# data[].attributes.body
Flipgrid is a video discussion community for your classroom that supercharges your students’ voices.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
We express ourselves in different ways. On Flip, you can use our simple and fun built-in camera to record your thoughts, add effects and share within your Flip group as video, audio only or text in your web browser or mobile app.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Flip is a video discussion and sharing app, free from Microsoft.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Flip (formerly Flipgrid) is a video discussion and video sharing app, free from Microsoft, built for classrooms and beyond. Learn more.

# data[].attributes.body
HP Aurasma is changing the way we interact with the world. Discover augmented reality experiences, create your own Auras, and share with friends.

# data[].attributes.body
Fly through 3D cities like London, Tokyo and Rome. Dive in to view the world at street level with integrated Street View. Find stories about what it means to live here from the BBC, NASA, Sesame Street, and more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Aw snap! Google Earth isn't supported on your browser. You may need to update your browser or use a different browser. Please see our system requirements for more information. Chrome is a great choice and you can download it here. Or if you're feeling adventurous, you can try Earth anyway by choosing an option below.

# data[].attributes.body
Thought-provoking classroom resources support diversity education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) enabled millions of Black and other voters of color an opportunity to participate in our democracy. Ten years ago, on June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder significantly weakened a key provision of the landmark VRA. These LFJ articles remind us of the struggle for voting rights and education and the powerful legacy of Freedom Summer 1964. As we confront current voter suppression and education censorship, let us continue the fight for justice in today's movement.

"Following record-breaking voter turnout in the 2020 election, several state legislatures passed laws to disenfranchise voters, especially in Black communities. These attempts at voter suppression work in concert with censorship policies targeting education to further undermine civics literacy and engagement in the United States." -Freedom Schools for Today's Social Justice Movement

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Learning for Justice | Education Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learning for Justice provides free resources to educators-teachers, administrators, counselors and other practitioners-who work with children from kindergarten through high school. Educators use our materials to supplement the curriculum, to inform their practices, and to create civil and inclusive school communities where children are respected, valued and welcome participants.

# data[].attributes.body
A wealth of resources explore racism, prejudice, and anti-Semitism

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"I believe in the power of Facing History."

-Durias D., Facing History Alum

"I went to a Facing History workshop and it opened my eyes."

-Tareeq R., Educator

Facing History & Ourselves
uses lessons of history
to challenge teachers
and their students
to stand up to bigotry and hate.

Facing History & Ourselves is more than our name. It is an active and continuous process that calls on each of us to connect the choices of the past to those we face today. To build a more just and equitable future, we must face our history in all its complexity, Are you ready to face history with us?

Learn how you can experience Facing History

Facing History has thousands of research-based resources and professional learning events to support Social Studies and English Language Arts education.

Not in the United States?

Sign Up

And hopefully, they will always remember what happened to us and make sure that it won't happen again.

Sonia Weitz, Holocaust survivor and poet

Sign up to download the PDF version of our textbook, Holocaust and Human Behavior.

Facing History students are 94% more likely than their peers to report that their class motivated them to learn.

92% of Facing History teachers agree that Facing History helps their students stand up for what they believe even when others disagree.

91% of elective teachers agree or strongly agree that their Facing History course promoted their students' abilities to ground reading, writing, and speaking in evidence from text.

Demand for our work is greater than ever. Make a 100% tax-deductible donation today and you'll help us reach even more teachers and students around the world, giving them the tools to stand up to bigotry and hate.

Gift Amount

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Facing History & Ourselves uses lessons of history to challenge teachers and their students to stand up to bigotry and hate.

# data[].attributes.body
Dynamic multimedia resources explore life experiences around the world

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Stories and lessons for growing minds

We are a free multimedia platform for educators and students. Through our immersive storytelling and curricula, we aim to plant seeds of empathy, interconnectedness, and a sacred relationship with our planet. Use our award-winning films, photo essays, and essays to learn about social, cultural, and environmental issues from individuals and communities worldwide. For grades 3-12, our stories and lessons encourage students to broaden their perspectives and worldviews while fostering universal human values and respect for the living world. We aim to bring universal values into the lives of educators and students.

Experience Our Storytelling

Watch this short video to learn more about the stories we tell.

Student Winners and Finalists: The Environment Is in You

In what ways is climate change impacting the place where you live?

In this contest, students documented the fragility, hope, and future of our planet's ecosystem due to climate change. Inspired by four environmental writers-Linda Hogan, Robert Hass, Wendell Berry, and Dara McAnulty-students explored changes to local systems, how the environment shapes our identity, and how our actions and awareness today can impact the future.

View Winners and Finalists

Feature

These five shorts films follows five Native American communities who are restoring their traditional land management practices.

Learn More

Essay

How might stories act as keys allowing us access to challenge, examine, uproot, and illumine our habits and fears?

Learn More

Feature

This feature shares the stories of four Indigenous communities in California who are working to revitalize their languages and cultures in order to pass them on to the next generation.

Learn More

"This film has historic relevancy. I can see myself using it to encourage students to think about the value of the space program and how it speaks to the American Spirit and how we are often looking forward in our progress. This film begs to be used as an exploration of what it means to be a global citizen, how students can learn from people not like themselves, and what actions students can take in their everyday lives to make the world a better place."

Michael Dunn, Director of College Counseling at Eagle Rock School & Professional Development Center

Stories Exploring Climate Change

Celebrating Student Artwork: New Student Gallery

Encourage thoughtful and meaningful conversations in the classroom with our student gallery. Use the gallery as a tool to foster curiosity, observation skills, and perspective-taking.

The gallery encourages students to learn from each other's perspectives. How are students witnessing and engaging with the world in new ways since the start of Covid-19? Search by theme, previous Global Oneness Project contests, or from locations around the world. The gallery is accompanied by an image analysis activity, including a Visible Thinking Routine from Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education.

View Student Gallery

Receive our newsletter to learn about new stories and companion lesson plans.

Who Is Using Our Materials

Our materials provide opportunities for an interdisciplinary approach to learning across disciplines from social sciences and humanities to environmental sciences. Education stakeholders, including K-12 educators, university professors, librarians, tech/media specialists, parents, and students are using our materials in multiple learning environments.

# data[].attributes.body
Explore survivor testimony with lessons, video on teacher-geared site

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
IWitness | IWitness - Education through Genocide Testimony

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
IWitness brings educators and their students together at the intersection of genocide studies, diversity and inclusion education, and the development of critical literacies needed in the 21st century.

# data[].attributes.body
FreshGrade allows teachers and students to quickly capture learning in digital portfolios.

# data[].attributes.body
Student Driven Digital Portfolios

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Seesaw | Elementary Learning Experience Platform

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Seesaw | Elementary Learning Experience Platform

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Elementary Learning Experience Platform | Seesaw

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Seesaw is a Learning Experience Platform with 25M+ users, enhancing elementary education, engagement, and school culture while improving academic success.

# data[].attributes.body
Primary source documents and activities for students

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Access thousands of primary sources - letters, photographs, speeches, posters, maps, videos, and other document types - spanning the course of American history. We're always adding more!

Borrow from an ever-expanding collection of document-based activities created by the National Archives, and teachers around the world. Copy and modify activities for your students.

Create your own activities using the online tools. It's as simple as: (1) selecting a tool, (2) choosing your primary sources, and (3) customizing instructions. Learn more >

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Access thousands of primary sources - letters, photographs, speeches, posters, maps, videos, and other document types - spanning the course of American history. We're always adding more! Borrow from an ever-expanding collection of document-based activities created by the National Archives, and teachers around the world. Copy and modify activities for your students.

# data[].attributes.body
Educational version of YouTube for all grades and subjects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Since launching on March 6, 2007, our goal at TeacherTube has been to provide an online community for sharing instructional and education videos for college students, high school students, middle school students and elementary school students. We seek to fill a need for a more educationally focused, safe venue for teachers, students, schools, and home learners. It is a site to provide anytime, anywhere professional development with teachers teaching teachers. It is also a site where teachers can post videos designed for students to view in order to learn a concept or skill.

On September 1, 2017, TeacherTube.com was acquired by Salem Web Network. Salem's goal is to continue the growth of TeacherTube and support innovative ideas for education.

Most importantly, TeacherTube community members are a major part of the evolution of the site. Members are encouraged to not only upload educationally relevant videos but also to make constructive comments and use the rating system to show appreciation for videos of value to one as an educator or learner. Users also have the ability to preserve the integrity of the site by flagging inappropriate videos. TeacherTube staff review flagged sites and will remove any inappropriate posts. With more collegial commentary and discussion through messaging and responses, the quality of this resource will only increase.

The service is free for everyone. We always encourage our users to Contact Us with thoughts, suggestions, or other feedback. We do have a vision for TeacherTube to truly be a better alternative to other video storage sites. With the community's help, it can become more interactive and engaging for all teachers and learners.

Science videos are one of the key subjects that students are taught in school. Science is present from the early years of grade school up to the highest levels of academic achievement. As students move up the ranks, their study of science tends to get more specialized into one specific field only, like chemistry, biology, or physics. We have educational videos for all of these courses.

TeacherTube.com's section on science educational videos has content of interest to all learning levels. We have topics as varied as educational songs for elementary school students, up to chemical engineering for college students.

Mathematics is one of the fundamental 3Rs of early education. Known as "arithmetic" in those levels, it involves counting and the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. As kids advance through the grade levels, they progressively deal with more complex mathematical problems. Also, more new concepts get introduced as they progress.

