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Naavya Sharma

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Revision -Supranational alliances- Sum 2

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Orange and Green Clean and Simple Process Infographic

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What is an Empire?

Empires are formed when state or countries are ruled by an outside power whether this is another country or small group or individual.

What is Conflict?

A conflict is a serious disagreement or an argument between countries. There are three types of conflicts, land, resources, and ideology. In today’s modern world, almost all conflicts over land and resources are settled.

Types of conflict

·      ideology

·      land

·      resources

What are the positive changes due to conflict?

·      Creates a sense of unity in the country.

·      Pushes nations to innovate to achieve glory.

·      Share and respect opinions

What are the negative Changes due to conflict?

·      The economy takes a heavy toll

·      The trade suffers

·      People start to rebel and want peace

·      Causes death of thousands of soldiers.

·      innocents living in war tor regions suffer.

·      Violence

What is UN?

It is an international body maintaining peace and cooperation around the world.

What are Supranational alliances?

Supranational alliances are the alliances between countries to promote cooperation.

Examples: -

NATO

BRICS
EU
USMCA

ASEAN

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Watch the video given above and state the Origin, Purpose, Values & Limitations of the same.

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What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti

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Origin- The video was published by TEDed on Oct 15 2015 on youtube
Purpose- The purpose is clearly To convey basic facts on human rights how they were imposed and their limitations and how they benfity the community which effects how the world works
Value- It is useful for people who are willing to learn about human rights and teachers who want to teach their students.
Limitations-Doesn't highlight specific time periods on when human right were originaly made and how they were followed and broken over the years.

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Origins: This video has been created by the TED-Talks organization, under the channel known as TED-ED, and it was released on the 15th of October, 2015. This lesson was conducted by Benedetta Berti, a Head of Policy Planning in the Office of the Secretary General at NATO.

Purpose: The purpose of this video is to inform the audience about the benefits of the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) and drawbacks to it. It further elaborates on why even though the UDHR is highly respected, it is easy to ignore and overlook.

Value: This source is valuable as this information can be verified in a variety of other sources and it gives adequate information on what the UDHR entails, and how it is not always effective.

Limitations: This source has some limitations as well, as it does not provide any examples of where human rights have been violated and no solutions that have been implemented by the UN. Further detail could have made this a much more effective source.

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Human rights violoation & gender equality questions for practice

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Origin - the source was uploaded by a twitter account named Black Lives Matter which is a verified user on twitter and the source was uploaded on July 2013

purpose - the purpose of this source is to provide information to anyone regarding Black Lives Matter and help them understand what the victims go through and how racial segregation affects them

Value - This source is credible as the account is verified , Also it has 1 M followers on titter which shows that this account has been viewed by a lot of people which suggests that the chances of the information being accurate is more likely then that of it being inaccurate

Limitations - The source doesn't contain much written information about Black Lives Matter also the source is more directed towards African - Americans rather than any race , the source doesn't site the sources to verify the information and also the date when the source was published has not been specified as it only says July 2013

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Just put across your points in a word doc.

Meaning

Disadvantages

Effects on personal and social life

Examples of countries in which it is found

Solutions- local and global solutions

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Over 20.0 million men, women, children are victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, to gain some type of labour or commercial sex act. Or even for someone’s own personal reasons Traffickers use force, fraud to lure their victims and force them into labour or some kind of sexual exploitation.

Also known as Illegal exploitation of a person

Victims can be any age gender or race but one thing that they all share are that they all are vulnerable of being exploited because of poverty, inequality or racism

There are different types of human trafficking

1.       Sex trafficking: these victims are manipulated or forced against their wills to get involved in sexual activities for money especially. These traffickers might use violence, threats, manipulation or sometimes even the promise of love, affection or money to lure victims. Any victim under the age of 18 involved in sex trafficking is considered a survivor

2.       Forced Labour trafficking: victims are made to work for little or sometimes no pay at all. Victims can be found in factories, farm doing construction work. The traffickers may take your personal info or travel documents to limit the victim’s freedom

Countries with most human trafficking

China

Iran

Russia

Venezuela

Solutions:

Local:

spread awareness about human trafficking around because it’s a hidden crime and goes unnoticed in your neighbourhood and local areas.

Fundraising. Holding a fundraiser and donating the money raised to one of the countless or organizations that help to fight human trafficking not only gives money to the cause but also brings awareness to the issue.

Be aware of the signs of human trafficking. Being educated on signs that could indicate someone is a victim of human trafficking increases the likelihood of reporting and could give a voice to victims who do not feel comfortable speaking out for themselves   victim of human trafficking come in several categories. Poor work and living conditions, poor mental health and lack of control.

