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On March 2, 1796, Napoleon was named Commander in Chief of the  Armée d’Italie by the Director. Where he was then dispatched with orders to counter Austrian influence on Italian territory. In April and May, they had a series of victories. Later, Napoleon launched an attack near Ravioli where there were 3 days of fighting and achieved a victory. Where a treaty was then signed by the Austrians named Campoformio.
https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/timeline-consulate1st-french-empire/

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In 1798, Napoleon was sent to Egypt to combat England’s growing commercial influence in the area. Which he tried to keep the expedition a secret as long as possible in order to slow a counterattack from the English navy. When landing in Egypt Napoleon and his troops were faced with harsh climates and uninhabitable terrain. But the French army overturned the army of Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids near Cairo. But on August 1st Admiral Nelson blocked the French fleet from escaping and has bombarded their ships.

https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/timeline-consulate1st-french-empire/

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Napoleon's Coronation was painted in 1804. It depicted numerous life-sized figures in the Notre-Dame cathedral for the coronations of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon can be seen in the middle holding a crown and the moment that Napoleon is about to place the crown on his wife Josephine's head who can be seen kneeling on a pillow. The pope is to the right of Napoleon in the painting and the pope is blessing the coronation. Napoleon's mother is seen wearing a white dress sitting on a chair towards the middle of the painting. His brothers and sisters can also be seen in the foreground of the painting. Napoleon commissioned this because he wanted this memorable moment to be remembered.

https://medium.com/@prof.pirola/napoleon-a-biography-through-the-propaganda-paintings-cf144af9860f

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In December 1809, Napoleon had divorced his wife Empress Josephine even though they had 2 children together but she hadn’t given birth to a son. So in 1810, Napoleon engaged Tsar Alexander l in order to try and marry one of his Russian sisters. Alexander had refused to Napoleon had turned to his ally in Austria where he married Archduchess Marie-Louise Habsburg. Which then a year later she had a son.

https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/timeline-consulate1st-french-empire/

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The Consulate and the Empire are two key periods in the history of France and of Europe. Here you can read about Napoleon's early years, his coming to power, and other events during his reign. Some of these dates are expressed using the system of the Republican calendar. Click here to find out more about the Republican calendar. 1769 - THE BIRTH OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Did you know? Corsica was a dependent of the Genoan Republic until 1768, when it came under French control.

Illustration: Léonard-Alexis Daligé de Fontenay, The birthplace of Napoleon I in Ajaccio © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée des Châteaux de Malmaison et de Bois-Préau) / Jean Schormans
1789 - NAPOLEON AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
From 1787, Bonaparte alternated between Paris and Corsica. In Ajaccio, he participated in politics, supporting the unification of Corsica with France. This brought him into conflict with Pascal Paoli, who advocated Corsican independence and who was supported by the English.

Did you know? On 10 August 1792, Napoleon was present at the storming of the Palais des Tuileries, during which the palace was sacked and pillaged, the Royal Guard massacred and the Royal family forced to seek refuge at the Assembly. Profoundly influenced by this dramatic experience, Napoleon would later focus all his attention on avoiding popular uprising in Paris during his reign.

Illustration: Raffet, "13 vendémiaire, Saint Roch 1795" (detail), Musée National du Château de Malmaison © RMN
1796 - THE FIRST ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
On 2 March 1796, the Directory named Napoleon Commander-in-chief of the Armée d'Italie and dispatched him with orders to counter Austrian influence in Italian territory. The Convention thus wanted to help young republics known as "sisters" of the Revolution to free themselves from the monarchies of the Ancien Regime and spread revolutionary ideals. This plan also aimed to oblige the enemy European powers of the Republic, united in coalition, to let go of the front that they had opened in France in 1792.

The young general was able to put into practice the military strategy that he had been developing in the course of his reading: target the enemy's weak point, move quickly, and attack with surprise to gain a psychological advantage. April and May 1796 were marked by a series of victories, but in the summer, the Austrians took the advantage. On 15 November, Napoleon launched an attack near Rivoli, and after three days of fighting, achieved victory. The Austrians signed the treaty of Campoformio on 17 October 1797. Seven victories in seven months against a much larger army demonstrated that General Bonaparte was a great strategist. He also turned his hand to installing new 'sister' republics in Italy (the Cisalpine Republic and the Ligurian Republic).

