from government.

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The type of source can be really valuable, however, it also needs to be relevant and reliable in order for it to be a good source. This is why I need to access a source based on OPVL. Origin, purpose, value and limitation.

I chose the source from example #1 to access on, this is the link: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race

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https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200420-coronavirus-why-some-racial-groups-are-more-vulnerable

This source includes graphs and data that shows some reasons why BAME (Blacks, Asians and Minor Ethnicity) in the US may be more vulnerable to COVID 19. One of the reasons why Black people are vulnerable is because they are insecure for their food. Even pre-pandemic, 91.1% South African households that were vulnerable in terms of food were Black People, while only 1.3% were White. Although these data aren't presented visually, the impact of it on the audience is still tremendous because there is a great difference between the two numbers. In fact, if the difference between the two numbers is big enough, mere data would be even more effective than graphs because it gives the audience space to imagine how big the difference is. The lack of food and hunger led to malnutrition, making them more vulnerable in front of the virus. These reasons will help me understand why Black people are more likely to be infected, thus, helping me understand how COVID-19 raises awareness for racial issue. Also, the government may also act according to this source in order to make Black people less vulnerable in front of the virus.

The picture below is In Rio de Janeiro, a person who is homeless eats food provided by residents of the Chapeu Mangueira slum during the Covid-19 outbreak (Credit: Getty Images)

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https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html

This source is an explanatory article related to a pandemic in US' history that past recordings of that pandemic like diaries and government files, and photographs from the past. When researching about history, past records and photographs are often the most useful since they are primary source, which will show what the time was like in the most direct and clear way. One pandemic that happened in the past in the US which led to public awareness of racial issue is the H1N1 virus from 1918 to 1919. This is one of the biggest pandemics in recent history, an estimated 500 millions of people were infected, in which about 50 millions died and 675,00 were in the US. However, the pandemic suppressed the people so much that they became more active in the progressive era of the US also happened at this time, which is a time of social activism and government reformation. During this time, people start to consider the Black People as “human” (though not complete human) instead of just “objects”. By investigating about pandemics in the history, it might help me to understand the relationship between pandemic and racial issues nowadays.

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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html

This website explains the significance of the black lives matter protest and included graphs and interviews to show the scale of the protest. The graphs and interviews both show that the black lives matter protest is really one of the largest civic movements in US’ history. Four polls (Kaiser Family Foundation, Civic Analytics, N.O.R.C. and Pew) suggest that about 26 million to 15 millions of people in the US participated in the protest, and more than 40% of the counties in the US—at least 1,360—had had a protest. One of the graphs shows that the amount of race-relate protests happening in the US per day during the middle of May was almost 0. But during the end of May, (the death of George Floyd occurred at the 25th of May) the number increased dramatically to 400 per day. This number decreased a little to about 300, and increased again back to more than 500 at June 6, which is the peak. The number then decreased again slowly until it sways below 100. These graphs fully demonstrates the dramatic change in frequency of protests visually, which made it very clear to understand. The interviews, on the other hand, will efficiently illustrate a picture for the readers on how big the protests were, also, add reliability into the source since they were mostly interviews from professors. For example, “I’ve never seen self-reports of protest participation that high for a specific issue over such a short period, crowds flooded.” said Neal Caren, an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Below is a bird-eye-view video on the protests in Philadelphia, on June 6, 2020

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https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race

This website contains graphs and data about how the mortality rate of black people compare to other races in the US. All the graphs and data shows that black people in the US have the highest risk of getting infected and dying because of it, while Latinos, Indigenous Americans, Pacific Islander, Asians and Whites have relatively lower infection rate and mortality rate. Graphs are very useful in this case, because I am investigating about how the mortality rate of Black people compares to other races, and graphs will give me a visual understanding of that, making the comparison clearer. One of the graphs shows that the death toll per 100,000 people from that race due to the virus for Black people is significantly higher than the rest. This website helped me answer the supporting question: how does the infection/death rate due to COVID for Africa-Americans in the US compare to other ethnicities? The supporting question is crucial for answering the compelling question because it allows me to know how the virus was unequally infecting black people, which is an important reason for why people start to become aware of the racial issue again, making them participate in the protests for black lives.