Math is crucial for almost any business career. Accounting, budgeting, and projecting sales all require some level of competence in math. Many resources for these topics can be found here on TeacherTube.

Even everyday situations benefit a lot from math skills. Managing one's finances, for instance, obviously requires math, as with anything involving money. Cooking also involves math: proportions of ingredients, for example, as well as measurements.

TeacherTube.com's section on math education videos covers everything from fractions and measurements to money management. We also cover more complicated subjects such as trigonometry, and well as probability and statistics.

History is a very valuable subject, but not just because it is useful for preventing future wars. The lessons from history can also teach people to build a better future. What people have done right in the past should be continued and improved upon in the present.

The subject of history covers a wide range of timelines and locations. There's ancient history and modern history. There is also Asian history, US history, Latin American history, and European history. Each one is unique, reflecting the cultures of the people involved.

If there's one thing common to all history classes, it's usually names, dates, and places. This is also the part that many kids hate the most. They do not see the point of memorizing so many random facts that appear purposeless. Well, that is the wrong way to teach history.

TeacherTube's history education videos section makes the past come alive with a sterling array of videos and tutorials that cover subjects as varied as our prehistory, ancient history, the civil war, and the study of world civilizations.

The purpose of social studies, based on the US National Council for the Social Studies, is to promote "civic competence" among students. In other words, the subject equips students to become better citizens of a country. This is done by exploring history, geography, current events, and governments, among others. Middle school social studies usually deal with one of each of these fields per grade level.

With this knowledge, students gain the ability to become more socially aware and to be actively involved citizens of their country. Through analyzing current events, students will also learn how to predict the consequences of the things happening around them. With that, they can be good influences on their communities.

It is with this goal in mind that TeacherTube offers a wide variety of learning video materials for both students and enthusiasts.

We have videos on everything from strengthening your knowledge of economics terminology to the nuances of various world cultures.

Language arts, as the name suggests, equips students with a wide range of ways to use language. It comprises both speaking and writing skills. In addition to the basics, the subject also deals with the artistic side of language, infusing creativity in the ways students communicate.

There are four basic aspects to understanding a language: speaking, reading, listening, and writing. Language arts classes aim to enhance those skills at each year level. At first, it covers basic topics like grammar, sentence construction, and paragraphs. Exercises in language arts become progressively more complex as students move up the ranks, and usually, in higher grades, more emphasis is put on creativity and persuasiveness.

With the noble goal of harnessing the power of words to effect change in the world in mind, TeacherTube is proud to offer videos on everything from general communications to speaking and even videos on strengthening your studying skills.

Not all kids want to go through lectures. Some of them may not have the attention span or the patience to endure long hours just sitting down and listening to someone talk in front. No, that doesn't mean these kids are lazy. It just means they learn differently.

Some kids are auditory learners. In other words, they learn best when they listen to sounds and music. For this type of student, educational songs will certainly be a big helping hand. Even the most complex of concepts, when taught through songs, will be very easy for them to understand and remember. Even kids who are not so much inclined to auditory learning may like this method.

Educational song vidoes are available in a wide variety of subjects. English, math, social studies, science, and everything in between, there's bound to be a song for every subject. For example, on the website Teachertube.com, there are science topic songs, reading songs, skip counting songs, reading phonics songs, and even quadratic formula songs.

The advantage of using educational song videos is that it accomplishes two things at once. First, these songs are entertaining, and second, they also teach a concept. They facilitate learning a lot better than plain lectures simply because of the entertainment part. When a lesson is made fun of, kids will want to learn them. In fact, it could even be the kids themselves, on their own, who will play the songs repeatedly.

TeacherTube offers education songs on topics as varied as the circulatory system to math songs about polynomials and even videos on St. Patrick's Day.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
TeacherTube Educational Videos for the School Classroom and Home - Including Educational Songs, History Videos, Student Videos and Math Videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A free community for sharing instructional videos, Educational Songs, History Videos, Student Videos, Math Videos, and other content for teachers and students. We are an education focused, safe venue for teachers, schools, and home schoolers to access educational for the classroom and home learning.

# data[].attributes.headline
War of 1812 Crash Course- Good for US History, Georgia Studies

# data[].attributes.subject
War of 1812 Crash Course- Good for US History, Georgia Studies

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMXqg2PKJZU&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=11

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Login or sign up for free on Socrative - your assessment partner for real-time assessments and instant insights.

# data[].attributes.body
Educational video series covering a wide range of topics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
history biology literature learning education science humanities school "world history" ap tests smart fun chemistry psychology apush whap study "crash cours...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
At Crash Course, we believe that high-quality educational videos should be available to everyone for free! Subscribe for weekly videos from our current courses! The Crash Course team has produced more than 45 courses on a wide variety of subjects, including organic chemistry, literature, world history, biology, philosophy, theater, ecology, and many more!

# data[].attributes.body
Mexican-American World War 2 oral histories

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Voces Oral History Project documents and creates a better awareness of the contributions of U.S. Latinos and Latinas of the WWII, Korean War and Vietnam War generations. The project was created in 1999 by UT journalism professor Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez and initially focused solely on the WWII generation.

# data[].attributes.body
Oral history videos, sound clips, transcripts, photos, and documents for various wars.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Veterans History Project (Library of Congress)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Home Page for the Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Motivated by the urgent need to collect the stories and experiences of war veterans while they are still among us, the U.S. Congress created the Veterans History Project in October 2000.

# data[].attributes.body
Economics, history and Government sources

# data[].attributes.body
Educational marketplace

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
World's most popular online marketplace for original educational resources with more than four million resources available for use today.

# data[].attributes.body
games that allow students to really get involved with how government works

# data[].attributes.body
Uses Google Earth for studying the world. Has split screen feature that allows for comparison using layers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Free site dedicated to help teachers educate and engage students using Google Geo Tools

# data[].attributes.body
Free website and blog builder with easy-to-use templates.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Your website, your business, your future｜Wix.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It starts with a website. Build on a platform that gives you the freedom to create, design, and grow online exactly the way you want.

# data[].attributes.body
This allows the teacher to create fun games that help students study for a quiz or test. This can even be an activity that teachers can assign to the students so they can design their own study guide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Are you looking to make your own study game? At What2Learn you can quickly and easily create an incredibly wide range of interactive learning activities including hangman games, quizzes, interactive word searches, extended writing activities and much more.

No technical skills or programming knowledge is required to make these fun and effective study games - simply fill in the blanks with your own questions and answers and your flash-based game is instantly created and available for your students to play online.

If you would like to create some games in the meantime, please sign up for a great value student or teacher Premium Account. This will make it possible for you to instantly create a huge range of fantastic learning games.

Take a look below at the fantastic games you could soon be making...

What kind of study game would you like to make?
Hangman-style study games
Simply provide eight single word answers to make your game.
Q & A quizzes
Provide eight questions and answers. Answers must be SHORT (1 or 2 words).
Anagram study games
Provide eight questions and answers. Anagrams automatically created.
Matching activities
Provide eight questions and answers. Answers must be SHORT (1 or 2 words).
Interactive wordsearches
Provide eight questions and answers. Answers must be ONE WORD only.

Ready to make your own study games?

Click the 'sign up' link at the top of this page if you are ready to start creating your own study games like the ones above. Teachers can even record the scores their students get automatically or embed the games into their own websites.
Related posts:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Are you looking to make your own study game? At What2Learn you can quickly and easily create an incredibly wide range of interactive learning activities including hangman games, quizzes, interactive word searches, extended writing activities and much more.

# data[].attributes.body
Assessment platform in game format that fosters competiton with student cellphones or cows

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn - any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

# data[].attributes.body
Document-based lessons for US History and "Thinking Like A Historian" historical inquiry skills.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We're committed to providing educators accessible, high-quality teaching tools. That's why all our lessons and assessments are free. Please consider donating to SHEG to support our creation of new materials. All gifts are made through Stanford University and are tax-deductible.

# data[].attributes.body
Center for Global Studies
Educational Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Center for Global Studies is located on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the International Studies Building. If you have a general inquire, please click the email address below to send us a message. A staff member will respond to you as soon as possible.

# data[].attributes.body
Digital version of the Georgia Southern Museum's exhibit, "The World's War is Georgia's War, 1917-1919." Information, images, and videos related to Georgia's role in WW1.

# data[].attributes.body
MasteryConnect

https://www.masteryconnect.com/

MasteryConnect provides formative assessment and competency-based learning solutions to over 2.5 million educators and 21 million students worldwide. Provides free option for teachers but also payable options as well.

# data[].attributes.body
A free bank of HyperDocs for the social studies classroom.

# data[].attributes.body
Series of Teaching Channel videos on historical reading and thinking skills in the social studies classroom.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Reading Like A Historian curriculum is a unique and effective way to teach High School History. By turning students into history investigators, teachers help them develop critical thinking skills and increase student engagement.

# data[].attributes.body
Resources and lesson plans for using primary documents in the classroom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world’s largest library. View historic photos, maps, books and more. Contact experts for help with research. Plan a visit. Home of U.S. Copyright Office.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
OC Public Libraries' music collection, housed at the Cypress Branch Library, has grown to be the largest collection of scores in any public library in Orange County. The nearest counterparts are the Brand Library and Art Center in Glendale, Los Angeles Public Library, and the UCLA Music Library.