Did you know? It was during this first campaign that Napoleon began to create the image of his invincibility and divine providence. He founded two newspapers, Le Courrier de l'armée d'Italie and La France vue de l'armée d'Italie, intended to maintain army morale and to inform the French public of their General-in-chief's victories. "Bonaparte flies like lightning and strikes like thunder. He is everywhere and sees everything. He is sent by the Great Nation." It was a publicity campaign before its time!

Portrait: Gros, "General Bonaparte on the bridge of Arcola, 17 November 1796", © Château de Versailles Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Christophe Fouin
1798 THE EGYPTIAN EXPEDITION
Did you know? The military campaign also provided the opportunity for a scientific expedition. Napoleon was accompanied by 160 scholars, geologists, botanists, chemists, and doctors. Besides offering logistical support and treatment for the soldiers, the scientists also made detailed drawings of the temples, pyramids and present-day towns, studied the arabo-islamic social customs and discovered the flora and fauna of Egypt. All these discoveries are described in detail in a magnificent ten-volume publication called La Description de l'Egypte ("Description of Egypt").

Find out more about the Egyptian Campaign.

Illustration: Gros, "Napoleon Bonaparte haranguing the army before the Battle of the Pyramids 21 July 1798". Musée du Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles) / Daniel Arnaudet / Jean Schormans
THE COUP D'ETAT OF 18 BRUMAIRE YEAR VIII
In 1799 the Directory was a government in decline, corrupt and hated by the French. Some of the Directors solicited Bonaparte's return from Egypt, who agreed to help them overthrow the government. On 18 Brumaire ( 9 November), the two legislative assemblies were moved to the Château de Saint Cloud under the pretext that they needed protection from a potential plot. Bonaparte was charged with the protection of the "deputes". He gave a confused speech in front of the assemblies; this caused trouble in the ranks, and Bonaparte was heckled by the men present. Order was restored thanks to the intervention of General Murat and his troops. The next morning, the constitution for a new, provisional government was passed. Revealing his political ambitions, Bonaparte imposed himself as candidate for First Consul. Under the new constitution of Year VIII signed on 22 Frimaire Year VIII (13 December 1799), he could name not only the members of the "Conseil d'État" who drafted the laws, but also ministers, ambassadors, army officers and judges. The "Tribunat" and the "Corps législatif" were charged with the voting of the laws and the "Sénat" was the 'guardian' of the constitution.

The Consulate ( 1799-1804) oversaw the modernisation of France: the Banque de France was created and the currency stabilised, France underwent an administrative organisation (the creation of "départments" and "préfets"), the "Code Civil" was written, the "Légion d'honneur" was instituted, and canals, roads and tunnels were built throughout French territory. These new institutions created during the Consulate that survive to this day were known as the "Masses de granite". Find out more.

Did you know? Bonaparte's installation as First Consul gave rise to both Republican and monarchist opposition and that a number of plots would threaten the stability of the regime. On 24 December 1800, while on his way to the Paris Opera, Napoleon survived a bomb attack on rue Saint-Nicaise. Illustration: Bouchot, "Le Dix Huit Brumaire, 10 November 1799. Bonaparte in the conseil des Cinq-Cents at Saint-Cloud", Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles)
1800 - ITALY PART TWO: PEACE IN EUROPE
Did you know? In order to catch the enemy unawares, Napoleon and his entire army, including canons, munitions and horses, crossed the Alps. During May there was heavy snow and the Austrians, who could not believe it, were taken completely by surprise.

