# data[].attributes.headline
Ποιος φροντίζει για την “καθαρότητα” στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα;

# data[].attributes.subject
Ποιος φροντίζει για την “καθαρότητα” στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα;

# data[].attributes.body
Είναι πολύ λεπτή η γραμμή μεταξύ λογοκρισίας και προστασίας περιεχομένου στις πλατφόρμες

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Παρακολούθησα πρόσφατα ένα πολύ ενδιαφέρον ντοκιμαντέρ στο Φεστιβάλ Ντοκιμαντέρ Θεσσαλονίκης, με τίτλο "Ψηφιακοί καθαριστές" ή αλλιώς "The Cleaners", των Γερμανών Hans Block και Moritz Riesewieck, οι οποίοι ερευνούν τις συνθήκες και τα κριτήρια υπό τα οποία διαγράφεται από το διαδίκτυο ό,τι κρίνεται ακατάλληλο. Λίγες μέρες μετά, ξέσπασε το " σκάνδαλο" του Facebook και της Cambridge Analytica, που δεν εξέπληξε νομίζω και πολλούς τελικά, αποτέλεσε ωστόσο την αφορμή για μια ακόμα δημόσια συγγνώμη του Μαρκ Ζάκενμπεργκ, μια ακόμα συζήτηση περί προστασίας προσωπικών δεδομένων και θεσμικές διακηρύξεις εν αναμονή και του Γενικού Κανονισμού για την προστασία δεδομένων - GDPR.

Όμως πέρα από τη διάθεση προσωπικών δεδομένων από υποψιασμένους, εκούσια ή ακούσια, υπάρχει μια σειρά ερωτημάτων: Τι είναι τα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης για τη δημοκρατία; Είναι πρόσφορο πεδίο προπαγάνδας;

Σε χώρες όπως η Σερβία, η Σλοβακία, η Γουατεμάλα, επιχειρήθηκε ένα είδος λογοκρισίας, μια αλλαγή προτεραιοποίησης των ειδήσεων: Ο κόσμος μπορούσε να δει κυρίως ειδήσεις με τις οποίες συμφωνούσε, ή σημαντικές ειδήσεις έλειπαν εντελώς, με αποτέλεσμα το διχασμό της κοινής γνώμης. Το ίδιο το Facebook είχε διεξάγει έρευνα σε συνεργασία με ακαδημαϊκούς το 2014, διοχετεύοντας θετικές ή αρνητικές πληροφορίες στο προφίλ 689.000 χρηστών, προκειμένου να εξακριβώσει κατά πόσο η συναισθηματική ψυχολογία των χρηστών επηρεάζεται από φίλτρα περιεχομένου, είτε θετικά, είτε αρνητικά. Το αποτέλεσμα τέτοιων ερευνών χρησιμοποιείται στη συνέχεια για την ανάπτυξη αλγορίθμων για περαιτέρω εκμετάλλευση δεδομένων, όπως συνέβη πρόσφατα.

Στο Facebook υπάρχει ένα σωρό trash, παραπλανητικό υλικό ή fake news, κυκλοφορούν όμως και πολύ σημαντικά στοιχεία. Γι' αυτό και μπορεί να είναι ταυτόχρονα εχθρός απολυταρχικών καθεστώτων, αλλά και εργαλείο τους. Πού τελειώνει η ανάγκη προστασίας από βλαβερό περιεχόμενο και πού αρχίζει η λογοκρισία; Τι σημαίνει βλαβερό περιεχόμενο, ποιος το κρίνει και ποιος αποφασίζει για τη διαγραφή του; Έχουμε άλλωστε αρκετά πλέον παραδείγματα αναρτήσεων τις οποίες το Facebook έχει "κατεβάσει" θεωρώντας τις προσβλητικές, ενώ ήταν για παράδειγμα, έργα τέχνης που απεικόνιζαν γυμνό.

Στο ντοκιμαντέρ " The Cleaners" η έρευνα οδήγησε στις Φιλιππίνες, όπου οι πάροχοι των διαδικτυακών μέσων έχουν υπομισθώσει εταιρείες κι αυτές με τη σειρά τους νέους και νέες που επιβλέπουν καθημερινά τις αναρτήσεις στα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης και αποφασίζουν αν θα τις διαγράψουν ή όχι. Αποκεφαλισμοί, βιασμοί μικρών παιδιών, βασανιστήρια, πορνό περνούν σε δευτερόλεπτα απ' τα μάτια των 'καθαριστών', των οποίων η εμπειρία εμφανίζει ομοιότητες με το μετατραυματικό στρες που βιώνουν οι βετεράνοι στρατιώτες που συμμετέχουν σε πολέμους. Τι θα κάνουν όμως αν δουν ένα γυμνό έργο τέχνης; Επίσης παρουσιάζονται περιπτώσεις, όπως του Φιλιππινέζου προέδρου Rodrigo Duterte, που για τη διαβόητη καμπάνια του κατά των ναρκωτικών υποστηρίχθηκε από το πρώην μοντέλο-νυν ποπ σταρ Mocha Uson μέσω των 4 εκατομμυρίων ακολούθων της στο Facebook, αλλά και μαρτυρίες απ' όλο τον κόσμο για το ρόλο των social media στις δημοκρατικές (ή μη) κοινωνίες.

Με αφορμή λοιπόν όλα τα παραπάνω ερωτήματα και τους προβληματισμούς που μας γέννησε το ντοκιμαντέρ "The Cleaners", μιλήσαμε με τους δημιουργούς του, Hans Block και Moritz Riesewieck, για την εμπειρία και τις απόψεις τους.

Πώς αποφασίσατε να ασχοληθείτε με το θέμα;
Η κοινωνική ζωή μεταφέρεται όλο και περισσότερο σε ψηφιακές πλατφόρμες. Ένα τόσο δυνατό νέο μέσο, δημιουργεί νέες δυνατότητες, αλλά και πρωτόγνωρα προβλήματα, καθώς ό,τι ή όποιος δεν εμφανίζεται εδώ, για δισεκατομμύρια κόσμου είναι ανύπαρκτος. Ποιος λοιπόν αποφασίζει τι θα δούμε ή όχι; Αυτό διερωτηθήκαμε το 2013 με μια σοκαριστική αφορμή: Το βράδυ της 21ης Μαρτίου χιλιάδες χρήστες του Facebook παρακολούθησαν το βιασμό ενός μικρού κοριτσιού από έναν ηλικιωμένο άντρα.