# data[].attributes.body
Digitized newspapers from throughout history

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chronicling America " Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present.

# data[].attributes.body
Includes free access to historical documents, lesson plans, all kinds of cool educational resources for colonial US.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
colonial williamsburg family vacation packages

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Colonial Williamsburg Education Resource Library

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For 21 years, our Electronic Field Trips/HERO Live! broadcasts have been a cornerstone of our programming for teachers and students. Due to the changing use of technology in the classroom, the live broadcasts have been discontinued.

# data[].attributes.body
Student-centered inquiry lesson plans in World History, US History

# data[].attributes.body
Good source for lesson plans and classroom materials

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Discover recipes, home ideas, style inspiration and other ideas to try.

# data[].attributes.body
This is similar to Kahoot except the format is a tad different. A great formative assessment application

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"I love all of the information about student performance I get as a teacher. It helps me to quickly identify stronger students and weaker students, as well as concepts at the class level that students struggle with. Thank you so much for providing such a useful platform for teachers to use to engage our students and measure their performance!!"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Quizalize - The best quiz platform for remote or real classrooms that delivers game-changing results

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Engage your class with fun, standards-tagged quizzes. Get instant data on student mastery. Automatically differentiated follow-up activities.

# data[].attributes.body
In-depth articles, abundant in topics for a World History classroom. Great resource for students to use to gather information for research projects. Primary and Secondary Sources available.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Support Our
Non-Profit Organization

Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide.

Become a Member Donate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Become a Member Donate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Search results from Posters: World War I Posters, Available Online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Social Sciences Podcasts You Can Learn From. Play and download free Social Sciences podcasts on audio & video.

# data[].attributes.body
Great inquiry-based and skill lesson plan materials and videos in World HIstory and US History.

# data[].attributes.body
Great review or introduction of the five themes of geography.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This was the subject that got me into making my Geography Minutes. I thought it was about time to finish it. This is also the first in a new series for me, I call them Geography Moments. I thought that some subjects needed more than a minute to fully explain the geography behind them.

# data[].attributes.body
Current Government Documents, Videos, and activities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
C-SPAN's Constitution Clips makes the U.S. Constitution come alive by providing teachers and students with video clips from C-SPAN's Video Library of the Constitution in action. Click on any text link or image link to view video clips correlating to their respective section of the U.S. Constitution

# data[].attributes.body
Students can create their own podcast. This simplifies the process.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Podcasting is made easy. Explore a variety of tools for recording, live streaming, and uploading audio content with Spreaker.

# data[].attributes.body
Explanation behind trench warfare during WW1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Trenches? - WW1 Uncut: Dan Snow - BBC

# data[].attributes.body
I found this website helpful when I was teaching 7th grade. Has lots of information pertaining to Chinese geography.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The consultant for this unit was Professor Ronald G. Knapp, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at SUNY New Paltz ...see more.

Maps

These maps are discussed in the sections below. Note that some of the outline maps included below are designed to be used as transparencies that can be overlaid on an overhead projector to demonstrate the diversity of China's physical and cultural geography.

Overlays for Classroom Use
Geographic Distribution of China's National Minorities
1. Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
2. Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
3. Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture
4. Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
5. Huangna Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
6. Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
7. Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
8. Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
9. Haixi Mongolian, Tibetan, Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
10. Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture
11. Kizilsu Khalkhas Autonomous Prefecture
12. Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
13. Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture
14. Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
15. Xiangxi Tujia, Miao Autonomous Prefecture
16. Haina Li, Miao Autonomous Prefecture
17. Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
18. Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
19. Liangsha Yi Autonomous Prefecture
20. Qiandongnan Miao, Dong Autonomous Prefecture
21. Qiannan Bouyei, Miao Autonomous Prefecture
22. Wenshan Zhuang, Miao Autonomous Prefecture
23. Honghe Hani, Yi Autonomous Prefecture
24. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture
25. Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture
26. Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture
27. Dehong Dai, Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture
28. Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture
29. Degen Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

Population

It is a well known fact that China is the most populous nation in the world (although India may soon surpass China in total population). China's total population in 2020 was 1.4 billion people (1,400,000,000). This exceeds the combined populations of Europe, South America, the United States, and Japan! Certain Chinese provinces are more populous than European countries.

By comparison, the population of the United States in 2020 is 331,000,000 (or 331 million).

China's population is roughly equivalent to 4x that of the United States.

Population and Land Area

Such a huge population imposes substantial stress on the country's natural resources, including especially arable land.

Although China ranks fourth in the world in terms of total arable land, the pressure of population on this precious available agricultural land is acute and makes China's struggle to increase its agricultural output to feed its population all the more difficult.

Looking at the map of China's agricultural regions and crops, you will see that China's arable land is primarily in the eastern region, the same area where a majority of China's vast population is concentrated.

In addition to extensive areas of western China which are relatively uninhabited, substantial portions of southern China are unfavorable for agriculture because of mountainous topography.

There are significant variations from province-to-province in terms of cultivated land, multiple-cropping, and overall production of various crops.

China feeds somewhat less than one-fifth (20%) of the world's population on approximately 9% of the world's arable land.

U.S. China Comparison

Land Area

Viewing the map showing the U.S. and China superimposed, it can be seen that China has only a slightly larger land area, 3.69 million square miles compared to the 3.68 million square miles of the United States. However, while approximately 40% of the U.S. land can be cultivated, only 10% of China's land is arable. Much of the arable land in the United States, of course, is actually not used for farming but instead is used for pasture or has been developed for other uses.

Population Density

Like China, the U.S. has a densely populated east coast. Unlike the U.S., however, China's farmland is not concentrated in a relatively underpopulated central section of the country. The following map compares the densities of population in the United States and China:

United States and China: Comparative Population Density

Ethnic Composition of China's Population

China population is composed of over 50 ethnic minorities. The vast majority of the population belong to the Han ethnic group, residing in the eastern region of China. A map showing the geographical distribution of various national minorities in China is here. Population statistics on the official ethnic groups and other materials are here.

Borders

Early Civilizations

Looking at theÂ map of historical borders and the map showing the major rivers highlights the important fact that the earliest hearths of Chinese civilization developed along its river valleys.

One of the cradles of Chinese civilization, the Neolithic site called Banpo, was located along a tributary of the Huang He not too far from the present-day city of Xi'an in Shaanxi province.

Hemudu, on the southern shores of Hangzhou Bay that lies to the south of the Yangzi River delta, is another of China's important Neolithic sites.

The Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1027 BC) was also situated around the Huang He (Yellow River), and eventually spread southward to the Chang Jiang (Yangzi River) and Xi Jiang.

Historical Borders

Like many other countries, the historical borders of chinaÂ have varied over time.

Under the Han dynasty (202 BC-202 AD), China's great historical empire, these early boundaries were significantly expanded, as the map of the historical borders of China shows.

The extent of China's territory was greatest under the last dynasty, called the Qing (Ch'ing) or Manchu dynasty between 1644-1912. China's territory was more extensive under the Qing empire than it is today.

Bordering Nations

Looking at the map ofÂ bordering nations, it is possible to identify China's neighbors

China is at the core of a cultural sphere or region known as East Asia. China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam historically form the East Asian or Sinitic (Chinese) cultural sphere.

The large number of countries with which China shares borders makes Chinese foreign policy with its bordering nations more complex than countries such as the U.S., for example which shares borders only with two countries, Canada and Mexico).

Regions

The cross-hatching nature of China's five mountain ranges, the step-like staircase decrease in elevation from the lofty Tibetan plateau towards the sea, and the location of rivers make for a number of distinct geographical regions that fall into a checkerboard composition of basins, plateaus, and plains. Note the problems these pose for political and economic unity on the overlays ofÂ mountains and desertsÂ andÂ rivers.

Western and Eastern Regions

For the sake of elementary convenience, the landmass of China can be divided into two basic components:

A vastÂ Western regionÂ occupying nearly 2/3 of the country that is generally too high, too cold, and/or too dry to support a dense agricultural population. Much of this higher western area occupies the two upper steps of the topographic staircase:

Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, sometimes known as the "roof of the world" with average elevations above 4000 meters and

a broad arc-like step running northeast/southwest from the grasslands of the Inner Mongolian steppes through the deserts and basins of Xinjiang to the Yunnan-Guizhou plateaus of southwestern China.

AnÂ Eastern regionÂ occupying 1/3 of the country â€" that portion of China east of the Tibetan Plateau and generally south of the Great Wall â€" forming the core of â€œChina Proper.â€

It is framed on the west by mountain ranges about 1000 meters in elevation â€" Greater Khingan, Taihang, Wushan, and Xuefeng â€" and includes the densely settled North China Plain along the lower course of the Huang He and numerous plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Chang Jiang

It is customary to includeÂ Northeast China, often still referred to as Manchuria, in this Eastern region.

Northern and Southern China. This diverse region includes the eighteen traditional provinces of imperial China, and can be divided intoÂ Northern ChinaÂ andÂ Southern ChinaÂ with the Qinling Range and Huai River forming the natural zone of demarcation between them.

Interregional Trade

A benefit of China's varied geography is that a shortage of resources in one part of China can be overcome by trade with another part. In this way China historically has been able to developÂ internally by promoting interregional trade, as opposed to going outside the country as many smaller European countries had to do. Instead of industrializing to overcome shortages, China tradedÂ within its own borders, thus promoting commercial development.
A shortage in labor in one area could similarly be filled by migration within the country or by shifting manufacturing to another area.

