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Over the past decades, the change in climate in Nigeria has cause the weather to intensify over the years.

During the past decade, Nigeria has experienced periods of intense rain causing flooding and periods of drought which has affected the agriculture in Nigeria.

The city of Lagos is the manufacturing and port city of West African sub region and is the hub for business and economic development. Based on Lagos location being in such proximity to the ocean and 22% of the total surface area is made up of water and the surrounding Lagoons, Lagos is prone to major flooding. The increasing storm surges because of climate change is likely to increase the flooding problem in Lagos knowing that much of the land in Lagos is below sea level. It is not only Lagos that is in danger of severe flooding, Northern Nigeria has also been affected by flooding, in recent years long periods of flooding in the Northern states of Nigeria has displaced over 100 000 people and destroyed thousands of homes and farmland which impacts on the agriculture of Nigeria.

Long periods of Droughts caused by increased temperatures has also caused problems for Nigeria, Northern Nigeria being predominantly farmland; droughts have caused large amounts of crops and farmland to die and land not being fertile to produce any crops. Similarly, this has been an issue in other neighbouring countries where the impacts have been far more detrimental such as causing famine, In 2016 researchers have seen that the there is a critical issue in Nigeria and neighbouring countries for a famine as there is a lack of water not only for the crops but for citizen to be able to drink which bring more issues into Nigeria’s hands

If these changes continue, Nigeria will have to constantly deal with issues such as shortage of food and health concerns that come from flooding and droughts which could put a hold on the economic development of Nigeria.

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http://www.journalrepository.org/media/journals/JSRR_22/2016/Apr/Emodi1062016JSRR25162_1.pdf

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

It commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.

Kyoto Protocol

State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) human-made CO2 emissions have caused it.

based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency

whereby states have agreed to provide notification to the IAEA of any assistance that they can provide in the case of a nuclear accident that occurs in another state that has ratified the treaty.

We have the capacity to react to any nuclear/radiological emergency - capable of having nuclear plants

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The United States established diplomatic relations with Nigeria in 1960, following Nigeria’s independence from the United Kingdom.

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- background (geo, political, economical, Historical background)
- Issues - climate change, health issues, economic issues
- participations in the international community - treaties, agreements etc.
- what will happen in the future
- where we stand!

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- Nigeria can negotiate with allies USA for help in the creation of nuclear energy instead of seeking help from China/Russia

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' The South...feared that environmental regulation could hamper economic growth and divert resources from economic development."                                                                        - Karns et. al. pp. 5

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' The South...feared that environmental regulation could hamper economic growth and divert resources from economic development."                                                                        - Karns et. al. pp. 5

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Nigeria is, at the moment wholly convinced that climate change does exist and will undoubtedly affect its people, however it is prepared to emancipate itself from the Paris agreement if required in order to further improve the quality of life for its people. It feels somewhat bitter that many countries in a similar position to Nigeria are either breaking promises in relation to the Paris agreement and or did not sign the agreement hence are not hampered by being forced to adhere to said policies.

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The country has a long term goal to one day become a self-sustainable country bereft off need to import and export to keep the country sustainable. At the moment a large segment of the economy is based off remitances, which is a wholly unsustainable means of supporting their economy.

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Brazil was going through a similar stage not too long ago regarding their extensive deforestation and the almost worldwide opposition to their deforesting efforts. Nigeria is currently about to enter an industrial revolution in which the natural resources of the country will inevitably be exploited

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. The north of the country, for example, is highly vulnerable to drought. A recent Pew Research Center global attitudes surveyi found that 65% of Nigerians are very concerned about the threat climate change poses, ahead of global economic instability (48%). HE, President Muhammadu Buhari has stated in his inaugural speech that Nigeria is committed to tackling climate change.

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Aim: Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Signed and ratified.

https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/03/nigeria-ratifies-paris-climate-agreement/

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https://politics.naij.com/425913-nigeria-aims-to-construct-its-first-nuclear-plant.html

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Kyoto Protocol:
- agreement linked with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC) which commits parties to a binding target to reduce emissions.
- adopted in 1997 and entered into force 2005
-detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco "Marrakesh Records"
- Nigeria ratified the protocol 2004 and entered into force March 2005
- Kyoto protocol was to be concluded in 2012 but has been extended to 2020
http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/world/kyoto-protocol-fast-facts/

Nigeria's Position on Kyoto Protocol
Nigeria is part of the Non-Annex I economies, so it is not committed to take measures
- “Climate change in Nigeria is a ticking time bomb and it exists little or even nothing to mitigate its effects.” Nnimmo Bassey, Nigeria.
- Climate change is primarily caused by the developed countries, so they should be the ones dealing with it. However, it is the bitter irony of destiny that Africa contributes least of all the continents to the climate change, but will probably suffer most from its consequences.