"Αυτό που μας εξέπληξε ήταν πόσο περήφανοι είναι οι "cleaners" για τη δουλειά τους"

Μέχρι να απομακρυνθεί το βίντεο είχε κοινοποιηθεί 16.000 φορές και είχαν γίνει 4.000 κλικ. Πώς συνέβη αυτό; Ποιος ήταν υπεύθυνος; Ποιος φροντίζει για την καθαρότητα στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα; Ένα λογισμικό αναγνώρισης εικόνων; Ένας αλγόριθμος; Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη; Το ότι πίσω από αυτές τις αποφάσεις βρίσκονται χιλιάδες άγνωστοι εργαζόμενοι που παρέχουν κρυφά τις υπηρεσίες τους πάμφθηνα σε αναπτυσσόμενες χώρες για λογαριασμό εταιρειών social media, μας το είπε για πρώτη φορά η Αμερικανίδα επικοινωνιολόγος Sarah T. Roberts, την οποία συναντήσαμε στις έρευνές μας. Θελήσαμε να τους γνωρίσουμε και ν' ακούσουμε τις ιστορίες τους. Έτσι ξεκινήσαμε αυτή την πολυετή έρευνα.

Είπατε ότι οι εργαζόμενοι έχουν υπογράψει συμβόλαια τήρησης απορρήτου και μιλήσατε κυρίως με πρώην εργαζόμενους. Πώς τους προσεγγίσατε και ποιες ήταν οι εντυπώσεις σας;
Το να αποκτήσουμε πρόσβαση ήταν το δυσκολότερο στην ταινία. Κοινωνικά δίκτυα όπως τα Twitter, Facebook, η Google, το YouTube κ.λ.π., προσλαμβάνουν στη Μανίλα χιλιάδες υπαλλήλους με κωδικούς, εκφοβισμούς και αντίποινα από τον άμεσο εργοδότη τους. Μελετήσαμε εκατοντάδες περιγραφές εργασίας από ισάριθμες εταιρείες ανθρώπινου δυναμικού, για να δούμε αν πραγματικά η δουλειά αυτή γίνεται εκεί. Καμιά όμως περιγραφή δεν αποκαλύπτει για ποια δουλειά πρόκειται. Ένας στόχος της έρευνας ήταν να σπάσουμε τον κωδικό 'Honey Badger' που χρησιμοποιεί το Facebook για να "μεταμφιέσει" τις διαγραφές. Κανείς δεν επιτρέπεται να αποκαλύψει ότι δουλεύει για το Facebook, αλλά πρέπει να λέει τι δουλεύει για το Honey Badger project. Έτσι αποκτήσαμε λίγο λίγο πρόσβαση στους εργαζόμενους. Αυτό πάντως που μας εξέπληξε τελικά, ήταν πόσο περήφανοι είναι για τη δουλειά τους. Κάποιοι αισθάνονται μάλιστα μια χριστιανική υποχρέωση να αγωνιστούν εναντίον του κακού στον παγκόσμιο ιστό, για να διατηρηθούν υγιείς, όπως λένε, οι κοινωνικές πλατφόρμες!

Πώς επιλέγονται κι εκπαιδεύονται οι ψηφιακοί καθαριστές και με τι κριτήρια διαγράφουν περιεχόμενο;
Δεν υπάρχουν συγκεκριμένες προδιαγραφές για τη δουλειά και αναζητούνται διαρκώς νέοι συνεργάτες, αφού κατά κανόνα κανείς από τους εργαζόμενους δεν αντέχει αυτή τη δουλειά πάνω από ένα εξάμηνο. Ακόμα κι εμάς μας ρώτησαν στο δρόμο αν ενδιαφερόμαστε για μια δουλειά και πήγαμε σε μια συνέντευξη. Στην αρχή κάνουν ένα τριήμερο ή πενθήμερο σεμινάριο, όπου πρέπει να μάθουν απέξω εκατοντάδες σελίδες με κανόνες και οδηγίες.

"Κάποιοι αισθάνονται μια χριστιανική υποχρέωση να αγωνιστούν εναντίον του κακού στον παγκόσμιο ιστό!"

Αυτόν τον κατάλογο πρέπει μάλιστα να τον επιστρέψουν, ώστε να μη διαρρεύσει. Όπως είναι ευνόητο, στο τέλος συχνά αποφασίζει το ένστικτο αν κάτι θα μείνει ή θα φύγει απ' την πλατφόρμα. Μια τέτοια ευθύνη λοιπόν φορτώνεται στους ώμους νεαρών Φιλιππινέζων. Σε μια συνηθισμένη εφημερίδα οι συντάκτες κάθονται μέρες για ν' αποφασίσουν τι θα δημοσιευθεί και τι όχι, αν μια εικόνα έχει ενημερωτική αξία, αν προτρέπει σε βία, αν πρέπει να προστατευτούν τα δικαιώματα προσωπικότητας. Το να πάρει κανείς αυτή την περίπλοκη απόφαση σε τρία δευτερόλεπτα δεν ταιριάζει με τη σοβαρότητα της υπόθεσης και οδηγεί σε λάθη. Επίσης ας μην ξεχνάμε, ότι οι κανόνες που εφαρμόζουν οι 'cleaners' και έχουν παγκόσμια ισχύ, έχουν σχεδιαστεί στη Silicon Valley. Ένα απλό παράδειγμα είναι η εκτίμηση για το ποιες οργανώσεις θεωρούνται τρομοκρατικές. Το Facebook επικαλείται την 'Homeland security'. Σίγουρα η εκτίμηση θα ήταν εντελώς διαφορετική εκτός των ΗΠΑ. Έτσι μπορεί απ' τη μια μέρα στην άλλη ένας ειρηνιστής να κηρυχθεί τρομοκράτης.

