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To protect the sphere of influence of France in the south of China they invaded lands at the southernmost part of China.France sent a military force to defeat King Norobum and make it a protectorate of France. In 1867 , France used the news that French missionaries were treated ill in Vetnam to conquer this land. Vietnam was not able to do anything but to pay reparation,allow Christianity to spread, give the French the right to explore the Mekong River, and open three ports for exclusive use of French merchants. The acquisition of Laos, France made its empire called "French Indochina". It was called Indochina  because it is near India and China and the dominant culture was a combination of Hindu and Chinese.

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The blending of western and local cultures was a product of imperialism especially because of the intermarriage of the foreigners and natives. These marriages also produced mestizos. They became part of the population and over time their number grew bigger.

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Westerners took advantage of the natural resources of the colonies. They used these to finance the development of their native countries. They also took advantage of the labor force of the colonies like the polo y servicio in the Philippines. This caused poverty and it destroyed local culture of the colonies.

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In the hope to protect their colonies, western nations set permanent boundaries to clarify their territorial claims. Until now, there are Asian nations who have conflict caused by these boundaries set during the time of imperialism.

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Effects of the Second Stage of Imperilaism

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Effects of the Second Stage of Imperilaism

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The second stage of imperialism in Asia affected the continent in terms of change in geography, destruction of lives, and change in ethnic composition.

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Both European nations tried to invade Siam but its King Mongkut prevented it. King Mongkut and his son Chulongkorn convinced the English and french
Britain and France agreed not to invade Siam and instead make it the buffer zone between their colonies
It refers to the time that western colonization was a thread around this region. While the western and southern border of Thailand faced British colonies, the eastern border faced French colonies. Thailand played as a buffer state, meaning to absorb trouble made by both the British and French colonies, but not to fall into which of them. Thailand remained free until the era of colonization ended.

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PHILIPPINES
The Spaniards moved to invade the islands of Luzon and Visayas. The Filipinos fought hard but the Spaniards had modern weapons that gave them the advantage in the battles. The Spaniards failed to invade Mindanao because: Mindanao was far from the centers of Spanish government, The Muslim considered the Spaniards as mortal enemies, the provinces of Mindanao always fought together, The Muslims and other people. From the Spaniards, the Americans took control of the Philippines when Spain and United States signed the treaty of Paris.

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Trade flourished between Holland and the islands of Moluccas, Batavia, and Malacca during the first wave of European. Some of the foreigners married the locals. However when Holland experience financial, They started controlling the islands The Dutch made an agreement with the local rulers that they could keep their positions as long as they give the Dutch spices and cash crops

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Myanmar or Burma often fight for the ownership of the land in between them. In 1800, Burma invaded provinces of Assa, Arakan, and Manipur in India. India then was under the English East Company who considered Burma's action as an attempt to steal. This led to a battle between Burma and Britain. Burma was defeated by the modern weapons of the English In the treaty of Yandobo in 1826 to conclude the war, Britain forced Burma to pay all for the expenses in the war and territories.

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* Opium
* Opium War
* Extraterritoriality
* Crash Crops
* Treaty of Naking
* Sphere of Influence
* Polo y Servicio
* Industrial Revolution
* Protectorate
* Mestizo
* White Man's Burden
* Open Door Policy
* Buffer Zone
* Treaty of Yandobo
* Strait Settlement

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A. Motives of the Westerners
B. Imperialism in East Asia
C. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
D. Effects of the Second Stage of Imperialism

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Because of the need of Britain to strengthen its control of the Malacca Strait that was under the control of Holland together with the other islands of Indonesia, Britain conquered Singapore. Singapore is an island facing Malacca Strait and has deep ports that are good for big trade ships. Thomas Stamford Raffles led the transformation of Singapore into a trade center.

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the malacca whinch is the tip of Malaysia, was a good and strategic point because its by the malacca strait. the English challenged dutch for to owner of malacca but Britain expanded to Penang, Singapore and the three was named rich strait Settlements and centers of trade in South East Asia the surrounding territories were obtained because they needed to protection so the surrounding territories protected them but the Sultans were required to talk the English representatives to Malaysia their move except in culture or religion but in exchange, the Britain protected the kingdoms of Malaysia.

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Foreign incursion in Asia did not stop with the first stage of imperialism. Westerners all the more wanted to acquire Asian colonies by the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century.

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Korea did not have any interactions with Europeans because they think that Europeans coming to Korea means invasion and they did not want Christianity but some Koreans learned Christianity and the government knew so they killed the Europeans and the Koreans who learned Christianity . they only interacted with China and Japan because they were afraid of invasion but one of their ally turned against them which was Japan but China helped them but they still lost.

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the news about the opium war spread and so the English ships lead by Commodore Matthew Perry went to Tokyo Bay in 1853 to make a treaty to Japan in 1854 and that treaty was to open ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to the Americans which they will make a repair site for their ships and the Japanese agreed and gave them extraterritoriality
but unlike China, that declined because of the presence of the colonizers in the territories,  they used this as an advantage so they studied the ways of Americans and Europeans to improve themselves. this was the reason that they were not invaded and they became a competitor to the other countries and they conqered Korea and Formosa when they won the Sino-Japanese war and Manchuria after winning the Russo-Japanese war. those two wars were the signs of strengths of the Japanese that they will approve in World War II.

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Europeans were benefiting from trades on Asia but they wanted Asians to buy more from them but China didn't have any reason to buy from the Europeans but the English found a way and so they sold opium, a substance that can make tea, medicine ad perfume but the downside of this substance is that it   can be addicting and if the user uses too much, it can be bad for his/her health therefore turning into an illegal drug. China bought a lot of the opium therefore resulting to  low amount of funds, alerting the government so they banned it but the British refused and they sold opium secretly but  they were exposed and the government threw the opium to the sea so the Chinese can't buy it but the British got mad therefore creating a war between British and Chinese which was called the opium war. but China lost but to end the war, the treaty of Nanking was made. Britain made an agreement on:
1. pay all the opium thrown or destroyed.
2. give the island of Hong Kong to the Britain as an exclusive territory.
3. Open up five ports, with extraterritoriality(laws to be implemented in the place were English laws  )for English merchants.
but because China prevented British ships with opium to enter, it resulted in another war and again, China was defeated therefore making them:
1. Open up 11 more ports for foreign merchants.
2. Make legal selling of opium to China.
3. allow foreign nations to have representatives in the government of China.
4. Protect Christian missionaries  and grant extraterritoriality inhabited by foreigners.

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1. Expansion of empires - trading or mercantilism (belief in benefits of profitable trading) were not their primary goal, but thier goal is to expand their land because they believed that colonies add additional fame, territory, and power.
2. Industrial Revolution - these mad the western nations yearn to control weak nations so meanong that they would be stronger because they can conquer other weak countries
3. Adventurism - Western people feel accomplished if they traveled to far places and they also wanted to spread Christianity. and they also wanted to educate uncivilized people such as asians.

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1.Enumerate the motives of the westerners in the second stage of imperialism
2. Discuss imperialism in East Asia
3. Describe imperialism in Southeast Asia
4. Identify the effect of the second stage of imperialism