Geographic factors that facilitated this internal trade were the Chang Jiang (Yangzi River), the complex network of rivers in the south, and China's long coastline.

China thus did not feel great pressure to develop labor-saving technologies or to engage in extensive expansionist or colonizing activities beyond its borders, in contrast to the West and Japan. (This contrasts markedly with the political and economic history of Europe, where the existence of many small countries led to trade barriers and local shortages, prompting individual countries to make technological advances and wage costly wars that contributed to the rise of large financial empires and engage in expansionist imperialism.)

Disparity among Regions

A recurrent problem, however, is that some regions in China have developed more quickly than others because of their location. For example,

the coastline of China with its ports and fertile soil has developed more rapidly than western China with its deserts and mountains.

Western China is more isolated and thus lags behind the coastal regions, a condition that can be seen clearly in this view of the Earth at night where only lights and fires are visible.

Political Divisions

The People's Republic of China has 34 major political divisions (Although the PRC considers Taiwan to be one of its provinces, Taiwan remains politically separate as the Republic of China).

23 provinces

4 municipalities - Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing. Because of their size and other characteristics, these four cities have been given provincial-level status and report directly to the central government.

5 autonomous regions. The title "autonomous region" indicates that a substantial proportion of the population in the region is composed of minority nationality peoples whose language, culture, and particular social traits are distinct from the dominant Han culture; for the sake of political unity, the regions are given special consideration by Beijing in policy formulation. The regions are otherwise not "autonomous." (Eight percent of China's population is composed of minority nationality peoples. There are 55 distinct minority nationalities in China) A crucial factor is that these minority nationalities occupy 50-60% of Chinese territory" most notably Xinjiang (where China's nuclear installations are located), Mongolia, and Tibet. These facts are useful in highlighting the difficulties entailed in ruling such a vast country. (See attached map and list on China's minority nationalities)

Special Administrative Region (SARs). Hong Kong gained this status on July 1, 1997 when it ceased being a British Crown Colony. Macao, once a colony of Portugal, reverted to Chinese sovereignty on December 20, 1999 and became the country's second SAR.

Geographcal Features

Mountains, Deserts, Plateaus: Was China Isolated in History?

Rivers

Major Rivers

China's two major rivers, the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangzi or Yangtze River), as well as the Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) delta system marked by the Xi Jiang (West River) in southeastern China, have provided the framework for agricultural development and population growth throughout China's history.

Another river, the Heilong Jiang (known also as the Amur River, its Russian name) marks the border between China and Russia; at times in the past, this area was one of confrontation between the neighbors.

The drainage basins of China's rivers differ in terms of extent and topography, offering varying opportunities for agricultural development. Because some of China's largest rivers have their source regions on the high Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and drop great distances over their middle and lower courses, China is rich in hydroelectric resources.

Words for 'River' in Chinese

Each of these rivers has special characteristics and associated problems at different locations along their courses.

Note that "he" and "jiang" are both translated into English as "river."

In English, there are of course many words that differentiate flowing water according to size and character â€" stream, brook, creek, river, just for a couple of examples.

In the Chinese language, similar differences are expressed but the common words usually translated into English as "river" can be further clarified somewhat.

"Jiang" is the most common descriptor for "river" in Chinese, signifying a stream that is often geologically young which cuts through a narrow valley. The middle and upper sections of the Chang Jiang resemble the unruly Colorado River

"He", on the other hand, is generally used for a river that is broad and geologically old. In this regard, much of the lower course of the Huang He is reminiscent of the sluggish Mississippi River.

It is thus redundant to say Huang He River or Chang Jiang River.

Huang He (Yellow River)

Huang He (Yellow River). China's second longest river, the 'Huang He' rises in Qinghai province and flows some 5464 km to the Yellow Sea.

Crystal clear lakes and sluggish meandering are characteristic in its upper reaches.

Along the Great Bend of the Huang He in its middle course, the unruly river carves its way through the loessial plateau with substantial erosion taking place.

As the river erodes the loess, it becomes a "river of mud" (Loessial soil is called 'huang tu' or "yellow earth" in Chinese and it is the color of this suspended loess in the river that has given the Huang He its name "Yellow River.")

Carrying 40% sediment by weight in summer (for other rivers in the world 3% would be considered a heavy sediment load), the river deposits vast amounts of alluvium as it courses across the North China Plain.

Over the centuries, deposition has raised the bed of the Huang He so that it is in some ways "suspended" precariously above the lower surrounding agricultural areas, contained by levees and embankments built to control what historically was "China's Sorrow" -the bringer of flood and famine.

Throughout the loessial uplands, some 40 million Chinese still live in cave-like or subterranean dwellings that are an especially appropriate response to the peculiar nature of loess and the absence of alternative building materials such as timber.

Upper Reaches of Huang He in Qinghai

Tawny Loessial Cliffs along Huang He in Gansu

Unruly Huang He at Hukou on the Shanxi / SHaanxi Border

Chariman Mao surveys the Lower Qinhai

Course Changes of the Huang He

The lower course of the Huang He has changed 26 times in China's history, most notably nine times including major floods in 1194 AD and again in 1853, that brought untold disaster to the villages and towns of the North China Plain. (See Map of Course Changes of the Huang He.) What was once a scourge that plagued the Chinese people throughout much of their history continues to be one of China's great natural challenges, preventing both flooding and drought in a region with more than 100 million people.

Siltation at the mouth of the Huang He extended the length of the river by about 35 km (20 miles) between 1975 and 1991.

The North China Plain is indeed a "gift" of the Huang He.

Role of the Chinese Emperor in â€œControlling the Floodsâ€ throughout History

As the guardian of the population's welfare, one of the important roles for the emperors of China throughout dynastic history was that of water control. Throughout history management of the empire's vast network of rivers, canals, and irrigation systems has been a fundamental task of China's rulers, while the threat of floods has been the greatest threat to economic and political stability.

A beautiful picture scroll, painted by an artist accompanying the Qianlong Emperor's first southern inspection tour of 1751 depicts the emperor looking over the confluence of the muddy, yellow waters of the Yellow (Huang) River and the clear waters of the Huai River, which was the critical point in the entire water control network of Southern China.

Chang Jian (Yangtze River)

Chang Jiang (Yangzi River). As China's "main street," this artery courses over 6300 km through several of China's most economically developed regions.

Excellent river ports - Shanghai, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Wuhan, Yichang, and Chongqing - are located near or along the Chang Jiang, making it one of the world's busiest inland waterways.

As much of 40% of the country's total grain production, 70% of the rice output, and more than 40% of China's population are associated with its vast basin that includes more than 3,000 tributaries.

The flow of the Chang Jiang is some 20 times greater than that of the Huang He. With its numerous tributaries, the Chang Jiang drains nearly 20% of China's total area. Its upper reaches tap the uplands of the Tibetan Plateau before sweeping across the enormous and agriculturally productive Sichuan Basin that supports nearly 10% of China's total population.

It is in the middle course of the Chang Jiang that the Chinese government constructed the controversial Three Gorges Dam.

Three Gorges Dam

The construction of the dam began in 1994 and was completed in 2006. It is a huge public works project - the largest dam in the world, rivaling the building not only of China's great historical projects such as the Grand Canal and Great Wall as well as modern projects elsewhere in the world.

The Three Gorges Dam project has been wrapped in environmental, engineering, and political controversy since its inception.

Increasing clean energy, controlling floods, and stimulating economic development are but a few of objectives of the dam.

Below the Three Gorges Dam are the great flood plains of the Chang Jiang as well as the major tributaries on its north and south banks. At the mouth of the river is the great and productive Yangzi delta and metropolitan Shanghai.

Prior to the dam's completion, the second worst flood of the past 130 years struck the Chang Jiang valley in summer 1998 and affected 240 million people, killing some 3656, and leaving 14 million homeless. The flood is estimated to have left 14 million people homeless, destroying 5 million houses, damaging 12 million houses, flooding 25 million hectares of farmland, and causing over US$20 billion in estimated damages.

With the completion of this project, disastrous floods were expected to be eliminated.

In June 2020, floodwater from reservoirs in the Yangtze river basin in China was discharged after excess rain at the onset of the monsoon. These measures were taken to regulate the flow of water after the excess rain pushed water levels in China's rivers and lakes to record levels, leading to floods that displaced millions within the Yangtze River basin itself.

Continuous adjustments were made by dam operators to the water outflow from the reservoirs at the time of flooding. Water level went up to a record 164.18 m in the Three Gorges Dam July 19, according to the Three Gorges Corporation that runs the dam. The previous high level was at 163.11 m, during the flood season, since the dam became fully operational in 2012.

The Yangtze - winding 6,300 kilometres through China - is Asia's longest river. The river, along with its network of lakes and tributaries, is used to generate power, control flooding and store water for drinking and irrigation. Floodwater was held or â€˜absorbedâ€™ by more than 2,297 reservoirs in the region â€" including one behind the Three Gorges Dam â€" this year. There are now tens of thousands of reservoirs in the region, with numerous dams across the river.

Satellite image of the Three Gorges Dam spilling water. Photo: NASA Earth Observatory / Joshua Stevens

Water flowed from the Three Gorges dam to the smaller Gezhouba Dam, 26 km southeast. Photo: NASA Earth Observatory / Joshua Stevens

The images above were captured using NASA's Operational Land Imager on its Landsat 8 satellite and are composites of shortwave infrared and natural color to distinguish the water.