Πόσο σαφής είναι η διάκριση μεταξύ επικίνδυνου περιεχομένου και προστασίας, ελευθερίας έκφρασης και λογοκρισίας;
Είναι πολύ περίπλοκο να αποφασίσεις αν ένα περιεχόμενο πρέπει να διαγραφεί ή όχι. Η νορβηγική εφημερίδα Aftenposten δημοσίευσε πέρυσι στο Facebook τη φωτογραφία του κοριτσιού της βόμβας ναπάλμ που το 1971 έγινε σύμβολο του ειρηνιστικού κινήματος κατά του πολέμου του Βιετνάμ. Το Facebook, ειδικότερα ένας από τους χιλιάδες 'καθαριστές', τη διέγραψε. Πιθανότατα επειδή η εικόνα του γυμνού κοριτσιού που έτρεχε να σωθεί από τη βόμβα φάνηκε ανεπίτρεπτη, αφού οι προδιαγραφές του Facebook δεν επιτρέπουν τη γύμνια και μάλιστα των παιδιών. Εδώ ισχύει η ενημερωτική αξία της φωτογραφίας ή η παιδική γύμνια; Στο παράδειγμα αυτό φαίνεται ότι χρειάζονται γενικές ιστορικές και κοινωνικές γνώσεις για να αξιολογήσεις τέτοιες εικόνες στο πλαίσιό τους. Είναι πολύ λεπτή η γραμμή μεταξύ λογοκρισίας και προστασίας περιεχομένου στις πλατφόρμες και πρέπει κανείς να σταθμίζει πώς αποφασίζει κάθε φορά.

Υπάρχει προστασία από τους υφιστάμενους νόμους; Ποιο είναι το νέο θεσμικό πλαίσιο στη Γερμανία;
Οι κυβερνήσεις αρχίζουν σιγά σιγά ν' ασκούν πιέσεις στο Facebook. Παραδείγματος χάριν, στη Γερμανία ο υπουργός δικαιοσύνης Heiko Maas ετοίμασε ένα νόμο που διασφαλίζει ότι η ρητορική μίσους διαγράφεται εντός εικοσιτετράωρου. Η βία και το μίσος στα social media αυξάνονται διαρκώς, γι' αυτό και σαφώς χρειάζεται να ισχύουν και στο ίντερνετ δικαιώματα και ευθύνες. Τελικά όμως οι ευθύνες απλά μετατίθενται, αφού δεν είναι το κράτος δικαίου που αποφασίζει για το νόμιμο και παράνομο περιεχόμενο, αλλά μια ιδιωτική εταιρεία.

"Το ψηφιακό σύμπαν είναι ακόμα για πολλούς η άγρια δύση, όπου όλα είναι δυνατά"

Η πολιτική μεταθέτει την ευθύνη στο Facebook κι αυτό με τη σειρά του σε νεαρούς Φιλιππινέζους. Επιπλέον, οι εταιρείες φοβούνται ότι θα πληρώσουν πρόστιμο εάν ένα τέτοιο κείμενο δεν καταστραφεί εντός 24ώρου. Γι' αυτό και συχνά θεωρούν καλύτερο να κοπεί κάτι παραπάνω παρά λιγότερο, πράγμα που είναι επικίνδυνο για την ελευθερία έκφρασης, όταν κάθε ακίδα έχει αφαιρεθεί απ' το δημόσιο διάλογο. Και εν τέλει εμείς οι χρήστες τα αποδεχόμαστε όλα, αυτή την αέναη μετάθεση ευθυνών. Το ψηφιακό σύμπαν είναι ακόμα για πολλούς η άγρια δύση, όπου όλα είναι δυνατά και ο καθένας μπορεί να κάνει ό,τι θέλει. Πρέπει όμως να συνειδητοποιήσουμε ότι εφόσον το Facebook είναι ουσιαστικά μέρος της δημοκρατίας μας, πρέπει αντίστοιχα και τα εργαλεία της δημοκρατίας να εφαρμόζονται κι εκεί.

Ποια η γνώμη σας για την υπόθεση Cambridge Analytica Το ότι ο τεράστιος όγκος πληροφοριών που αφήνουμε καθημερινά στη χρήση του Facebook χρησιμοποιείται για στοχευμένες πωλήσεις σε πελάτες, που κάνουν έτσι εξατομικευμένη διαφήμιση, είναι κάτι γνωστό από παλιά. Ωστόσο το τρομακτικό που μας δείχνει αυτή η υπόθεση, είναι ο απίστευτος αντίκτυπος, καθώς το εύρος και ο βαθμός επιρροής του Facebook με τα πάνω από 2 δισεκατομμύρια χρήστες του, είναι τεράστιος και τρομακτικός.

Τελικά ποιος είναι ο ρόλος των δικτύων στη δημοκρατία;
Πόση τυποποίηση θα επιτρέψουμε να έχουν τα social media που παίρνουν όλο και περισσότερο το ρόλο της δημοσιότητας; Πόσος χώρος μένει για γκρίζες ζώνες, για τη διαφορετικότητα ή τις μειονότητες, όταν πολλοί από τους διαχειριστές περιεχομένου εκτελούν με ιεραποστολικό ζήλο τα καθήκοντά τους, με σκοπό να καταπολεμήσουν την "αμαρτία"; Πώς μπορεί να πάρει κανείς απόφαση για θεμελιώδη δικαιώματα της ελευθερίας έκφρασης μέσα σε λίγα δευτερόλεπτα;

"Η απόφαση για δημοκρατία και ελευθερία γνώμης δεν μπορεί να έχει μόνο δύο εκδοχές - delete ή ignore!"