Illustration: Thévenin, "The crossing of the Great St Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800. Château du Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles) / Gérard Blot
1801 - THE CONCORDAT, THE RELIGIOUS PEACE
Looking to wipe the slate clean on an unequal, monarchist and catholic society, the French Revolution had suppressed Catholicism and abolished the clergy. The creation of a secular cult, unpopular and poorly supported by the population, had severely disrupted French society and succeeded only in setting French citizens against each other. Concerned for civic peace, Bonaparte entered into discussion with the Holy See (the central government of the Catholic Church), resulting in the signature of the Concordat on 15 July 1801. Catholicism was recognised as the "religion of the French majority" and places of worship were reopened. Nevertheless, Bonaparte reinforced his control over the church by obtaining the power to name bishops, and the introduction of an oath of loyalty to the government that the clergy had to take.

Did you know? "Les Articles organiques" were appended to the Concordat after ratification by the Catholic Church. These "Articles", which were never approved by the Pope, allowed Bonaparte to reinforce his political dominance over the spiritual authority held by the church since the Middle Ages.

Illustration: Baron Gérard, "The signing of the Concordat between France and the Holy See, 15 July 1801", Musée National du Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles) / Gérard Blot
1802 - THE ORDER OF THE LÉGION D'HONNEUR
A few days after having been voted "Consul for life" by the Sénat on 12 May 1802, Napoleon founded the order of the "Légion d'honneur" ("Legion of honour") on 19 May 1802. After the disruption of the Revolution, this decoration intended to bring together French citizens based on values and talents such as courage, civic ingenuity, and art. It was not a military award; civilians, industrialists, scientists and artists, and men and women alike, could all receive the honour. Besides the medal and a title ("Grand Officier", "Commandants", "Officier", "Légionnaire"), the recipient also received a regular allowance for life. The legionary had to pledge loyalty to the Republic and its government (and later on to the Empire and the Emperor).

Assistance could also be accorded to needy members and, concerned about the education of young girls, Bonaparte introduced educational centres for the daughters and granddaughters of titulars. The Légion d'honneur was accorded for the first time on 15 July 1802 at a grand and impressive ceremony held in the church of Saint-Louis des Invalides.

Did you know? The Légion d'honneur is part of the 'masses de granit', the name given by Napoleon to what he considered to be his most important laws that reorganised France during the Consulat.

Illustration: Debret, "First distribution of the Croix de la Légion d'Honneur in the Church of Les Invalides", Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles)
1803 -THE MUSÉE NAPOLÉON
Did you know? During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the French government enriched its collections by taking many works of arts from the museums of its defeated enemies? After the fall of the Empire, a large number of these works were returned to their original homes.
1804 - A YEAR OF CONTRASTS
Illustration: Couder, "Napoleon I visiting the staircase of the Louvre guided by the architects Percier and Fontaine", Musée du Louvre © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre) / Thierry Ollivier

After the foiling of a royalist plot in March 1804, Napoleon suspected that the duke was the instigator. After multiple attempts on his life, Napoleon wanted to put an end to these assassination plots as well as protect himself against any possible return of the Bourbon monarchy. The duke was arrested and, after a quick trial, executed on 21 March. His death gave rise to cries of protest in every royal court in Europe.

On 2 December 1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French. Over 12,000 people were present at the ceremony which lasted for more than four hours in the freezing Cathedral of Notre-Dame. The Pope also made a special trip from Rome for the ceremony. However, in placing the crown upon his head himself and crowning his own wife Josephine, Napoleon succeeded in reducing the Pope to a simple blessing of the ceremony, thus reaffirming his power in face of the Catholic Church. Napoleon planned every detail of the ceremony which was intended to put him on an equal footing with other European monarchs. However, only a few months earlier, the godson of Louis XVI, the Duc d'Enghien, had been executed on Napoleon's orders.
1805 - VICTORY AT AUSTERLITZ
Illustration: David, "The coronation of Emperor Napoleon I and the Empress Josephine at Notre Dame de Paris, 2 December 1804", Musée National du Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Hervé Lewandowski