The images were acquired during the first major flooding of the monsoon. A second wave of flooding, referred to as the 'No. 2 flood' by local media, hit the region in July.

Images acquired on June 30 revealed the spillway gates of the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam were open. Water was seen moving through the gates of the Three Gorges Dam 2,300 metres long and 185 m high to the smaller Gezhouba Dam, around 26 kilometres southeast. (The water around the spillway gates of the dam appears to be whiter because of the way downstream water reflects light.)

Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) Delta

Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) Delta. Situated in Guangdong province just to the north of Hong Kong and Macao, the delta of the Zhu Jiang is the most significant farming area in southeastern China.

Some regard it as one of the most productive and sustainable ecosystems in the world because of its integrated dike-rice paddy-fish pond agricultural system.

Between 1988 and 1995,Â land reclamationÂ along the banks of the river and along the coast added farm land and space for fish ponds as well as created space for rapidly expanding settlements.

Supplementing Geography

The Chinese attempted to correct perceived "deficiencies" in their physical geography by building massive civil engineering projects that would help bring about unity and provide defense as well as by countless smaller scale efforts at modifying their physical landscapes.

Great Wall

What is known today as the Great Wall (see map of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal) was reputedly first completed during the Qin (Ch'in) dynasty (221-206 BC) when segments of the wall existing from earlier periods were connected. Early walled ramparts were constructed of rammed or tamped earth.

The brick-faced walls seen today were built much later during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).

Although not a single continuous wall, the Great Wall and its associated military encampments and guard posts figured in attempts by many dynasties to manage the nomadic peoples, sometime referred to as "barbarians," who lived north of it on the grasslands or steppes. For the most part, the Great Wall should be viewed as a zone of transition rather than a fixed border between farming areas with sedentary villages and pasture lands with nomadic lifestyles.

Grand Canal

Since China's major rivers the Huang He and Chang Jiang flow from west to east and there is no natural communication north to south except by way of a coastal route, the Chinese dug the Grand Canal as a safe, inland water route between the two major rivers, in the process connecting a number of minor regional rivers.

Constructed around 605 AD to serve commercial as well as military considerations, the canal was extended several times, most notably to the Hangzhou in 610 and eventually in 1279 to Dadu (today, Beijing), the great Mongol (Yuan dynasty) capital.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties which followed the Mongol dynasty, the Grand Canal ensured that Beijing, the great successor imperial capitals to Dadu, had sufficient grain from the southern rice bowl areas.

The Grand Canal is the longest artificial waterway in the world and has a long history of barge traffic along its course.

Although many parts of it fell into disrepair over the years, today it is still possible to traverse the man-made Grand Canal from Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province northward 1801 km to Beijing.

Terracing and Irrigation

At least as significant as major engineering works like the Grand Canal and the Great Wall are the countless alterations of China's physical landscapes by centuries of human effort. These human modifications traditionally focused on terracing hill slopes and controlling water via irrigation as well as reclaiming marginal land. In managing natural resources and expanding opportunities for the production of food, the Chinese have reclaimed, even created, land that in many areas of the world would have been considered impossible to farm.

Creating level land through terracing of hill slopes

Throughout the rugged areas of northern and southern China, farmers over the centuries have sculpted the hilly land into step-like landscapes of terraces. Sometimes terraces are relatively natural features that need only be modified in order to produce level areas for planting, while in others extraordinary efforts must be carried out to move earth and rock, stabilize retaining walls, and create sluices for controlling the flow of water. Drainage control and water storage are as important as the level land itself.

Leveling the Taihang Mountains, Shanxi

Making Terraces, Dazhai Shanxi

Contoured Terraces, Wubao, Shaanxi

Managing water resources in order to reduce erosion and make water available for terraced rice production

Seen from the air, much of China glistens with countless water surfaces that have been created by human labor.

Jiange, Sichuan

Fenghuang, Hunan

Agriculture

The production of grain accounts for some 80-90% of all agricultural crops in China. Rice, wheat, corn, barley, and millet are the principal grain crops, each of which represents a particular adaptation to specific environmental conditions.

Wet Rice Agricultural Cycle

Briefly explained, wet rice agriculture is an intensive farming system in which dense populations and the intensive use of the earth are complementary.

Preparing the Fields: Plowing

Preparing the Fields: Harrowing

Rice Seedlings in the Seedbed

Transplanting the Rice Seedlings

Rice Ready to be Harvested

Harvesting the Rice

Drying the Rice

Winnowing the Rice & Preparing to Store It

Burning the Rice Plants & Preparing the Fields for Another Crop

Although some mechanization of the process of rice production has occurred over the centuries, the production of paddy rice continues to involve the intensive use of human labor even to the degree that there sometimes is insufficient labor available for a particular activity. TheÂ student reading on wet rice agricultureÂ describes the relationship between the rice cycle and Chinese family patterns.

Wet rice agriculture is labor-intensive, meaning that many people are required to do the job (as in the cultivation of silk worms and tea).

Labor is particularly important when the fields are prepared, seedlings transplanted, and again when the rice is harvested. At these times, increasing the number of people working can significantly increase the amount each field can produce. In some areas a farmer can increase productivity by double or triple cropping (2 or 3 crops of rice) each year, a technique that requires even greater concentrations of labor because the harvesting of one crop and the transplanting of the next crop occur virtually simultaneously.

At other times during the winter or while the rice is maturing, the demand for labor is greatly diminished. Traditionally, Chinese farmers, with their families as their labor force, put everyone to work in the field when labor was needed. During slack periods women and younger children could do other work for the family, including handicraft production.

Traditional agricultural methods and population growth are thus closely related

As the amount produced increased, population increased.

As population increased, the added labor led to increased production.

The more workers available to help in the field the more rice one field could produce, so it was to a family's advantage to have many sons (since daughters married out of the family, they generally were not considered assets).

High infant mortality and the reliance of aged parents on their children for support reinforced the ideal of the large family.

At the same time, the larger the family, the more rice the farm had to produce in order to feed them.

Consequently, the best chance a Chinese farmer had to improve his life was to have a large family, intensify the family effort to cultivate rice, then use whatever extra income they were able to produce to buy more land until he owned just as much land as the whole family, working together, could farm at maximum productivity.

In some cases, even more land might be purchased for rental to tenants.

Questions for Discussion

Maps

1. Using the points of the compass, north, south, east, and west, where does China have land borders? Sea borders?

2. Is China's terrain varied in terms of lowland, mountains, river systems, desert land, and sea coast?

3. Where do you think the earliest inhabitants of China would be likely to settle? Why?

4. Can you tell what are the most populated areas of China today?

5. In which continent is China? And what is Eurasia?

6. With how many countries does China have a common border?

7. Using the outline map of China, can you draw in:
(a) China's rivers?
(b) China's mountains and deserts?
(c)China's most important cities?
(d) a blue line indicating China's sea coast?

8. Water and rivers have always been very important in Chinese history. Can you tell why?

9. What part of China would be best for
(a) traveling by camel?
(b) mountain climbing?
(c) finding high pasture lands?

10. What part of China would be best for
(a) plowing fields for crops?
(b) growing rice?

11. Looking at your map, where do you think most people would be likely to live? In the west of the China? The east? Why?

12. What can you tell about a river that changes its course as the Huang He (Yellow River) has over the centuries? What sort of terrain would allow a river to change its course?

13. Has China's size changed over time? When was it smallest? When was it biggest? What is it like today?

Population

1. Is China the most populous nation in the world? What is the 2nd most populous?

2. Where is China's most arable land?

3. What areas of China are most populated? Is this related to arable land? Why?

4. Which country has the larger land area, China or the United States?

5. How do the most populated areas of China and of the United States differ?

Borders

1. Have China's historical borders changed over time? If yes, how?

2. Where were the earliest civilizations in China located? Why do you think people chose to settle in these places?

3. What geographical features can be found on China's borders

4. Is it easy to travel across China's borders in terms of the terrain?

5. Why is China the core of East Asia?

6. What countries in East Asia were particularly influenced by China? Why do you think some others were not?

Regions

1. What is the difference between the western and eastern regions of China?

2. Why is interregional trade important in China?

3. Do the differences between the regions create problems for China?

Political Divisions

1. How many provinces are there in China?

2. What cities have provincial-level status in China?

3. How many autonomous regions are there in China?

4. What is a 'Special Administrative Region' (SAR)?

Geographical Features

1. Why was China's early civilization relatively isolated from other early civilizations?

2. When we say â€œrelativelyâ€ isolated, what does that suggest? Were there ways in which it was not isolated? Can you give examples?

3. What sort of terrain did the eventual route follow between early China and other civilizations?

4. What are China's two major rivers?

5. Why is the Huang He called a "yellow" river?
a) Why is this river called "China's Sorrow"?
b) What is loess? How is it useful for human habitation?

6. Chang Jiang (Yangzi River) referred to as China's "main street"?
a) In what part of China are the upper reaches of this river?
b) Why did the Chinese government build a dam in the area called "The Three Gorges"?

7. What kind of land surrounds the Zhu Jiang (Pearl River)
a) What is grown in this river's ecosystem?

8. Research questions China's rivers:
a) If you wanted to travel in China with a row boat, which river would you choose to go on an why?
b) Could you travel by boat from one river to another without going into the open sea or carrying the boat across land? Which parts of China would you see if you did this?