"Μην το πολυσκέφτεσαι", είναι ένας από τους πρώτους κανόνες που μαθαίνουν οι διαχειριστές περιεχομένου. Θέλουμε να δείξουμε ότι δεν είναι τυχαίο το ότι υπερισχύει η πολιτική του να παραμερίσεις ή να αποκλείσεις αυτό που ενοχλεί, αντί να δεχτείς τα ουσιαστικά προβλήματα. Είναι μια ιδεολογία που είτε αναλογικά, είτε ψηφιακά, παγκοσμίως γίνεται αποδεκτή και που θα έπρεπε να τη σταματήσουμε πριν να 'ναι αργά. Δεν έχουμε πια την άνεση να αναζητούμε αλλού την ευθύνη. Η απόφαση για δημοκρατία και ελευθερία γνώμης δεν μπορεί να έχει μόνο δύο εκδοχές - delete ή ignore!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ποιος φροντίζει για την "καθαρότητα" στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα;

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Παρακολούθησα πρόσφατα ένα πολύ ενδιαφέρον ντοκιμαντέρ στο Φεστιβάλ Ντοκιμαντέρ Θεσσαλονίκης, με τίτλο "Ψηφιακοί καθαριστές" ή αλλιώς " The Cleaners ", των Γερμανών Hans Block και Moritz Riesewieck, οι οποίοι ερευνούν τις συνθήκες και τα κριτήρια υπό τα οποία διαγράφεται από το διαδίκτυο ό,τι κρίνεται ακατάλληλο.

# data[].attributes.headline
Οι «φυλές» των γονέων και το... αναγκαίο κακό Διαδίκτυο

# data[].attributes.subject
Οι «φυλές» των γονέων και το... αναγκαίο κακό Διαδίκτυο

# data[].attributes.body
ΒΑΓΓΕΛΗΣ ΜΑΝΔΡΑΒΕΛΗΣ

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Οι "φυλές" των γονέων και το... αναγκαίο κακό Διαδίκτυο, του Βαγγέλη Μανδραβέλη | Kathimerini

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Η συντριπτική πλειονότητα (74%) με παιδιά 5-18 ετών θεωρεί ότι τα πλεονεκτήματα του Διαδικτύου είναι περισσότερα από τα μειονεκτήματα. | Ημερήσια Πολιτική και Οικονομική Εφημερίδα

# data[].attributes.headline
Η μεγάλη απόφαση του Παπάκη

# data[].attributes.subject
Η μεγάλη απόφαση του Παπάκη

# data[].attributes.body
http://youth-life.gr/el/be-strong-online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Μαζί για την Εφηβική Υγεία | Youth-Life.gr

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ελληνική γλώσσα

# data[].attributes.body
Age-appropriate safety pledges were created for parents and guardians to facilitate in-depth discussions about real-world issues with children.

# data[].attributes.body
The FBI SOS game functions similarly to PBS Kids’ Webonauts Internet Academy. However, FBI SOS is likely to be appealing to a more mature audience. It is a game in which students are taken through a series of activities and challenges that provide them with information and skills about how to surf the web as safely as possible

# data[].attributes.headline
Guidelines and  Resources for InternetSafety in Schools

# data[].attributes.subject
Guidelines and  Resources for InternetSafety in Schools

# data[].attributes.body
Reading the entire file and taking notes on the overarching issues may help you to develop a more complete picture of how to address these issues in your own classroom as effectively as possible

# data[].attributes.body
Common Sense Media has put together complete lesson plans and resources for educators to utilize in order to teach students Internet safety at any level. Click the link above to visit Common Sense Media’s Toolkit for Teachers.Once there, find the tab that indicates the grade level you teach (Elementary, Middle, or High School), and then click the specific grade you teach (K-12)

# data[].attributes.body
Common Craft is on a mission to “make the world a more understandable place to live and work.” In reaching that goal, they have developed a section of videos on Internet safety, which will be highly beneficial to a more mature classroom.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Most of us are familiar with bullies. These are people who use fear and strength to intimidate or control others. They scare people to get what they want, and can cause real harm.

Unfortunately, bullies can be anywhere. From kids in schoolyards to adults in boardrooms. And increasingly, this includes the internet, where their actions are known as "cyberbullying". By understanding how cyberbullying works, we can help prevent harm in the future.

Here's an example. A bully, acting alone, decides to start intimidating or scaring a fellow student. She may have a real problem with him, or just think it's amusing. Instead of pushing him around in the real world, she sends him emails, text messages, or social media posts that contain threats or insults. She may also start malicious rumors about him online. Post messages about him in public, online spaces, or even share embarrassing photos.

His pleas to stop don't work, and can even turn into blackmail. For the student, this kind of bullying can be devastating, and result in depression, anger, anxiety, and destructive thoughts. He's deeply embarrassed, and feels powerless to stop the bully.

Of course, it's this sense of power and the ability to manipulate others that drives many bullies, online or off. The question becomes, what can be done? First, for parents or other adults, awareness is key. Cyberbullying is common and growing. Talk to students about it, and encourage feedback about what they experience. Build their awareness of the signs of cyberbullying, and understand the platforms they use online.

Second, when a student sees another being bullied, they can take steps to stop or reduce it if they feel safe doing so. This could mean calling out the bullying behavior, so that everyone recognizes the situation. It could also mean responding in public with supportive, positive posts that contradict the bully's messages. A fellow student could also organize support from other students to share positive messages online.

And contact the bullied student to offer personal support. In these cases, peers should remain calm and not inflame the situation with threats or insults.

Third, adults and students can take formal actions that can stop the bully. This means saving evidence of cyberbullying and reporting it o law enforcement, school administrators, parents, and social media platforms that have anti-bully policies.

Unfortunately, bullies are part of our world online and off. By understanding how they operate, we can find productive ways to reduce the harm they cause, and support those who have been bullied.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cyberbullying Explained by Common Craft (VIDEO)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Unfortunately, bullies are a part of our world. And today, they often use phones, computers and social media to threaten, harass and intimidate others. This is called Cyberbullying, and we can all learn ways to help limit the pain and damage it causes.

# data[].attributes.body
Webonauts Internet Academy is a game developed by PBS Kids in which players are taken through an intergalactic world where they must navigate key topics relating to safe and responsible Internet usage.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Webonauts Internet Academy | PBS KIDS GO!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Webonauts Internet Academy game teaches kids about key issues of web safety and good citizenship.