In 1805, England organised a new coalition against France, which included Austria, Prussia and Russia. The Grande Armée (the French Imperial army) won a series of victories, including Ney's victory at Elchingen on 14 October and Napoleon's victory at Ulm on 20 October. French troops entered Vienna on 14 November, and on 2 December, a year after his coronation in Paris, Napoleon crushed the Russian and Austrian troops at the Battle of Austerlitz. The Austrians signed the peace treaty at Presbourg on 26 December. The war lasted for two years: the French double-victory at Jena and Auerstadt on 14 October 1806 against the Prussians followed by victory over Russia at Friedland on 14 June 1807 confirmed Napoleon's dominance in Europe. On 8 July 1807, Russia and Prussia were forced to sign the peace treaty at Tilsit, and Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw from Polish territory taken from Prussia.
1806 - TOWARDS THE GRAND EMPIRE
Illustration: Gérard, "Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805", Musée National du Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles)

However, the main enemy was still England, who controlled the seas and world trade. The development of English industries, notably textiles, rested on the exportation of the raw materials from the colonies in India and the Caribbean. Realising that he could not launch a direct attack on the English navy (the French suffered a bitter defeat at Trafalgar in 1805), Napoleon decided to weaken England's economy by imposing a continental blockade in 1806. A decree obliged all French and allied ports (including Holland and Spain) to refuse entry to British ships. However, some of the allies were reluctant to apply the blockade with any real conviction for fear that their own trade would suffer, and smuggling increased. On top of this, Napoleon was forced to mobilise a lot of men to oversee the blockade, many of whom were taken from army contingents.
1808 - THE SPANISH CAMPAIGN
Illustration: James Gillray, Dividing up the world © RMN. Caricature showing Napoleon (right) and the British Prime-minister William Pitt (left) in 1805 greedily serving themselves large portions of the world.

Traditionally, Spain had been an ally of France, playing an important role in the continental blockade of England trade. However, in April 1808, Napoleon's concern over dynastic conflicts between the king of Spain Charles IV and his son Ferdinand led him to install his own brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. The new king was poorly received by the people in Madrid and there was an uprising on 2 May. France's repressive response on 3 May fuelled opposition in the country, which was supported by a heavyweight ally, England. Napoleon was victorious at Somosierra on 30 November and Madrid capitulated on 4 December, but he was soon obliged to return to Paris due to the Austrian threat. The conflict, a real war of independence for the Spanish, also contributed to the weakening of the Napoleonic army and served to demonstrate to the whole of Europe that it was no longer invincible. Despite several victories, the French troops, exhausted by obstinate guerrilla fighting, were defeated at Vitoria on 21 June 1813 and shortly after Joseph was forced to yield the throne to King Ferdinand VII.
1809 - A DIFFICULT AUSTRIAN CAMPAIGN
Illustration: Goya, Dos de Mayo 1808, Madrid (the 2 nd May) © Museo Nacional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP
1810 - A NEW HOPE
Illustration: Vernet, "Napoleon I at the Battle of Wagram, 6 July 1809, Musée National du Château de Versailles © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles)

In December 1809, Napoleon I divorced Empress Josephine who, despite producing two children from her first marriage (Eugene and Hortense de Beauharnais), had failed to give him a son that would consolidate the Imperial regime and perpetuate the new reigning dynasty, the Bonapartes. In 1810, Napoleon engaged Tsar Alexander I on the possibility of marrying one of the Russian monarch's sisters. When Alexander refused, Napoleon turned to his forced 'ally', Austria. On 1 April, he married the young Archduchess Marie-Louise Habsburg, daughter of the Emperor Francis I. A year later, on 20 March 1811, the new Empress gave birth to a son named Napoleon after his father and given the title "Roi de Rome" (King of Rome). More about the Roi de Rome.

Did you know? Marie-Louise was the grandniece of Queen Marie-Antoinette (1755-1793). Ironically, this made Napoleon the great nephew, by marriage, of Louis XVI.
1812 - THE RUSSIAN DISASTER
Illustration: Georges Rouget, The Religious marriage of Napoleon and Marie-Louise, 2 April 1810 in the Salon Carré at the Louvre, © RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles)

The peace at Tilsit in 1807 did not prevent Franco-Russian antagonism for long. Alexander I could not accept the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw and was becoming impatient regarding war with the Ottoman Empire and its division. Taking the French annexation of the German Duchy of Oldenburg as a pretext, he declared war on 8 April 1812. In June, Napoleon invaded Russia with a force of 480,000, keeping in reserve another 120,000 soldiers. The Russian tactics centred on refusing battle, disrupting the French forces and forcing them to spread out and become dispersed.

