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19th Century ---> There was little known about emotional differences & mental disorders, people who fell under these categories were sent to institutions.
(Photographed below ---> Individual in an institution)

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Sigmund Freud ---> created a limited base for how to approach psychotherapy by looking at long-term treatment & unconscious processes

B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum --->  researched & practiced: behavior treatment approaches (initiated in the 1970s, but more so developed in the 1980s), resulting in an approach that gained attention and support.

*Overall the second force focused on the present, while working to replace dysfunctional behavior through positive actions.

(Photographed below ---> Sigmund Freud)

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1960s ---> Carl Rogers took the lead by studying existential humanistic psychotherapy.

Fritz Perle, Viktor Fankl  enforced the importance of emotion and sensation.

*Overall, the third force took an initiative to enforce the idea of discovering a meaning to life, while also brining attention to therapeutic alliance.
(Photographed below ---> Carl Rogers)

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21st Century ---> 1st, 2nd & 3rd forces are combined. This creates a more wholesome and comprehensive understanding of an individual, while factoring in: sex, gender, culture, age, race and sexual orientation.

As a result, the following became essential in counseling profession

Cultural components

Having a positive relationship with clients

Open mind to client perspectives on their own self & the world

Providing effective treatment plans

Collaborating/Networking with other professionals

*Overall, the fourth force developed, narrative therapy & dialectic. These therapies create a unique way to comprehend a client's experiences entirely, as well as encourage them to take a proactive role in altering their emotions, perceptions and behaviors.