# data[].attributes.headline
The 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers

# data[].attributes.subject
The 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers

# data[].attributes.body
Use these 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers to educate yourself and your students about how to be better and safer users of the World Wide Web.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Internet is one of the greatest tools on the planet for enhancing student learning. It is a smorgasbord of information waiting to be devoured by hungry minds. However, it can also be a dangerous place where students find themselves alone and uneducated about how to handle tricky situations. Use these 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers to educate yourself and your students about how to be better and safer users of the World Wide Web.

How To Use The 5 Best Internet Safety Resources To Keep Your Students Safe Online

1. PBS Kids Webonauts Internet Academy
About Webonauts Internet Academy
Webonauts Internet Academy is a game developed by PBS Kids in which players are taken through an intergalactic world where they must navigate key topics relating to safe and responsible Internet usage. It is best used in a younger classroom to introduce students to Internet safety in a manner that will be both informative and fun.
How to Use Webonauts Internet Academy
Have your students click the link above to visit the Webonauts Internet Academy. To begin the game, instruct them to click the green "Start" button. From this point, the Webonauts Internet Academy game will begin. Students will be taken through activities in the game that highlight important internet habits like contributing meaningfully to a community, thinking critically about the credibility of sources, and understanding the necessity of keeping personal information private.Use the Webonauts Internet Academy to begin a class discussion on the key concepts covered in the game. While Webonauts is certainly engaging and entertaining for your students, it's imperative that you continue to encourage them to think critically about safe Internet activities.

2. Common Craft
About Common Craft
Common Craft, LLC is a company that specializes in explanation. While not an overtly academic site, they endeavor to educate people in the most effective ways possible. Common Craft is on a mission to "make the world a more understandable place to live and work." In reaching that goal, they have developed a section of videos on Internet safety, which will be highly beneficial to a more mature classroom.
How to Use Common Craft
Click the link above to visit Common Craft's video list. Near the middle of the page, find the green button that reads "Net Safety" and click it. Your results will now be narrowed to Common Craft's seven videos that educate users about safe online activities regarding computer viruses and threats, online citizenship, phishing scams, protecting online reputations, secure passwords and websites, and website evaluation.Choose which videos you present in your class based on what you believe best suits their needs. For example, if you teach an economics class, it may be beneficial to show students the Phishing Scams video, or if you are informing students on how to find credible sources for a paper, showing them the Website Evaluation video may be beneficial. However, your job is not done once you have shown a video. It's important to get students thinking critically about not only what was said in these videos, but also why that information is important and useful to them.

3. Common Sense Media
About Common Sense Media
Common Sense Media is a company that is "dedicated to improving the lives of kids and families by providing the trustworthy information, education, and independent voice they need to thrive in a world of media and technology." Put simply, Common Sense Media makes it easier for parents and educators to provide their kids and students with safe media that will enhance their lives, rather than hinder them.
How to Use Common Sense Media
Common Sense Media has put together complete lesson plans and resources for educators to utilize in order to teach students Internet safety at any level. Click the link above to visit Common Sense Media's Toolkit for Teachers.Once there, find the tab that indicates the grade level you teach (Elementary, Middle, or High School), and then click the specific grade you teach (K-12). From there, you may either download the lesson or view it online. While you may view the lesson online, in order to download lesson materials, you will be required to create an account. To do this, find your grade, then click "view lesson online." On the next page, click the orange "download lesson materials" button. On the next page, click the gray "Register today" button to the right side of the screen. Specify that you are an adult, provide the required information, and click "Sign Up!" You will now be able to download the lesson materials and mold your students into responsible Internet users!

4. Virginia Department of Education's Guidelines and Resource for Internet Safety in Schools
About The Virginia Department of Education has created a comprehensive resource for educators, parents, and caregivers in relation to student activity on the Internet. This guidebook outlines common dangers of the Internet and specifies how adults can remedy and dangerous online situations for children.
Click the link above to visit the guidebook. Once there, you may explore it as you choose. Note that this guidebook provides information for adults at all levels, whether they are school administrators, teachers, or caregivers. While utilizing sections of this guidebook that are most relevant to you may be beneficial, reading the entire file and taking notes on the overarching issues may help you to develop a more complete picture of how to address these issues in your own classroom as effectively as possible.

5. FBI Safe Online Surfing
About FBI SOS site
The FBI SOS game functions similarly to PBS Kids' Webonauts Internet Academy. However, FBI SOS is likely to be appealing to a more mature audience. It is a game in which students are taken through a series of activities and challenges that provide them with information and skills about how to surf the web as safely as possible.
How to Use FBI SOS siteClick the link above to visit the FBI SOS site. Once there, locate the "Teachers" tab and click it. At the top of the drop-down text, there will be a sentence that reads, "Click here for a step-by-step teacher's guide (pdf)." Click this link. You will now be directed to a step-by-step guide of how to set up an account and how to add and manage a class.The PDF provided by the FBI details everything you need to know in order to navigate through everything effectively, so rather than reiterating everything it says I will point out a few things to remember: students only have one opportunity to take the exam at the end of the game, remind them of this and encourage them to do their best, and lastly, this is a game, so remember to make it fun for your students. Learning about something this important should be serious, but it should also be enjoyable and engaging for students. If they enjoy learning about the material, they will remember it and that is what is truly important.

While the Internet can sometimes be a treacherous environment, it doesn't have to be that way for your students. By utilizing these 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers you can ensure that your students are equipped with the necessary tools to not only find the information they crave, but to be safe online.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers - eLearning Industry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Internet is one of the greatest tools on the planet for enhancing student learning. It is a smorgasbord of information waiting to be devoured by hungry minds. However, it can also be a dangerous place where students find themselves alone and uneducated about how to handle tricky situations.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Teacher’s Guide to Keeping Students Safe Online

# data[].attributes.subject
The Teacher’s Guide to Keeping Students Safe Online

# data[].attributes.body
As an educator, you simply can’t introduce students to the internet without educating them on how to be safe while exploring the world wide web

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Technology is a beautiful thing. It breaks down barriers and brings minds together in ways that were unthinkable less than 50 years ago. Our civilization's greatest advancements in recent years have come from technological breakthroughs. However, there is a flipside to everything. The world of technology can also be dangerous when it comes to students and the internet. A few slip ups can place a child in real danger.
What is Online Safety?
" Online safety " is a term that gets thrown around a lot when dealing with students and the internet. However, it's often misinterpreted. It would be more beneficial to describe what online safety is not, before we delve into what it truly is.