Supplementing Geography

The Great Wall

1. Why would the Chinese want to build the Great Wall?

2. Why build it where they instead of somewhere else?

3. When were the first segments of the Great Wall begun?

4. What is the Great Wall built out of?

5. Did it serve its purpose?

The Grand Canal

1. Why would the Chinese build canals?

2. Why build them where they did?

3. What was the purpose of the Grand Canal?

4. When was the original canal built?

5. Can it still be used today?

6. How do you think the Great Wall and the Grand Canal were built? ? By hand? By machine?

7. How many people do you think it would take to build a mile of the Great Wall or the Grand Canal?

8. How fast could this mile be built?

9. How would you get the people to work on such projects?

Terracing and Irrigation

1. Why do people build terraces on hill slopes?

2. How is water managed on terraced hill slopes??

Agriculture

1. What crops do the Chinese grow?

2. What is meant by "wet rice cycle"?

3. Is there a relationship between the traditional methods used in the wet rice cycle and the size of the population in China? Can you explain it?

Research project: Plan a Trip to China

Plan a trip in China so that you can travel by boat, by train, by car, by foot, and by camel.

Decide which parts of China would be best for each mode of transport. Imagine what you eat in the different regions you travel through.

If you needed to talk with the local inhabitants, how many languages would you need to know?

Would you need different clothes in different regions so as not to be too hot or too cold?

If you stayed in the homes of the local inhabitants, how would these homes be constructed?

The consultant for this unit was Professor Ronald G. Knapp, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at SUNY New Paltz where he taught in the Department of Geography from 1968-2001, was Chairman from 1995-2001,and was a member of the Asian Studies Program. Professor Knapp is a geographer who specializes on China. He is author of numerous books, including Chinese Houses: The Architectural Heritage of a Nation with glorious color photos of houses. Floor plans of homes display the organization of various historical homes in China, including the childhood homes of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Asia for Educators | Columbia University

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The consultant for this unit was Professor Ronald G. Knapp, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at SUNY New Paltz ...see more. These maps are discussed in the sections below. Note that some of the outline maps included below are designed to be used as transparencies that can be overlaid on an overhead projector to demonstrate the diversity of China's physical and cultural geography.

# data[].attributes.body
Video song overview of WW1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
History of World War 1 (in One Take) | History Bombs

# data[].attributes.body
Quiz game where students use their phones
https://kahoot.it/#/

# data[].attributes.body
Global Oneness Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Global Oneness Project collection features films, photo essays, and accompanying lesson plans which explore cultural, social, and environmental issues with a humanistic lens. These multimedia stories explore the world through real life experiences and provide students with an authentic approach to global learning.

# data[].attributes.body
Great list of bellringer activities!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Free video-based materials for social studies teachers

# data[].attributes.body
Digitized historic photos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Much of the scanning at the Georgia Archives is impromptu. A document may be digitized to fulfill a customer order, before being placed on exhibit, or for a class presentation, for example. We have gathered these random images together, called them the "ad hoc" collection, and make them available to you here.

# data[].attributes.body
Blog for educators focused on social justice in education - this link is to social justice resources but the entire blog is a great resource.

www.cultofpedagogy.com/social-justice-resources/

# data[].attributes.body
If you're struggling with a lesson plan this is an option to find something that you can incorporate into your classroom

# data[].attributes.headline
New York Public Library Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.subject
New York Public Library Digital Collections

# data[].attributes.body
Digitized images and documents

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore 866,767 items digitized from The New York Public Library's collections.

This site is a living database with new materials added every day, featuring prints, photographs, maps, manuscripts, streaming video, and more.

Our collections include some content that may be harmful or difficult to view. Learn more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore hundreds of thousands of digital items from The New York Public Library.

# data[].attributes.body
U.S History & World History
Great Videos and good connections to present day. Students really enjoy they articles from this website also.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era.

# data[].attributes.headline
(U.S. History) Historical Scene Investigation

# data[].attributes.subject
(U.S. History) Historical Scene Investigation

# data[].attributes.body
This is a fun activity where students will look at primary documents and determine the outcome. There are a few scenarios that you can choose from.

# data[].attributes.body
Great podcast series on American history--interesting.

# data[].attributes.body
Educational lessons worth sharing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
TED-Ed celebrates the ideas of teachers and students around the world. Discover hundreds of animated lessons, create customized lessons, and share your big ideas.

# data[].attributes.body
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/stuff-you-missed-in-history-class/id283605519?mt=2&ign-mpt=uo%3D4

# data[].attributes.body
Content in hip hop format!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Educational Hip-Hop Songs & Videos for All Subjects, K-12

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Flocabulary is a library of songs, videos and activities for K-12 online learning. Hundreds of thousands of teachers use Flocabulary’s educational raps and teaching lesson plans to supplement their instruction and engage students. Our team of artists and educators is not only committed to raising test scores, but also to fostering a love of learning in every child.

# data[].attributes.body
This website allows you to create a game, Facebook account, and many more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Russel Tarr, International School of Toulouse

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ClassTools.net: Create your own interactive learning resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dozens of templates, quiz generators and learning tools for use in the classroom

# data[].attributes.body
Postcards and photos of lynching from Jim Crow era - graphic but powerful, and very useful for US history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Clio Visualizing History: Exploring Visual History with One-of-a-Kind Online History Exhibits

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Clio Visualizing History explores the unique role visual images play in American history through online visual history exhibits.

# data[].attributes.body
Provides a variety of resources for K-12 social studies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Teachinghistory.org is designed to help K-12 history teachers access resources and materials to improve U.S. history education in the classroom. With funding from the U.S. Department of Education, the Center for History and New Media (CHNM) has created Teachinghistory.org with the goal of making history content, teaching strategies, resources, and research accessible.

# data[].attributes.body
Discovery Education: Has videos on all different topics and subjects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Verifying direct content navigation | Discovery Education

# data[].attributes.body
Extensive list of historical US maps.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
United States Historical Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"Lewis and Clark Expedition Historical Map" [poster] National Imagery and Mapping Agency, ca. 2003. Facsimile of "Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean: by order of the executive of the United States in 1804, 5 & 6, copied by Samuel Lewis from the original drawing of Wm.

# data[].attributes.body
Interactive Lesson on Global Trade

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

Media

If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.

Text

Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service.

Interactives

Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

# data[].attributes.body
Videos that cover wide array of Social Studies Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
TED-Ed lessons on the subject History. TED-Ed celebrates the ideas of teachers and students around the world. Discover hundreds of animated lessons, create customized lessons, and share your big ideas.

# data[].attributes.body
Website with information for students and teachers about Harkness (student-led) discussion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Harkness is a type of learning where students operate in a round table discussion format and they discuss each topic with one another based largely on their own questions.
Information for Students
Click on the link above if you're a student trying to understand how Harkness Discussion works, how it's graded, or how you and your group can have better discussions.
Information for Teachers
This link above is for teachers curious to find resources pertaining to this teaching philosophy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Harkness is a type of learning where students operate in a round table discussion format and they discuss each topic with one another based largely on their own questions. Information for Students Click on the link above if you're a student trying to understand how Harkness Discussion works, how it's graded, or how you and your group can...

# data[].attributes.body
View world maps and facts quickly on your iPad.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots and learn more about Atlas for iPad Free. Download Atlas for iPad Free and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch.

# data[].attributes.body
Students can create a visual to help them understand any topic.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
easel.ly | create and share visual ideas using infographics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Easel.ly is a simple web tool that empowers anyone to create and share powerful visuals (infographics, posters)... no design experience needed! We provide the canvas, you provide the creativity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
These lesson plans are designed to assist teachers with using primary source materials to integrate Congress into history, government and civics classes. They are suitable for junior high and high school students.

Fundamental Principles of Government

Congress in History

The Constitution through the Civil War (1789 - 1864)

Reconstruction through the Great Depression (1864 - 1933)

The New Deal to Today (1933 - Present)

How Congress Works

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
These lesson plans are designed to assist teachers with using primary source materials to integrate Congress into history, government and civics classes. They are suitable for junior high and high school students. Fundamental Principles of Government Teaching Six Big Ideas in the Constitution Students engage in a study of the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
Students can create mind maps

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Benefits of Bubbl.us mind maps over text:

Superior clarity of structured information

Whether it's a family tree, a decision flow map, or an algorithm, mind maps have a huge advantage in presenting complexity clearly and concisely.

Better retention of complex ideas.

Visualizing complex ideas in shapes, lines, and pictures leads to much better recollection later than simple text.

Creative collaboration with others.

Visual brainstorming with a team can dramatically improve the quality of the final product because of diversity of perspectives and experiences.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bubbl.us - Create Mind Maps | Collaborate and Present Ideas

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mind map and brainstorm online with Bubbl.us! Create colorful mind maps to print or share with others. Millions of people are using Bubbl.us worldwide to generate ideas, map out processes and create presentations.

# data[].attributes.body
Rap video about Martin Luther's 95 Theses that is *actually good* and really cool for World History!

# data[].attributes.body
Welcome to the Moodle community and discover the value of an open, collaborative effort by one of the largest open-source teams in the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Great for American Government or US History, Econ.

