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The properties & uses of alcohol in biofuel and manufacturing sector

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01 Ang Jing Wen
18 Low Chong Shern
20 Ryan Choo
23 Sze Pui Min
31 Yap Yan Shan

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Undecanol(C11H23OH). It has a floral citrus like odor, and a fatty taste and is used as a flavoring ingredient in foods. It is commonly produced by the reduction of undecanal, the analogous aldehyde(A colorless, oily liquid, undecanal is a component of perfumes)

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Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry.

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1-Decanol is used in the manufacture of plasticizer, lubricant, surfactants and solvents. Its ability to permeate the skin has led to it being investigated as a penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery

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Ethanol is a renewable biofuel because it is made from biomass. Ethanol is a clear, colorless alcohol made from a variety of biomass materials called feedstocks (the raw materials used to make a product).

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Ethanol is used in toiletries, pharmaceuticals, and fuels, and it is used to sterilize hospital instruments. It is, moreover, the alcohol in alcoholic beverages.The anesthetic ether is also made from ethanol.

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Properties of Alcohol :

1. Highly Flammable

2. Combustion releases a lot of heat without soot

3. Colourless

4. Chemically reactive

5. Low boiling point

6. Dissolves many organic molecules(Organic Solvent)

Uses of Alcohol in Manufacturing sector
Example:

Ethanol is used as a raw material in the manufacture of polymers, fibres, explosives and also plastics.

Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid for making vinegar

Uses of Alcohol in Biofuel
Example:

Ethanol can be used as fuel for vehicles. Ethanol burns well, producing 70% as much heat per litre as petrol does.

At the same time, ethanol is a clean fuel. Combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide and water, with little atmostpheric pollution.

Methanol is used as fuel for racing cars.

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Methanol is used as a solvent, as a raw material for the manufacture of formaldehyde and special resins, in special fuels, in antifreeze, and for cleaning metals.

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Alcohols are organic molecules assembled from carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) atoms

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alcohol is an organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl functional group (−OH) bound to a saturated carbon atom.The type of alcohol in the alcoholic drinks we drink is a chemical called ethanol.To make alcohol, you need to put grains, fruits or vegetables through a process called fermentation.

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Oxidation of Alcohols
~Alcohols can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids in the presence of a suitable oxidising agent.
~Common oxidising agents include acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO ₄ solution and acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K ₂ Cr ₂ O 7 solution.
~Example:
C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2 [O] 🡪 CH ₃ COOH + H ₂ O
(Ethanol)                          (Ethanoic acid)
C ₃ H ₇ OH + 2 [O] 🡪 C ₂ H ₅ COOH + H ₂ O
(Propanol)                       (Propanoic acid)

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Combustion of Alcohols
~Alcohols burn in excess oxygen, O ₂ to produce carbon dioxide, CO ₂ and water, H ₂ O.
~Example:

C ₂ H ₅ OH + 3O ₂ 🡪 2CO ₂ + 3H ₂ O
(Ethanol)
~The combustion of ethanol, C ₂ H ₅ OH releases large quantities of heat. It can be used as fuel of rockets.

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The most common ethanol production processes today use yeast to ferment the starch and sugars in corn, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Corn is the main feedstock for fuel ethanol in the United States because of its abundance and relatively low price historically. The starch in corn kernels is fermented into sugar, which is then fermented into alcohol.

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Dehydration of Alcohols
~Dehydration of alcohols involves the removal of a water molecule from each alcohol molecule to produce a corresponding alkene.
~Water molecules are removed from alcohols when alcohol vapour is flowed over a strongly heated catalyst, such as porcelain chips, aluminium oxide, alumina or concentrated sulphuric acid.
~Example:
porcelain chips
C ₂ H ₅ OH -------------> C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ O
(Ethanol)            △          (Ethene)
porcelain chips
C ₃ H ₇ OH -------------> C ₃ H ₆ + H ₂ O
(Propanol)         △         (Propene)