Online safety is not ...

Blocking websites

Overbearing internet monitoring

Heavy online restrictions

Limited internet usage

The criminalization of websites like Facebook and Twitter

Too often educators use these means in order to keep their students "safe." In reality, those educators are causing their students to use things like proxy websites and other nefarious means to reach the sites they want. This is not safety.

Online safety is ...

There is an old Chinese proverb that reads: " Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. " The concept is the same here. Blocking and restricting websites doesn't do anything good for students in the long run, but teaching them how to be safe online enables them to practice good habits for their entire life.

The Internet is one of the greatest tools on the planet for enhancing student learning. It is a smorgasbord of information waiting to be devoured by hungry minds. However, it can also be a dangerous place where students find themselves alone and uneducated about how to handle tricky situations. Use these 5 Best Internet Safety Resources for Teachers to educate yourself and your students about how to be better and safer users of the World Wide Web.

3 Tips for Educating Students About Online Safety

1. Get parents involved
Studies have shown that the main reason many kids do not use drugs is because they do not want to disappoint their parents. Educating parents on the dangers of inappropriate usage and encouraging them to talk to their children about it is an effective way to ensure that students are safe online, both at school and at home. Direct parents to infographics or other sources of readily available information like the following. Internet Safety: Tips for Kids & Teens

Source: Graphs.net

2. Provide resources to students
It's unlikely that your students want to listen to an hour-long lecture on the dangers of the internet. Odds are, they would probably tune you out within the first 5 minutes. However, that doesn't mean you can't get them to listen... you just have to change your angle.Provide them with resources like these two YouTube videos from Google Family Safety and Watch Well Cast:Playing and Staying Safe Online

In order to watch this video you need to have advertising cookies enabled.

You can adjust your cookie preferences here.

Safe Web Surfing: Top Tips for Kids and Teens Online

In order to watch this video you need to have advertising cookies enabled.

You can adjust your cookie preferences here.

By encouraging students to take initiative you can educate them while avoiding "preaching" to them.

3. Create scenarios
Everyone likes to feel as if they are "right." That sentiment is probably more accurate with your students than anyone else. Create fake scenarios about possible dangerous internet usage and pass them out to the class. The scenario could read something like this: "Anna is a 15 year-old girl with a Facebook account. She tries to keep her account as private as possible but has forgotten that her address is located under the information on her profile. One day she receives a message from a boy named 'Matt.' Matt has very few pictures and friends on his profile and seems very interested in meeting up with Anna." After students read the scenario ask them questions such as: "Are there any issues with this situation? What would you do if you were Anna?"The goal is to allow students to arrive at their own conclusion (with your guidance) of the inherent danger in situations like these. By encouraging students to figure out the answer themselves, you not only empower them but educate them as well. Make it a point to encourage students to respect themselves and to remove themselves from any situation where they are uncomfortable, being bullied, or being attacked. Use these scenarios to teach students how to handle hurtful, uncomfortable, or dangerous situations.

What Should Teachers Do To Keep Students Safe Online?

In addition to implementing all of the methods for educating students about online safety mentioned above, there are a host of other things that you can do when using technology in your classroom.

1. Stick to private online communities
The Facebook Guide for Teachers and the The Twitter Guide for Teachers discuss ways in which to create private online learning communities for yourself and your students. In order to keep students as safe as possible, stick to these online communities. You have created them for safety and efficiency; thus, they make the perfect online venue for learning.

2. Create pledges for your students
A pledge is a great way to ensure that students continue online safety in your classroom after you have finished educating them about it. Having students sign pledges like this one from Net Smartz, "Internet Safety Pledges" and posting them around your classroom will serve as a constant reminder to students of the knowledge they have about internet safety and their duty to implement that knowledge.

3. Practice what you preach
One of your responsibilities as an educator is to maintain a flawless social media life. Have students examine your social media profiles and see if they can find any areas of danger in them. By practicing what you preach, you encourage students to do the same.

Closing Remarks
While undoubtedly beneficial, the internet can also be dangerous. Everyone knows it, but not everyone takes action. Take the initiative to be open and honest with your students about dangerous internet usage. Talk to them, empower them, and most importantly, educate them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Teacher's Guide to Keeping Students Safe Online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Technology is a beautiful thing. It breaks down barriers and brings minds together in ways that were unthinkable less than 50 years ago. Our civilization's greatest advancements in recent years have come from technological breakthroughs. However, there is a flipside to everything. The world of technology can also be dangerous when it comes to students and the internet.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ψηφιακές Δεξιότητες που αξίζει να μάθουν τα παιδιά

# data[].attributes.subject
Ψηφιακές Δεξιότητες που αξίζει να μάθουν τα παιδιά

# data[].attributes.body
A manual on combating online hate speech through human rights education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The No Hate Speech Movement is campaign against the expressions of hate speech online in all its forms, including those that most affect young people, such as forms of cyber-bullying and cyber-hate.

# data[].attributes.body
Trust Me is a new resource designed to support primary and secondary school teachers in

exploring critical thinking online

# data[].attributes.body
Trust Me is a new resource designed to support primary and secondary school teachers in

exploring critical thinking online

# data[].attributes.body
Trust Me is a new resource designed to support primary and secondary school teachers in

exploring critical thinking online.

# data[].attributes.body
Use your voice for change

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
YouTube Creators for Change is a global initiative that supports creators like you - creators who are tackling social issues and promoting awareness, tolerance and empathy on their YouTube channels. Because no matter what kind of videos we make, we all have the power to help create the world we want.