- Nigeria is the eighth largest oil supplier in the world. The ninth largest deposits of gas are located here. The Nigerian national economy would be massively affected by a sustainable reduction of fossil energy consumption.

- Policies to curb the climate change by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels like oil, gas or carbon, have significant economical impacts on the producers or rather the suppliers of these fuels.

- Nigeria is practically a monoculture: about 80% of the government income, 90-95% of the export earnings and more than 90% of the foreign exchange revenues evolve from the oil sector. In the period of 1970-1990 the oil business led to revenues of approximately US $200 billion.
- Nigeria is flaring more gas than any other country in the world: 2.5 million cubic feet per day. This actually corresponds to 40% of the gas which is used in whole of Africa. Because of the contained methane and CO2 Nigeria’s gas flaring contributes more to the global warming than all the other emissions of whole Sub-Saharan-Africa together

- World bank study in 2007 ( maybe find a more recent one) , found Nigeria accounts for about 1/6 of the worldwide gas flaring which ends up being 400 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

- Kyoto Protocol "double - edged sword for Nigeria" positive long term effects v. negative short term effects for economic development (http://www.kas.de/nigeria/en/publications/11468/)

- Nigerian politics and public discussions are barely addressing the mentioned problems. The last two years were so much dominated by the internal questions of power that political issues as regards content or even specific problems like the climate change, would not have attracted real attention outside the circle of environment experts or NGOs.

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- dedicated to sustainable development in Nigeria
AFFILIATION
NCF is a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Foundation partners with over 80 international organisations, 24 of these are in Africa. Notable international partners are Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), BirdLife International, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), Wetlands International and Fauna and Flora International (FFI).

Locally, NCF forges strong partnerships with other environmental NGOs, Government institutions, business community, academia, and rural-urban communities that share its vision with the aim of building and sustaining a more lasting union to safeguard the environment.
Mitigation Strategy
Although Nigeria may not have the finance resources or sophisticated technology to mitigate climate change, the country is endowed with mosaic of natural ecosystems that have the capacity for carbon sequestration. NCF therefore plans to combat climate change in Nigeria through:

Implementation of Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) for Protected Area management.

Development of REDD Action Plan (REDDAP) for Nigeria in collaboration with relevant Government agencies, private sector and civil societies.

Engaging in climate change policy discussions especially on REDD.

Scientific research on carbon stock assessment/forecast.

Carbon Finance

Several funding schemes have been adapted globally to support climate change mitigation and adaptation such as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under Kyoto Protocol. Nigeria however is barely able to benefit from these global resources due to several factors such as stringent CDM funding guideline and inadequate private sector engagement in climate change programmes.

http://www.ncfnigeria.org/programmes/climate-change

https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Climate_Change_Nigeria.pdf

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/nignc1.pdf

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Climate change is primarily caused by developed countries however Africa, while contributing the least to climate change, is most likely to suffer its consequences

Africa produces one tonne of CO2 per person per year compared to USA that produces 16t per person, per year (as of 2002)

40% of the African Gross National Product is obtained in agriculture and 70% of all African labour is employed in this sector

http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/REVIEW-OF-CLIMATE-CHANGE-AND-ITS-EFFECT-ON-NIGERIA-ECOSYSTEM.pdf

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Impact on cc on country/people/environment

what‘s being done domestically to respond to those impacts

Identify countries in comparable position re cc impact

What are its current commitments internationally re cc

What has been happening internationally re cc agreements/negotiation.

What has currently been agreed to re action on cc

What are the beliefs/ideological position re cc and/or responses to it

Are there subnational/substate government that can have their own position/ take action

Are there other key actors within the country?

Other key outside actors that have an influence?

Does it produce fossil fuels? Does it import the? Does it need to import all fuels needs?

What is its capacity for renewable?

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