The French easily took Vilnius and then Smolensk but on 7 September, neither Napoleon nor Koutousov emerged victorious from the battle of Borodino, at the gates of Moscow. A week later, the French entered a city soon to be consumed in flames; the Russians had sacrificed it in order to destroy any supplies or ammunition from which the French could have profited.

Napoleon thus began his retreat on 18 October. The army experienced great difficulty in crossing the swollen Berezina (a river in Belarus) 28-29 November, and Napoleon, warned of a possible coup d'état in Paris, was forced to push on ahead. He left Ney and Murat in charge of the remaining troops, but the horrendous weather conditions meant that only 20,000 soldiers returned to France alive.
1813 - THE BATTLE OF LEIPZIG
Illustration : François Fournier-Sarlovèze, The French army crossing the Bérésina, 28 November 1812 © Paris - Musée de l'Armée, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais Pascal Segrette

In 1813, as the exhausted Grande Armée returned to France from Russia, a Russo-Prussian coalition was formed. Despite two victories at Lützen on 2 May and at Bautzen on 20 May, Napoleon was defeated on 16 and 19 October at the Battle of Leipzig (known as the "Battle of the Nations" because of the number of nationalities involved - French, allied with Poles, Neapolitans, Saxons (the Kingdom of Saxony changed sides) against the Russians, Austrians, Prussians and Swedes - as well as the number of soldiers present - nearly 200,000 men on the French side, and more than 300,000 on the coalition side). Upon hearing the news of this defeat, Belgium and Holland rebelled while Austria, with the support of Murat, began re-establishing itself in Italy. And with Spain lost, France was all that remained for Napoleon.
1814 - THE FRENCH CAMPAIGN
Illustration: after Johann Adam Klein, Battle of Leipzig, 16, 18 et 19 October 1813 © Paris - Musée de l'Armée, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais

After the defeat at Leipzig, English forces invaded southern France while the Prussians, Austrians and Russians threatened Paris. On 24 January 1814, Napoleon entrusted the regency to the Empress Marie-Louise and took charge of an army of 60,000 young soldiers. Despite French victories at Brienne ( 29 January), Champaubert ( 10 February) and Montmirail ( 11 February) in the face of much larger enemy forces, Napoleon could not prevent the invading coalition from entering Paris on 31 March 1814. When he learned of the capitulation of the capital, he made a U-turn and headed for the Chateau de Fontainebleau, the nearest Imperial residence.
More about the French Campaign
On 2 April, the Senate voted in favour of deposing the Emperor, and at Fontainebleau Napoleon abdicated, in favour of his son, Napoleon II. But by 6 April, the abdication was unconditional. He was exiled to the island of Elba and Louis XVIII was restored to the Bourbon throne.
1815 - A YEAR LIKE NO OTHER
Illustration: Delaroche, Napoleon I at Fontainebleau, 31 March 1814 © Paris - Musée de l'Armée, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais

On 1 March 1815, Napoleon landed at Golfe Juan, crossed the Alps and arrived in Grenoble where an army commanded by Ney awaited him. On 20 March, Napoleon took back possession of the Palais des Tuileries, abandoned the previous day by Louis XVIII, who had fled to Belgium. Napoleon decided to pre-empt the allied forces and invaded Belgium with a force of 130,000 soldiers.