Global:

Hold events to raise awareness. Raising awareness for human trafficking can also get more people involved and interested in joining the fight. It can create a chain reaction, leading to more people fundraising and educating themselves.

Boycott the professions that support human trafficking like: 1) construction, mining, manufacturing and utilities; 2) agriculture, fishing; and 3) domestic servitude like maids, nannies etc

Effects of human trafficking on:

Personal life: The aftermath could be devastating for the victims of human trafficking. They could face mental health issues and lifelong trauma from the experience that they faced. They could be scarred and haunted by the memories that they went through of the incident very often again and again.

Social life: They minimize interacting with people and have a fear of the same experience happening to them again. They may suffer from PTSD and behave differently around their surroundings and amongst the people they love.

- Sarah, Prisha, Kyna, Daiwik

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Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.

Child labour can result in extreme bodily and mental harm, and even death. It can lead to slavery and sexual or economic exploitation. And in nearly every case, it cuts children off from schooling and health care, restricting their fundamental rights and threatening their futures. Some song term health issues that are also considered disadvantages are also caused due to abuse, injuries, malnutrition, exhaustion, psychological harm or exposure to chemicals etc.

The ranking for child labour from age 5-17 years age range is highest in India followed by Bangladesh then Pakistan and Nepal

Solutions :
Global - 1 ) More campaigns can be conducted by the UN in order to educate people about why Child Labour comes under violation of HR and why it should be eradicated
2 ) More stringent laws
3 )Supporting NGO's like Child Rights and You
4 )Specific guidelines by the government about the same

Local -
1) Spreading  awareness locally is one of the best ways to eradicate child labour  as educating people locally is much easier than globally

2 ) supporting NGO's like Save the Children, has forged powerful relationships with government, national and international bodies to make child rights a “movement”.

3 ) Laws in India to support families financially and at least let the children get basic primary education

4 ) Creating ‘Inclusive Learner Friendly Environments’ (ages 3-18 years) across settings as diverse as slums and villages

5 ) Create a dialogue with children and families to send children to school, provide admissions assistance

6 ) Generate funding for, and establish libraries and infrastructure like computers, sports equipment and Mobile Learning Centres

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MYP4 IH human trafficking campaign sheet

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The World Bank Group (WBG) helps developing countries improve their access to world markets and enhance their participation in the global trading system. Trade is an engine of growth that creates better jobs, reduces poverty, and increases economic opportunity. Recent research shows that trade liberalization increases economic growth by an average by 1.0 to 1.5 percentage points, resulting in 10 to 20 percent higher income after a decade. Trade has increased incomes by 24 percent globally since 1990, and 50 percent for the poorest 40 percent of the population. As a result, since 1990, over one billion people have moved out of poverty because of economic growth underpinned by better trade practices.

Trade is also linked to higher female labor participation with greater formality and higher wages. Exporters in developing countries employ more women than non-exporters and women comprise up to 90 percent of the workforce in export processing zones. Fostering cooperation through trade and business is pivotal in helping countries escape conflict.

Developing countries often struggle with indirect factors that hinder their access to global markets, such as anti-competitive business practices, regulatory environments that are unfavorable to business growth and investment, and limited infrastructure capacity. Even a country with liberal and transparent trade policy suffers if its markets are not connected, and many of the world's poorest people live in places that are landlocked, remote or otherwise ill-served by international trade links. The World Bank Group helps its client countries improve their access to global markets and enhance their participation in the world economy by overcoming these obstacles.

Despite the benefits trade can bring to economies, not everyone is experiencing the benefits of globalization. Trade, with the productivity gains and technological advances that accompany it, can result in job losses in certain regions and industries. We are working to advance policies that help developing countries - and the disadvantaged groups within them - benefit from the opportunities that come with trade and technological change. These include short-term responses such as training programs and job search assistance, but also long-term solutions that build more resilient economies. Strong safety nets, access to education that prepares students for the jobs of the future, and policies that help workers become more mobile are all critical to these solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to keep critical goods flowing through borders. The WBG is also supporting country-led reforms to limit the impact of the pandemic and to foster the economic recovery.

In this context, there is a need to strengthen the global trading system to promote greater inclusiveness and help developing countries address trade-related constraints to growth. The system of global trade rules that has nurtured unprecedented economic growth across multiple generations faces tensions. These tensions should not prevent all countries from looking at the unique untapped benefits further trade reform can bring to the global economy.

Last Updated: Oct 06, 2021

The WBG is supportive of an open, rules-based, predictable multilateral trading system, and among its objectives are to help developing countries participate in and enjoy the benefits of such a system. Key strategies for reaching these goals are supporting trade agreements at both the regional and multilateral levels; emphasizing trade and competitiveness at the core of national development strategies; and promoting trade-related reforms through effective Aid for Trade.