# data[].attributes.body
Young people's experiences of online empowerment and online hate

# data[].attributes.headline
limiting possible emotional damage for those involved and restoring calm and social safety at school

# data[].attributes.subject
limiting possible emotional damage for those involved and restoring calm and social safety at school

# data[].attributes.headline
Το sexting είναι η ανταλλαγή σεξουαλικών μηνυμάτων ή γυμνών φωτογραφιών μέσω διαδικτύου ή μέσω κινητών τηλεφώνων. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Το sexting είναι η ανταλλαγή σεξουαλικών μηνυμάτων ή γυμνών φωτογραφιών μέσω διαδικτύου ή μέσω κινητών τηλεφώνων. 

# data[].attributes.body
Ελληνικά

# data[].attributes.body
So you got

naked

online...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
So You Got Naked Online - Online Safety Services

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A resource that offers children, young people and parents advice and strategies to support the issues resulting from sexting incidents.

# data[].attributes.body
Drag image here to test if it is edited or photoshopped.
Exif and pixel tests tell if the photo is original or modified.

# data[].attributes.body
School workshops on body image: Confident Me

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
We believe every young person should grow up feeling confident about their looks. That's why we've developed Confident Me, a set of evidence-based resources for teachers and schools aimed at 11-14 year olds

Aligned to promote adolescent body confidence, the free downloadable tools are designed to allow teachers and schools to run body-confidence workshops. The workshops allow teachers and pupils to explore the impact that image ideals portrayed through the media have on young people's self-esteem.

Low body confidence and self-esteem affect young people's learning. Anxiety about appearance has been linked to poorer concentration and less engagement in class, resulting in worse academic performance. Globally, 8 out of 10 girls admit to opting out of important everyday activities, such as engaging with friends or loved ones, because of concern about their looks.

There are single- and five-session tools designed to adapt to your time frame. Both tools have been proven to make a positive impact on improving body confidence. The workshops explore how society, professional and social media promote an unrealistic 'ideal' body, and learn strategies to protect and build self-confidence in themselves and others.

References:
The Dove Global Beauty and Confidence Report, 2016 (PDF)(1MB)
Reframing Beauty - Unlocking the Potential of Young Girls. Commissioned by Dove, 2014

Discover more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dove Self-Esteem Project workshops for schools - Dove

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dove's teacher resource Confident Me helps young people explore the impact of 'ideal' bodies in society, professional & social media on body image.

# data[].attributes.body
Education resources

Online safety resources for schools, parents and communities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Online safety resources and training for teachers, schools and communities

# data[].attributes.body
Lockers is supported by a newly developed animation and six lesson plans. Also included in Lockers is an information section for school leaders. This 25-page section informs principals on the context for sexting among young people, the laws that can come into effect when underage sexting occurs and the implications for school policy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lockers is a FREE information and education resource. It assists schools in coping with and preventing the sharing of explicit self-generated images of minors.

# data[].attributes.headline
Power of Image - A report into the influence of images and videos in young people’s digital lives

# data[].attributes.subject
Power of Image - A report into the influence of images and videos in young people’s digital lives

# data[].attributes.body
Executive report

# data[].attributes.body
Power of Image - A report into the influence of

images and videos in young

people’s digital lives

# data[].attributes.body
The Good Childhood

Report 2016

# data[].attributes.headline
Η δική μου και η δική σου ευημερία: Ο σεβασμός... ξεκινά από εμένα!

# data[].attributes.subject
Η δική μου και η δική σου ευημερία: Ο σεβασμός... ξεκινά από εμένα!

# data[].attributes.body
Το Web We Want και το ENABLE ενώνουν τις

δυνάμεις τους ενάντια στον εκφοβισμό

# data[].attributes.headline
Teachers help your students to grow-up online by using eSafety resources with the Web We Want!

# data[].attributes.subject
Teachers help your students to grow-up online by using eSafety resources with the Web We Want!

# data[].attributes.body
Στα Ελληνικά!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Web We Want (WWW) website is available in 12 languages and provides materials for teens as well as a range of open education resources for teachers, including interactive lesson plans and worksheets, to facilitate instructions about online safety issues.

# data[].attributes.headline
ENABLE (European Network Against Bullying in Learning and Leisure Environments)

# data[].attributes.subject
ENABLE (European Network Against Bullying in Learning and Leisure Environments)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ENABLE (European Network Against Bullying in Learning and Leisure Environments) aims to tackle bullying in a holistic way, helping young people exercise their fundamental rights in the home, school, class and community (i.e. peer group).

# data[].attributes.headline
Childnet International is a non-profit organisation working with others to help make the internet a great and safe place for children

# data[].attributes.subject
Childnet International is a non-profit organisation working with others to help make the internet a great and safe place for children

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This week is Anti-Bullying Week, the yearly campaign organised by the Anti-Bullying Alliance. This year the theme of the week is 'Change Starts With Us', inspiring young people and adults across the UK to make positive changes and out an end to bullying.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This week is Anti-Bullying Week, the yearly campaign organised by the Anti-Bullying Alliance. This year the theme of the week is 'Change Starts With Us', inspiring young people and adults across the UK to make positive changes and out an end to bullying.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Talk to someone

Worried about something you have seen online or concerned about your child? Childline and the National Parents Council Primary offer free advice and support service.

Childline is a support service for young people up to the age of 18.There is a 24hr telephone, online and mobile phone texting service.

The National Parents Council Primary enables and empowers parents to be effective partners in their children's education.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This is a proactive and creative space for young people. It is a place where young people can get advice on internet safety issues and become more involved in making the internet a better place for all users. Find out more about our youth leadership programmes and youth-centred events.

# data[].attributes.body
Ειδική στήλη για γονείς

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Talk to someone

Worried about something you have seen online or concerned about your child? Childline and the National Parents Council Primary offer free advice and support service.

Childline is a support service for young people up to the age of 18.There is a 24hr telephone, online and mobile phone texting service.

The National Parents Council Primary enables and empowers parents to be effective partners in their children's education.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Webwise offer free information, advice and resources to help parents, teachers and students address internet safety issues.