# data[].attributes.body
The World Peace Game is a hands-on political simulation that gives players the opportunity to explore the connectedness of the global community through the lens of the economic, social, and environmental crises and the imminent threat of war. The goal of the game is to extricate each country from dangerous circumstances and achieve global prosperity with the least amount of military intervention. As “nation teams,” students will gain greater understanding of the critical impact of information and how it is used.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Tables and chairs made up a circle in the Murray High School gym. Thirty-two children sat, staring at each other, toes tapping, knees fidgeting. "Negotiations may begin now," a voice said, as a bell began to ring.

The World Peace Game Foundation works internationally to train educators in the World Peace Game (WPG) and its core teaching principles. Educators who complete master class training with John Hunter are certified by the Foundation as WPG Facilitators. Currently, the...

Eleven-year-old Robin Hess, a World Peace Game participant and Montessori student, was recently interviewed by Montessori Life about her experience with WPG.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World Peace Game Foundation | Teaching Children the Work of Peace

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tables and chairs made up a circle in the Murray High School gym. Thirty-two children sat, staring at each other, toes tapping, knees fidgeting. "Negotiations may begin now," a voice said, as a bell began to ring. The World Peace Game Foundation works internationally to train educators in the World Peace Game (WPG) and its core teaching principles.

# data[].attributes.body
This provides a FREE registration that provides lesson plans, primary source documents, etc. Great for U.S. History and American Government.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Introducing a modern take on the traditional textbook.

Completely free

Written for teachers by teachers

Focused on primary sources

All materials meet standards

Search by topic

Accessible everywhere

A comprehensive digital course on History, Government & Economics

Easily search for primary-source focused resources that fit seamlessly into your teaching plans.

Sign up for a free account and receive:

1. Access to an extensive library.

Teachers can access student readings along with corresponding teacher materials including classroom activities, presentations, and assessments.

2. Resources created by fellow teachers.

Teachers understand what's needed to properly teach content in the classroom better than anyone else. That's why all of our course content is written by teachers.

3. Materials that meet standards.

All materials highlight primary sources and meet state standards.

High-quality, interactive content available across all devices.

Course material is available everywhere from your laptop to your cell phone, from the computer lab to your couch.

Course materials easily adapt to your teaching situation.

Devices are available in the classroom.

Students can complete readings and work on corresponding activities in class or a computer lab.

Students have devices at home.

Students can complete readings for homework. Activities can be completed in class.

No devices are available.

Print off materials and provide them for students to use in the classroom or at home.

An engaging interface provides a better experience for students.

Bring History to Life.

Readings include engaging images and videos that provide a more interesting way for students to interact with historical content.

Test Your Knowledge.

At the end of each reading, students are presented with a series of relevant multiple choice questions which provide the opportunity for students to test their understanding of the reading content and receive immediate feedback.

Adjust the Size and Style of the Text.

Students can easily adjust the display of the text and choose the style and size that works best for their individual preferences and learning needs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Completely free Written for teachers by teachers Focused on primary sources All materials meet standards Search by topic Accessible everywhere Easily search for primary-source focused resources that fit seamlessly into your teaching plans. Sign up for a free account and receive: Access to an extensive library.

# data[].attributes.body
Podcast by the Smithsonian Institute

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
More than 157 million treasures fill the Smithsonian's vaults, but where public view ends, Sidedoorbegins. With the help of biologists, artists, historians, archaeologists, zookeepers, and astrophysicists, host Lizzie Peabody sneaks listeners through Smithsonian's side door to search for stories that can't be found anywhere else. Follow us at @SidedoorPod for updates and bonus content.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sidedoor: A Podcast from the Smithsonian | Smithsonian Institution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Smithsonian podcast presenting stories that can't be found anywhere else.

# data[].attributes.body
Students can create political cartoons or just regular cartoons

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Toondoo.com and Toondoospaces.com have been shut down permanently, effective immediately.

# data[].attributes.body
mind maps, graphic organizers, etc. for visual learners

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/whatis_online.html

Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum. Videos, Lesson Plans, Interactives.

# data[].attributes.body
The blog provides many free technology for teachers to utilize in their classroom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Free Technology For Teachers – A TeacherMeade site

# data[].attributes.body
student interactives and lessons that help bring reading and writing into the S.S. classroom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Not your everyday calendar, here you can find important events in literary history, authors' birthdays, and a variety of holidays, all with related activities and resources that make them more relevant to students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Not your everyday calendar, here you can find important events in literary history, authors' birthdays, and a variety of holidays, all with related activities and resources that make them more relevant to students.

# data[].attributes.body
Site has lots of useful info for 8th grade Georgia studies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For Educators

The Georgia Historical Society believes an important way we fulfill our mission to collect, examine, and teach Georgia history is by providing quality resources and lesson plans for educators. While Georgia Historical Society creates Georgia Studies resources for educators teaching students of all ages, GHS has several resources that are well suited for eighth grade Georgia Studies. Browse the pages below to find resources designed with 21st-century educators in mind. Click here to subscribe to our monthly education newsletter and read past editions. Click here to download our educator resources brochure.

The Georgia History Festival is the signature K-12 educational program of the Georgia Historical Society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Georgia Historical Society believes an important way we fulfill our mission to collect, examine, and teach Georgia history is by providing quality resources and lesson plans for educators. While Georgia Historical Society creates Georgia Studies resources for educators teaching students of all ages, GHS has several resources that are well suited for eighth grade Georgia Studies.

# data[].attributes.headline
Cherokee Nation - News and Resources from the Native/Indigenous perspective

# data[].attributes.subject
Cherokee Nation - News and Resources from the Native/Indigenous perspective

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Over 31,000 elders applied for Respond, Recover and Rebuild Elder Assistance. A $400 check will be mailed to elders directly, starting this week. For those elders in the reservation, a $1,200 payment will be made soon directly to utility companies. Questions: elders@cherokee.org

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cherokee Nation Home::Cherokee Nation Website

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Over 31,000 elders applied for Respond, Recover and Rebuild Elder Assistance. A $400 check will be mailed to elders directly, starting this week. For those elders in the reservation, a $1,200 payment will be made soon directly to utility companies. Questions: elders@cherokee.org

# data[].attributes.body
Basic conceptual knowledge for Economics lessons.

# data[].attributes.body
Online Voice Recorder Website. Students can record audio and submit speeches/presentations online on mediums like this website i.e. Padlet. Shy students tend to come out of their shell through this usage!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Vocaroo is a quick and easy way to share voice messages over the interwebs.

# data[].attributes.body
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/15-minute-history/id574907639?mt=2&ign-mpt=uo%3D4

# data[].attributes.body
10 minuets of commercial free news for students in Middle School and High School. Up to date information about current events around the world. Transcripts and questions available on website to teachers. New programs 5 days a week August through June.
http://www.cnn.com/cnn10

# data[].attributes.body
Georgia Public Broadcasting educational resources and videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn why sweet challenges mean a bitter end for one baker as the six battle for a spot in the quarter final. Monday, July 24 at 10 PM

# data[].attributes.body
Primary docs relating to the Protestant Reformation for World History.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Project Wittenberg
Soli Deo Gloria...
Welcome to Project Wittenberg!
Project Wittenberg is home to works by and about Martin Luther and other Lutherans. Here you will find all manner of texts from short quotations to commentaries, hymns to statements of faith, theological treatises to biographies, and links to other places where words and images from the history of Lutheranism live.
Project Wittenberg is the first step towards an international electronic library of Lutheranism. Project Wittenberg documents are available in several places on the internet. This site mirrors texts from Project Wittenberg's official website, www.ProjectWittenberg.org. For the latest versions of our texts, many of which are still being assembled and refined, drop in at Project Wittenberg's Electronic Lutheran Web.

More About Project Wittenberg

Reverend Bob Smith
Walther Library
Concordia Theological Seminary

II. SELECTED WORKS OF MARTIN LUTHER, 1483 - 1546

III. SELECTED HISTORIC WORKS FROM OTHERS:

Jakob Andreae (1528-1590)

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

Johann Wilhalm Baier (1647-1695)

Gerhard Friedrich Bente (1858-1930)

Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558)

Bugenhagen was one of the great figures of the first generation of the Lutheran reformation. Pastor of the town church in Wittenberg, he was Luther's confessor, one of the first Lutheran pastors to marry, married Luther, reorganized and brought the Lutheran tradition to: Hamburg, Brunswick, Luebeck, Lower Saxony, Minden, Osnabrueck, Goettingen, Soest, Bremen, Pomerania, Denmark and other places. He declined three Bishoprics and was appointed general superintendant of Saxony. This sermon is the official sermon at Luther's funeral. He is called the father of Lutheran Education.
A Christian Sermon Over the Body and At the Funeral of the Venerable Dr. Martin Luther, Preached by Mr. Johann Bugenhagen Pomeranus (1546)

Martin Chemnitz (1522-1586)

Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676)

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560)

Carl Ferdinand Walther (1811-1887)

Friedrich Conrad Dietrich Wyneken (1810-1876)

IV. HYMNALS
Additions to this section will begin with the Handbook of the Lutheran Hymnal.

[Turn to our online hymnal]

Following are more complete versions of

V. THE BOOK OF CONCORD (1580)

VI. RESEARCH REVIEWS

VII. THE LUTHERAN CHURCH - MISSOURI SYNOD

VIII. SERMON NOTES ON THE RUSSIAN GOSPELS, DR. HAROLD BULS (1920-1997)

IX. WITTENBERG DISCUSSION LISTS:

X. MEET REVEREND BOB SMITH . . .

XI. Additional LCMS Locations:

From Concordia University, River Forest, both of the following pages provide connections to Lutheran news services, Lutheran forums, LCMS congregations, Lutheran oriented ministries, and services and information.