Did you know? During the first few months of Louis XVIII's reign, the violet became the rallying emblem for Bonapartists. This discreet spring flower was seen as a symbol of loyalty to Napoleon and indicated a hope that a Bonaparte would return to the throne.
1821 - THE DEATH OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
Illustration : after Charles de Steuben, The return from Elba © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée des châteaux de Malmaison et de Bois-Préau) / Jean Schormans
More about Napoleon's life in exile
On 22 June 1815, four days after the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated for the second time in his reign. He initially made for the island of Aix, from where he hoped to set sail for (possibly) the United States. At the same time, the English and French were working to prevent his escape. He eventually surrendered to British forces on 14 July; he soon learned that his captors had decided to exile him to the island of St Helena, a small isolated island in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean. He was joined in exile by some of his loyal supporters: Marshal Bertrand, Count Montholon and their wives; Count de Las Cases and his young son; General Gourgaud and ten servants, including Marchand and Saint-Denis. On 17 October 1815, after a voyage of more than two months, Napoleon landed at St Helena: accessible only via a small port surrounded by tall cliffs, it was the perfect natural prison. At his residence at Longwood, originally a barn, with damp and dark rooms, Napoleon dedicated himself to dictating his memoirs. Many hours were spent, not only reliving his greatest moments, but also explaining the errors of his reign. Each day Napoleon's health worsened due to the poor climate, a lack of privacy and the general tedium of an existence marooned on an isolated island over 2000 km from any landmass. Napoleon's moods swung between bouts of depression, during which time he would refuse to leave Longwood, and periods of intense activity, including the conception of a new garden. His final words before his death on 5 May 1821 were of Josephine and the army.
1840 - LE RETOUR DES CENDRES
Illustration : Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, Napoleon I on his deathbed 5 May 1821 © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée des châteaux de Malmaison et de Bois-Préau) / Michèle Bellot

Eighteen years after the death of Napoleon in exile on the island of St Helena, with the legend of Napoleon at its apogee, King Louis-Philippe organised the return of Napoleon's mortal remains.

On 15 December 1840, a large crowd gathered along the route of the procession. Many had not experienced life under the Empire but their imaginations had been captivated by the tales of their elders.

The funeral coach was eleven metres tall, drawn by sixteen horses, and adorned with golden caryatids supporting a display coffin. Napoleon's actual coffin was hidden in the base of the carriage. No members of the Imperial family were able to attend the ceremony as they were still banished. The body of Napoleon now rests in the crypt of the Dome Church at Les Invalides. 100 years later, the body of his son, who died in 1832 at Schönbrunn, was interred next to Napoleon.

Did you know? In France during the 19th century, the word "cendres" ("ashes") was systematically used to refer to a person's mortal remains even if they had not been cremated.
How did Napoleon spend his time?
Illustration : Henri-Félix-Emmanuel Philippoteaux, The return of the mortal remains of Napoleon I, Dorade arrives in Courbevoie, 14 December 1840 © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée des châteaux de Malmaison et de Bois-Préau) / Daniel Arnaudet

Find out in our Napo Factfile: A Day in the Life of Napoleon I.

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Timeline: Consulate/1st French Empire - napoleon.org

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The Consulate and the Empire are two key periods in the history of France and of Europe. Here you can read about Napoleon's early years, his coming to power, and other events during his reign. Some of these dates are expressed using the system of the Republican calendar.

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Alexander the l declared war on April 8, 1812. Where Napoleon June invaded Russia with a force of 480,000 where 120,000 soldiers were kept in a reserve. Russia used tactics in order to disperse the French forces. The French then entered a city that was then filled with flames which Russia had sacrificed in order to destroy the supplies and ammunition that the French would have profited from. Napoleon retreated on October 18 but experienced difficulty crossing the river but the weather conditions were horrendous causing only 20,000 troops to make it back to France alive.

https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/timeline-consulate1st-french-empire/

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Napoleon dies on June 22, 1815, which was 4 days after his defeat at Waterloo. This was the second time he abdicated from his reign where he had made his way to the island of Aix, where he wanted to then set sail for the United States. But the English and British forces were preventing his escape which he then eventually surrendered. Where his captors planned to exile him after taking him to the island of St. Helena. Here he was held captive and his health declined being locked in a cell where he relived his greatest memories. Then before his death, his last words were of Josephine and the army.

https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/timeline-consulate1st-french-empire/