# data[].attributes.headline
Helping parents keep their children safe online

# data[].attributes.subject
Helping parents keep their children safe online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Working with online safety experts, we're here to provide parents & carers with guidance, advice and support to keep children safe online | Internet Matters

# data[].attributes.headline
To Διαδίκτυο που θέλ

# data[].attributes.body
To Διαδίκτυο που θέλουμε

# data[].attributes.body
Information and activities regarding big Data on the internet
https://www.internetsegura.pt/sites/default/files/digisammontakojat_en.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
A safer InternetGrowing up online has its tremendous possibilities – and its perils. As the boundary between online and offline fades, explore what children face today – and how we can all support them.Violence against children is not inevitable. For every child, #ENDviolence online. 

# data[].attributes.subject
A safer InternetGrowing up online has its tremendous possibilities – and its perils. As the boundary between online and offline fades, explore what children face today – and how we can all support them.Violence against children is not inevitable. For every child, #ENDviolence online. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
UNICEF | Children's Rights & Emergency Relief Organization

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What happens in the online world is a reflection of society at large. Violence, exploitation and abuse children might face in their homes, schools and communities are mirrored by violence they may face online.

Online abuse of children takes many forms. Perpetrators may produce, distribute and consume child sexual abuse material; victimize children through live streaming their sexual abuse; and groom children online for sexual exploitation.

Child sex offenders are fast to adapt the latest technology to perpetrate crimes against children. Building a better Internet means being aware of this abuse, and supporting users who might be at risk.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
perils and possibilities: growing up online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What happens in the online world is a reflection of society at large. Violence, exploitation and abuse children might face in their homes, schools and communities are mirrored by violence they may face online. Online abuse of children takes many forms. Perpetrators may produce, distribute and consume child sexual abuse material; victimize children through live streaming their sexual abuse; and groom children online for sexual exploitation.

# data[].attributes.headline
GUIDE TO ONLINE SERVICESThe Better Internet for Kids (BIK) guide to online services aims to provide key information about some of the most popular apps, social networking sites and other platforms which are commonly being used by children and young people (and adults) today.

# data[].attributes.subject
GUIDE TO ONLINE SERVICESThe Better Internet for Kids (BIK) guide to online services aims to provide key information about some of the most popular apps, social networking sites and other platforms which are commonly being used by children and young people (and adults) today.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Better Internet for Kids - Guide to Online Services

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Better Internet for Kids (BIK) guide to online services aims to provide key information about some of the most popular apps, social networking sites and other platforms which are commonly being used by children and young people (and adults) today.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Net Children Go mobile project investigates access and use, risks and opportunities of mobile internet for children in the European Context

# data[].attributes.subject
The Net Children Go mobile project investigates access and use, risks and opportunities of mobile internet for children in the European Context

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The report " Children and Internet use: A comparative analysis of Brazil and seven European countries " presents the state of Internet access and use by children and adolescents in Brazil and seven European countries. One of its main findings is a trend toward more private access to the Internet by 9- to 16-year-olds in Brazil, Belgium, Irland, Italy, Portugal, Romania and the UK.

The report, which is based on comparable surveys conducted between 2013 and 2014 in the participating countries, showed a significant presence of Brazilians on social networking sites (SNS), compared to other countries.

The Brazilian dataset is from the ICT Kids Online Brazil 2013 survey of the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), conducted by the Regional Center for Studies on the Development of the Information Society (Cetic.br), a department of the Brazilian Network Information Center (NIC.br). In the Brazilian survey, interviews were conducted with 2,261 Internet users 9 to 17 years old, as well as with their parents or legal guardians. The European dataset was produced in the Net Children Go Mobile project.

In Brazil, Internet access by children at school was lower but the country surpasses other countries in access to mobile devices and the presence of 9- and 10-year-olds on SNS. According to the report, one out of three Brazilian children Internet users accessed the Internet on the move (33%), a figure higher than that of countries such as Romania (15%), Ireland (13%), Portugal (13%) and Belgium (11%). Access in the bedroom or another private room at home was common among children from nearly all the countries analyzed: over half (56%) in Brazil; 85% in Denmark; 70% in the UK; 69% in Italy and Romania; and 60% in India and Portugal. Belgium was the only exception (48%).

Education and online activity

At school, Internet access was reported by only one-third of the Brazilian children that use the Internet (36%). This proportion was lower than that observed in most of the European countries analyzed: UK (88%), Denmark (80%), Romania (53%), Portugal (49%), Ireland (47%) and Belgium (39%), with the exception of Italy (26%). "Instead of restricting children's access to the Internet, Brazilian schools should value the activity and invest in this technology, allowing children to fully explore the potential of the Internet and learn the skills for safe Internet use", says Alexandre Barbosa, manager of Cetic.br.

Watching video clips and visiting SNS were the most reported activities for children 11 to 16 years old across the studied countries. Danish (70%), Romanian (58%), Irish (49%) and British (49%) children preferred to watch videos online, while visiting SNS was reported as the main activity by Italian (59%), Brazilian (52%), Portuguese (50%) and Belgian (48%) children.
Social networks
Regarding the presence on SNS, 78% of Brazilian children Internet users had their own profile, which was the same in Romania (78%) and not far from Denmark (81%). Across the analyzed countries, Brazilian 9- and 10-year-old children were the most present on SNS: Romania (50%), Denmark (41%), Portugal (26%) Belgium (22%), the UK (19%), Italy (15%) and Ireland (14%).

Another finding was that a significant portion of Brazilian children reported having a large number of online contacts and did not show much concern about maintaining public profiles on social media. In Brazil, over half the children (54%) reported having more than 100 contacts in their main SNS profiles, similar to Romania (64%). Furthermore, 42% of Brazilian children set their SNS profiles to public, whereas in Italy that percentage was only 15%.

Tje full report is available here

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The report " Children and Internet use: A comparative analysis of Brazil and seven European countries " presents the state of Internet access and use by children and adolescents in Brazil and seven European countries. One of its main findings is a trend toward more private access to the Internet by 9- to 16-year-olds in Brazil, Belgium, Irland, Italy, Portugal, Romania and the UK.

# data[].attributes.body
For Safer Internet Day 2017 the UK Safer Internet Centre launched a report into the role and influence of images and videos in young people's digital lives.