XII. Project Wittenberg Mirror Sites:

XIII. Style Guides:

XIV. More Resources On Line:
The sites below include the Lutheran Electronic Archve at Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne (formerly the Project Wittenberg Gopher site), the Project Wittenberg FTP archive at ICLnet, and additional sites that we think you will find to be edifying.

Electronic Lutheran Web, Project Wittenberg FTP
the luther project: devoted to interactive annotative study of the writing of Martin Luther, by Gary Mann, Augustana College, a past contributor toProject Wittenberg.
The Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals includes a number of articles on C.F.W. Walther.
Bibliothèque en-ligne d'oeuvres de théologie luthériennes, www.egliselutherienne.org
The Concordia Historical Institute. CHI is the Archives of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod. One of the first modern church body archives, it is also one of the largest. It's collection covers not only the LCMS, but all of Lutheranism. the Institute has remained strong supporters of Project Wittenberg from the beginnings of our initiative.
Readings in Martin Luther, is a part of Professor Lyman Baker'ssuggested reading forThe Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, Introduction to Western Humanities-- Baroque & Enlightment, at Kansas State University.
The Theology Website makes a number of Luther files available at its Electronic Text Index. Abrief biographical sketch of Martin Luther is also made available.
H-German (History-Net) at the University of Illinois, Chicago.
ALEX Database at Oxford University

[Project Wittenberg] * [Suggestion Box] * [Christian Literature]

Reverend Bob Smith
smithre@mail.ctsfw.edu
Ft. Wayne, Indiana
Project Wittenberg and ICLnet , Reverend Bob Smith, Project Coordinator. Document revised, 2004:Aug.26

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Project Wittenberg is an electronic text initiative which converts to electronic form the writings of Martin Luther and Other Lutherans. This page is Wittenberg's home page and thus a catalog of the texts available. Most of these documents are in the public domain and may be freely distributed.

# data[].attributes.body
Historical documents, images, and videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Links to full text books, pamphlets, newspapers and historical documents on the World Wide Web
Contents: Methodology:

The Costs of Digital Imaging
This article, by NARA staff member Steve Puglia, appeared in the October 15, 1999 issue ofRLG DigiNews. Links to several recent reports on the costs of digitization are provided by the author.

Digital Preservation
The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program, or Digital Preservation Program for short, addresses questions being raised about the preservation and accessibility of electronic media.

Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
Commissioned by the National Research Council and made available by the National Academy Press.

Getting the Picture: Observations from the Library of Congress on Providing Online Access to Pictorial Images
This article, by Caroline R. Arms, was originally published in Library Trends, vol. 48, no. 2, Fall 1999, pp. 379-409.

Guidelines for Digital Imaging
A paper presented by Paul Ayris, Director of Library Services at University College London, at the Joint Research Libraries Group (US) and National Preservation Office (UK) Conference.

Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial
From the Cornell University Library Department of Preservation and Conservation, a comprehensive tutorial on digitizing and preserving documents.

Preservation Management of Digital Materials
Preservation Management of Digital Materials, published by the UK's Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), provides in-depth coverage of the procedures and issues encountered in the course of creating and storing digital documents.

Selecting Research Collections for Digitization
By Dan Hazen, Jeffrey Horrell, and Jan Merrill-Oldham for the Council on Library and Information Resources

Selection Criteria for Preservation Digital Reformatting
From the Preservation Reformatting Division at the Library of Congress, this site provides guidelines for selection criteria for digital reformatting.

Selection Guidelines for Preservation
A paper by Janet Gertz, Director of Preservation at Columbia University, for the Joint RLG and NPO Preservation Conference.

The State of Digital Preservation: An international perspective
This collection of conference proceedings was published by the Council on Library and Information Resources, July 2002.

University of California Selection Criteria for Digitization
A list of criteria recommended to guide collection development librarians and preservation librarians in selecting collections of analog materials for conversion to digital format.

What is an RMA?
This NHPRC grant project is developing records management application (RMA) software to help users file and manage electronic records.

Why the Archives introduced digitisation on demand
This article in the RLG Diginews, 6:4 (August 15, 2002), focuses on the National Archives of Australia and its digitisation on demand program.

Digital Collections:
The Avalon Project
(Yale Law School)
Documents relevant to the fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics, Diplomacy and Government.

A Chronology of US Historical Documents
(University of Oklahoma Law Center)
A small select list including laws, treaties, constitutions and charters, inaugural addresses and other speeches, a collection of early American newspapers and historical U.S. Flags.

AMDOCS: Documents for the Study of American History
(Maintained at the University of Kansas)
Selected documents from the Fifteenth to the Twentieth Century.

Foreign Relations of the United States: Electronic Facsimile
(University of Wisconsin-Madison)
Search or browse through selected issues of the FRUS volumes. UWM continually adds volumes to the database.

Historical Text Archive
Although it is not a comprehensive database of all important American documents, it is certainly one of the most useful general history sites available. Most materials are original historical texts and online secondary source research materials.

Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States
(Maintained by the Bartleby Library, Columbia University)

Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library
(Library of Congress)
Documents from the Robert Todd Lincoln Family Papers kept in the Manuscript Division, and the Alfred Whital Stern Collection I the Rare Book and Special Collections Division.

The Making of America
University of Michigan Site
Cornell University Site
(A collaborative project of the University of Michigan and Cornell University to select and scan approximately 8,500 primary materials with imprints between 1850 - 1877 at the Michigan and Cornell libraries documenting American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.)

Subject-oriented Virtual Collections:

African American History: Digital Library
This site links black history information in libraries across the country. Subjects range from personal papers and manuscripts to sheet music to transcripts of speeches.

African-Americans- Biography, Autobiography, and History
This web site, hosted by the Avalon Project at Yale Law School, makes accessible a number of full-text books by notable Black authors including Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and Martin Luther King Jr.

Censored: Wielding the Red Pen
The most recent online exhibit at the Special Collections Digital Center at the University of Virginia Library focuses on "books, films, music, and works of art [that] have been suppressed, altered, expurgated, bleeped, blackened, cut, burned, or bowdlerized."

The Cold War: Digital Library
Online documents relating to the Cold War.

Documenting the American South
This collection of sources on Southern history, literature, and culture from the colonial period through the early part of the 20th century is sponsored by the University of North Carolina's Academic Affairs Library.

Documents in the News
(University of Michigan)
Includes a cumulative index of documents in the news from 1995-2003. This site identifies issues about government making news headlines and web sources with additional information.

Indian Affairs: Laws & Treaties
Oklahoma State University Library's Digitization Project was praised by the Scout Report as "an excellent project and a superb example of the utility and potential of free electronic reference information." This seven-volume edition, covering the years 1778-1970, is edited by Charles Kappler, and makes the legal text of all treaties between the U.S. Government and the Indian nations easily accessible.

Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library
(Library of Congress)

Recent Reports Arranged by Title
(The United States General Accounting Office)

Social Science Virtual Library
(Gene R. Thursby, University of Florida)

Thomas Jefferson Digital Archives
From the Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia, this site features over 1700 items, including some color manuscript images. It also covers online resources for Jefferson's life, writings, and legacy.

Trails to Utah and the Pacific: Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869
This Library of Congress site incorporates 49 diaries of pioneers trekking westward across America. The source materials are drawn from the collections of Brigham Young University, members of the Utah Academic Libraries Consortium, and other archival institutions in Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.

Up from Slavery: An Autobiography of Booker T. Washington
The founder of Tuskegee Institute's autobiography is available online.

Virtual Law Library
(Indiana University School of Law Library and the World Wide Web Virtual Library)

Virtual Library: Russian Battlefield, 1920-1945

World War I: Digital Library

WWW Virtual Library on Knowledge Management

The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Naval and Maritime
(U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Online Community)
E-Book Collections (Full-text):
Alex Catalog of E-Texts
(University of California, Berkeley)
A full-text collection of digital documents collected in the subject areas of English literature, American literature, and Western philosophy.

BookWire Index to Online Publishers
Annotated index of publishers of electronic books.

Electronic Text Collection
(University of Virginia)
Choose "Collections" link on left-hand side, and then browse through books in 15 languages.

The Internet's Coming of Age
This timely new book from the National Academy Press explains basic design choices that underlie the Internet's success, identifies key trends in the evolution of the Internet, evaluates current and prospective technical, operational, and management challenges, and explores the resulting implications for decision makers.

Online Texts Collection
(Internet Public Library)
This site contains over 13,000 titles that can be browsed by author, by title, or by Dewey Decimal Classification.

Open Directory E-Books

Online Books Page
(University of Pennsylvania)
Over 11,000 listings for online books.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Links to full text books, pamphlets, newspapers and historical documents on the World Wide Web Contents: Methodology: The Costs of Digital Imaging This article, by NARA staff member Steve Puglia, appeared in the October 15, 1999 issue ofRLG DigiNews . Links to several recent reports on the costs of digitization are provided by the author.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Smithsonian Education - Lesson Plans - History and Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The central education website of the Smithsonian Institution. Educational information, activities and resources for educators, families, and students. Educational materials emphasize inquiry based learning with primary sources and museum collections.

# data[].attributes.body
Info related to the #NoDAPL movement - US History, American Government.