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Historical Background:
Heifetz is known for his work during the past three decades on the practice and teaching of leadership, his research focuses on how to build adaptive capacity in societies, businesses, and nonprofits.
Heifetz works extensively with leaders in government, nonprofits, and business. His consultations with individuals, executive committees and leadership teams focus on the work of leaders in generating and sustaining adaptive change across political boundaries, operating units, product divisions, and functions in politics, government agencies and international businesses.
Ideas:
According to Heifetz, leaders are confronted with two types of problems: technical problems, which can be solved by expertise and good management, and "adaptive" problems, such as poverty, drug abuse, and racial tensions, which require innovation and learning.
Quotes:
“Your behavior reflects your actual purposes.”

“Worry not that your child listens to you; worry most that they watch you.”

“If you find what you do each day seems to have no link to any higher purpose, you probably want to rethink what you're doing.”

“Yesterday's adaptations are today's routines.”

“Exercising adaptive leadership is about giving meaning to your life beyond your own ambition.”

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Historical Background:
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist, born in 1864, in Erfurt, Prussia (now Germany). Weber’s father was greatly involved in public life and so his home was constantly immersed in both politics and academia, which Weber thrived in. In 1903, Weber became the associate editor of the Archives for Social Science and Social Welfare where his interests lied in more fundamental issues of social sciences.
Ideas:
Weber differed marginally from Karl Marx when he defined a class as a category of men who (1) have in common a specific causal component of their life chances so far  (2) Components are represented exclusively economicinterests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and (3) it is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor market.
Quotes:
"Politics is a strong and slow boring of hard boards".

"All knowledge of cultural reality, as may be seen, is always knowledge from particular points of view".

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                                Xi Jingping

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                                Xi Jingping

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Machiavelli - General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jingping explores many of the political theorists studied on this padlet. Xi Jingping is leader of one of the worlds most powerful countries, and is not only feared amongst his citizens, but also at a global scale. Xi Jingping plays a game of chess three moves ahead, and is "patient, but not weak".
Xi Jingping isn't overly virtuous, yet has set up aid organisations to help many Polynesian nations as well as south-eastern Asian nations, for in return some sort of political gain/influence. Finally, in regards to Machiavelli's view of "strong, but not dictatorial" remains up to be debated, as the Chinese government can be viewed as dictatorial in many respects.

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Historical Background:

Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher Born approximately around 428/427. Plato was one of the most influential Classical Greek philosophers. Plato was taught by Socrates and was the teacher and mentor of Aristotle. This placed him in the middle of the extremely formative years of western ideologies that we still adhere to today. It is thought that another large reason for his influence is that unlike many other philosophical contemporaries of the time, almost all of his work has been preserved.

Ideas:

Opposing the belief of Socrates, (Plato’s teacher), who believed that for a human being to have a ‘good life’, they must obtain a not just a certain level of knowledge, which Socrates proposed was the only way to judge a good life, but that one must also display habituation to healthy emotional responses, promoting harmony between the three parts of the “soul” as Plato called them (reason, spirit and appetite)

Quotes:

“Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something”. -  Speak for a purpose, not merely for the sake of talking.

“You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation.” -  Basically saying actions speak louder than words.

“One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors”. - Refusing to participate in political debate is ultimately at your own peril, as you will end up being governed by someone who you think as inferior to you.

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Some Background/Key Ideas
Niccolo Machiavelli was a political adviser, born in 1469, in Florence (back then a city-state), Italy.
Machiavelli is famed for publishing a book/manuscript/letter on the virtues of being a ruler, and how to maintain governance.
Machiavelli is nowadays seen as deceitful and being duplicitous. His works collide with the western-christian morals in the sense of being nice and merciful whenever possible. Machiavelli famously writes that "it is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both." These ideas that defied core Christian values led to "The Prince"  to be banned for 200 years by the Vatican.
Some Historical Background
Machiavelli was born in Florence , located halfway between Rome and Milan, in Italy's north. In Machiavelli's time, Florence was a city-state, ruled by the Casa de'Medici family, whom had built their wealth through banking and their power through their wealth. Florence had a legislative council, although the de'Medici family pulled lots of strings and were considered the 'de facto'  rulers of the city. Machiavelli was born in 1469, and witnessed the de'Medici family being forced into exile after the invading French army were granted access through the city-state on their way to conquer Naples. The then head of the Casa de'Medici (House of Medici) Piero (also known as Piero The Unfortunate) was forced to agree to all of the invading French's demands. All the Florentian Elite had abandoned Piero and supported a Dominican priest whom had preached against the de'Medici family. The de'Medici's fled and the priest (Girolamo Savonarola)assumed power. Savonarola became despised by his citizens and was executed in 1498 for what Machiavelli hints at as being too virtuous and succumbing to being too nice, to which Machiavelli suggests only limits those in power and in life. Machiavelli became a leading minister in the government of Piero Soderini, whom was the ruler following Savonarola. Machiavelli famously led the implementation of a Florentian militia, as the city had previously relied on sell-swords and mercenaries, of whom Machiavelli writes "Mercenaries and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous; and if one holds his state based on these arms, he will stand neither firm nor safe;" . In 1512, the de'Medici family regained control of Florence after a Spanish army led the recapture of Florence. Soderini was exiled to Rome and Machiavelli also was exiled. In 1513 Machiavelli was wrongly accused of being a part of a plot to overthrow the de'Medici's, Machiavelli was tortured and released, to live on a farm in exile till his last rites in 1527. During this time, Machiavelli published his famous works including The Prince (1513, published in 1532) and Discorsi (1517, published 1531)
Some Quotes/Points
-A prince mustn't be virtuous, as it opens him up for criticism, being overly virtuous has consequences.
-"It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both".
-"Strong, but not dictatorial".
-"Patient, but not weak".
-"A person the voter can identify with, but not the neighbours".
-"The ends justify the means."
-Machiavelli somewhat contends that it is better to be a sensible, stable leader rather than one that is erratic.