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| One of the limitations of this source is that it does not directly state who is the creator, it simply states “APM research lab staff”, so it may have been created by an unreliable author, lowing the reliability of this source. However, since the senior research associate and the research analyst are “authorized” (as justified in “origin”) the research lab staff are probably also knowledgeable and relatively reliable. Another limitation is that in a graph about death tolls since April of different ethnic groups, the information for indigenous people and pacific islanders are missing until June. Also, part of the information of Pacific islanders is missing at near the end of the graph from September to October. The source doesn’t state why this happened; thus we don’t know if they simply didn’t get the information or if they cropped it out on purpose. This source is not biased even the majority of the source is text. Because this source focuses on its data and the text are all analysis of data, so it is a cold-blooded source.

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Knowing the value of a type of source will help me to understand how to use it, so that it presents my research powerfully and efficiently. The following are some examples of analysis of the type of source.

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History Relation to the Compelling Question

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History Relation to the Compelling Question

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Although "civics" is most related to racism, "history" may also be an important aspect of racism. The disciplinary concept below of "history" will help us understand their relation.
-Continuity & change

A reason for why I chose the aspect "history" is that it is closely connected to "civics", which would make my enduring issue more focused. It was because of the history of US, that made civics an important topic in the country. The US was a country established by British colonists and merchants, and they have brought a lot of slaves from Africa to this country. At the start, the slaves were only considered a partial of human. Later, thinkers appeared that justified rights for the slaves, and they started to become a legal human being. However, because they were once slaves, many people nowadays still treat black people as inferior and disrespect their civil rights such as the right to live. Based on above, I can claim that the history of the US created an underlying civic issue in the country.

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Definition:
Continuity-The unbroken and consistent existence or operation of something over time.
Change-The variation of an unbroken and consistent existence.

The compelling question is also related to the concept of "continuity & change" because it aims to investigate how US' consistent protest-free status  was changed by the COVID-19 pandemic so that more and more people started to engage in the "Black Lives Matter" protests. Also, how does the engagement of the protests change throughout the pandemic. Last but not least, I also have to investigate how had the protests raised awareness in racial inequality, so that it changes the continuity of thought which thinks that "US is racially equally nowadays".

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Definition:
Principles and traits of character that enable citizens to contribute to the common good by engaging in political and civil society. These vary from society to society, although there are some ‘universals’.

The compelling question is related to the concept of "civic virtues" because in America, a country with mixtures of cultures. So, the principles of character that enable citizens to contribute the common good (in other word, to success) is to be equal toward all cultures and races. Thus, in some way, engaging in the "Black Lives Matter" protest is related with the civic virtues of the US, because it urges for equality for Black people.

By finding the relationship between "civic engagement" and "civic virtues", we will be able to develop a better understanding on how does the compelling question relates to civics. "Civic engagement" are caused by "civic virtue". The virtues encourages citizens to behave in certain ways and with certain manners, which would make the citizens want to involve in solving social issues that violates the virtues. In this case, racial justice is an important virtue of the US. So, when the killing of George Floyd happened, which simbolized racial injustice, people would start to engage and act collectively to try to make a change to this racially unjust country.

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Definition:
Active involvement in community life and social issues.

The compelling question is related to "civic engagement" because it aims to investigate the relationship between the pandemic and US citizens' rising engagement in the "Black Lives Matter" protests, which deals with citizens' active involvement in social issue (racism).
"Civic engagement" also includes "collective action", which is an action taken by a group of like-minded people to achieve a change in an issue. The compelling question also relates to this because the "Black Lives Matter" protest itself is an action taken by a group of people who have the same goal and interest, trying to achieve a change in Black people's current unequal social status comparing to the White people.

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Racism
This issue is closely related to civics

It is important to understand how does the compelling question relates to and impacts racism and civics. Otherwise answering this question would be pointless, for it won't change anything in the real world.

There are several disciplinary concepts of civics that will help me to justify the relation of the compelling question to racism and civics. They are the followings:
-Civic engagement
-Civic virtues

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To what extent did COVID 19 instigate citizens' engagement in the "Black Lives Matter" protests in the US?