The WBG supports developing countries through the development of trade policy to deepen their integration into regional and global economies and increase trade performance while facilitating trade through streamlined border management and more efficient logistics. We produce cutting-edge applied global knowledge and we also support countries directly.
GLOBAL ANALYSIS AND DATA:
Global Studies: This includes assessing developments in the trade policy arena (e.g. Services for competitiveness; Deep Trade Agreements (DTAs); Trade and poverty links; Global Value Chains (GVCs); Impact of direct and indirect government subsidies on global trade). It also focuses on understanding the impact of new technologies on trade, such as e-commerce, automation, 3D printing and blockchain.

Global Databases: The Trade unit provides data for global trade analysis, such as the Logistics Performance Index; Exporter Dynamics Database; Services Trade Restrictions Database; World Integrated Trade Solution; Database on Antidumping, Countervailing Measures and Safeguards; and the DeepTrade Agreements Database.
REGIONAL OR COUNTRY DIAGNOSTICS AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE:
Regional Trade Integration Analysis: Assess potential impacts of trade reforms, such as unilateral tariff changes, and bilateral or regional Preferential Trade Agreements, or other major initiatives in regional integration (e.g. the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Belt and Road Initiative) on GDP, sectoral output, trade, wages, and employment, as well as on sectoral reallocation and adjustment costs, poverty, and income distribution-both at aggregate level and for disaggregated geographical areas (localized labor markets) and target groups, notably women.

Trade Diversification, Competitiveness Diagnostics, and Integration into GVCs: Identify constraints and opportunities for growth and diversification of mechandise exports, promote export sophistication, upgrading, and export survival.

Services Trade Competitiveness and Regulatory Diagnostic: Identify potential for expanding services trade across all sectors and/or for specific sectors (e.g. digital/ICT; tourism; professional services; transport/logistics; health and education services).

Logistics Services and Connectivity Diagnostic: Diagnostics and advisory services to identify measures to reduce logistics costs and improve connectivity with domestic and international markets, helping countries improve how goods can move efficiently through the network of services (transportation, warehousing, brokerage, etc.) to their final destinations.

Trade Facilitation & Border Management Diagnostic and Technical Assistance: Help countries transition to modern border management and procedures, provide guidance on streamlining procedures and reduce time/costs for private sector, and implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA).

To fund much of this work, the World Bank Group has three main, trade-related trust funds totaling $91 million. These include the Umbrella Facility for Trade, the Trade Facilitation Support Program (TFSP) and the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) trust fund.

Last Updated: Oct 06, 2021

The WBG provides rigorous analysis of key issues in global trade as well as country-focused engagements in over 100 countries around the world. These focus on helping client countries identify reforms to promote competition, exports, and private sector development, as well as on trade facilitation, logistics, and border management to help lower trade costs.

Analysis and data for key issues in global trade: The WBG provides up-to-date data and analysis of the latest issues in global trade including:

Trade and COVID-19: Since the onset of the pandemic, the WBG has advised governments on best practices to keep trade flowing, particularly for goods necessary to address urgent health needs. The WBG provides analysis on emerging trends on services and goods trade, including food and vaccines, that have been impacted by the pandemic.

Distributional Impacts of Trade: Global trade is crucial in driving economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring the flow of food, medical supplies, and vaccines, and contributing to economic growth and poverty reduction. But policies must be in place to ensure that gains from trade are spread across regions, industries, workers and consumers in developing countries. A new WBG report launched in May 2021 provides policymakers with a toolkit for designing policies to ensure that trade gains are shared more widely.

Trade and Gender: New trends in global trade-especially the rise of services, global value chains, and the digital economy-are opening up important economic opportunities for women.  For this reason, the WBG supports activities that aim to assess the potential impact of trade on women and develop policy responses based on the evidence. Building on new analysis and sex-disaggregated data, a new WBG report advances the understanding on the relationship between trade and gender equality, and identifies new opportunities through which women can gain from trade.

Trade and poverty: Analytical work on the distributional impacts of trade, with a focus on: (i) welfare effects of changes in tariffs and non-tariff measures; (ii) mechanisms through which trade can affect local poverty rates and labor market dynamics; (iii) implications of the rise in automation on welfare and potential job destruction in developing countries (and jobs reshoring to high-income economies).

The Trade and Climate Change Nexus: Climate discussions often focus on trade as a contributor to global warming. But with the right policies to encourage cleaner production and trade in climate-friendly goods and services, it can be part of the solution. This research explores the policies needed to expand the positive role of trade in facilitating adaptation and mitigation to climate change for developing countries.

Deep Trade Agreements: While multilateral trade negotiations have stagnated and tensions between major trading partners have surged, bilateral and regional agreements have increased in number. There are over 300 agreements today, up from 50 in 1990. Most importantly, many of these agreements have extended their reach well beyond tariffs, aiming to achieve integration beyond trade, or 'deep' integration. This research provides new analysis on the determinants of Deep Trade Agreements, how they affect trade and non-trade outcomes, and how they might shape trade relations in a post-COVID-19 world. A new e-book launched in July 2021, on the Economics of Deep Trade Agreements builds on a novel database developed by the WBG over the past few years.

Policy and reform support:

Trade Policy and Performance: Analysis and policy advice to help countries compete globally.

Example: In Mauritius, the WBG has been providing advice on skills formation, labor market policy, exchange rate management, and state support together with an analysis on the list of products with high preference margins in China, India and the African market that could contribute to export upgrading. This is now being used as a central piece of the country's strategy to upgrade exports and the country's Economic Development Board has been tasked to carry out consultations with potential exporters / investors for the products based on the list.

Trade Facilitation and Logistics: Strengthening trade corridors, supply chains, and trade logistics | Modernizing border management | Enhancing connectivity between firms, markets, and consumers. Lending and Technical Assistance:

Bureaucracy/paperwork, port and customs handling, and transport infrastructure bottlenecks continue to be a major barrier to trade in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa. A one-day reduction in inland travel times leads to a 7 percent increase in exports in Africa. A one-day reduction in delay at border increases trade by one percent. But improving trade facilitation requires cooperation and capacity, including improvements to trade-related infrastructure and technical assistance for customs. The WBG is a major provider of trade facilitation assistance, with a current portfolio over $7 billion, across more than 70 countries.

Example: In the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Rwanda, the WBG is implementing the Great Lakes Trade Facilitation project, a US$79 million regional operation that started in 2016 (ongoing) and focuses on small-scale traders, the majority of whom are women. The project seeks to improve core trade and commercial infrastructure in the border areas, simplifying border crossing procedures, and improving the standards of treatment of traders and officials. Implementation has led to greater accountability and less impunity of officials, reflected in declining rates of harassment at key borders (from 78 percent to 45 percent in South Kivu), improvements in security at the border (as a result of new buildings, lighting, cameras, etc.), extended border opening hours, and increased trade flows.

Example:  Over the last few years, the World Bank has supported the governments from Guatemala and Honduras, the Secretariat of Economic Integration in Central America (SIECA), and the private sector in developing a comprehensive solution to address trade bottlenecks at the border between the two countries.  As a result, a Customs Union was piloted, through which both countries integrated their trade procedures and removed duplicative processes. The countries have recently cut transit times from 10 hours to just 15 minutes, which is estimated to have increased trade by 7 percent.

Regional integration: The WBG supports global and regional integration, including free trade agreement negotiations and World Trade Organization accession and participation.

Example: The WBG is supporting the African Union to assist the creation of the  African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)  which has the potential to boost intra-regional trade and significantly reduce poverty.  We are assessing the effects of tariff reductions on government revenues and quantifying the impact on trade, growth and poverty, including women and youth.

Last Updated: Oct 06, 2021

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Improving the efficiency of trade is a key component of development and poverty reduction. The World Bank works to make the global trading system more rules-based, predictable, and supportive of development.

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Answer - 1. Whenever countries have different opportunity costs in production they can benefit from specialization and trade. Benefits of specialization include greater economic efficiency, consumer benefits, and opportunities for growth and competitive sectors . eg - certain labour can work on particular products and manufacture it more and more for future trade and earn a good amount of profit from the trade.

Answer - 2. Some countries realize economic growth not just from the export of their own products, but from providing logistics services to cargo from and to other countries so they can survive the economy of the country, For example. Singapore, The Netherlands, and Belgium, etc.

Answer - 3. Goverment Pollicies can affect trade through many factors, a major one of them is trade barriers, which are includes things like : quota system, tarrifs and subsidies. These barriers afffect many things and do not promote free and fair trade. They demand for a very high tax charge , custom duties , export tax and i dont know how many more things but all these are a part of these trade barriers, and affects trade.

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You can use any below mentioned sites to make your mind map

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You can use any below mentioned sites to make your mind map

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https://www.ayoa.com/mind-mapping/software/

https://app.mindmup.com/map/new/1646892166318

https://www.mindmeister.com/

https://venngage.com/features/mind-map-maker

https://app.creately.com/d/1Xj8fkdmmxY/edit

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IH MYP 4 revision sheet 1- EOYA, May 2022