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8.12

Peace and Commemoration

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 ended the fighting in World War I

The German, Austro-Hungarian, Turkish and Russian empires had been destroyed.

After the war civil wars broke out in these empires

Repatriation

In 1918, 260 000 Australians had to be repatriated

Returning troops bring home the Spanish influenze a deadly disease that swept the world in 1918-19 it caused more than 12000 deaths in Australia and many men would have been quarantined before reuniting with their families

Memorials

Australians were determined that their soldiers sacrifices would not be forgotten resulting in memorials being built in most cities.

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The eastern front: Collapse and Revolution

The widespread in Britain of anti-war organizations

War weariness in Russia

-Some Russian officers refused to lead their troops into battle

-Most Russian soldiers were conscripted peasants who were poorly trained and so poorly equipped that some did not even have boots or guns

-When Russia entered the war it was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, who held enormous power, ruled it

-Russia was ruled in the interests of its aristocratic landowners and wealthy industrialists

-Peasants and workers made up more than 90% of Russia

-At first many Russians supported the war, But they suffered heavy losses against the Germans in 1914-15.

-In 1916 Russia launched attacks to prevent the Germans from shifting troops to the western fronts

Revolution

-Revolution broke out in March 1917 in the Russian capital Petrograd { St Petersburg after soldiers refused orders to shoot striking workers

-The Tsar abdicated in favour of his brother Michael, But Michael refused to be Tsar and instead handed power to a provisional government, formed my members of the duma,

-The provisional government kept Russia in the war but its authority was weakened by the rise of an alternative entre of power The Petrograd Soviet

-This council was made up of elected delegates from soviets of workers, soldiers, sailors and peasants from throughout Russia.

The second Revolution

-Russia's small but disciplined Bolshevik Party was led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

-The revolutionary socialist wanted to use ideas that were made/developed by Karl Marx in the nineteenth century

-Vladimir Ilyich departed from Marx's belief that socialist revolution could take place only in advanced capitalist societies were industrial workers mad up most of the population.

-Lenin and his associate Trotsky that the socialist revolution could succeed in in a “backwards Russia”

-In April 1917 Lenin put these views into the other Bolsheviks at first they totally opposed him, However he soon won majority support and the Bolsheviks prepared to seize power

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GROWING GOVERNMENT CONTROLS

1915 Federal income tax and other taxes were introduced.

Government took away democratic rights.

Government restrict freedom of speech freedom of association and freedom of press.

censorship was needed to keep morale high.

AUSTRALIA DIVIDED

German soldiers as monsters who raped nuns, murdered civilians and impaled babies on bayonets.

People were continually told that the war was a simple struggle between good and evil.

PATRIOTIC RALLIES AND FUNDS

Empire Day, Allies Day and Anzac Day rallies, speakers encouraged Australians to stay loyal to Britain.

To hate Germany and to make still greater sacrifices.

National Belgian Relief Fund.

Travelling Kitchen Fund.

Blind Heroes Fund.

THE CHILDREN WAR EFFORT

Schools and community organisations involved children in patriotic activities including raising money and making clothes and equipment for war victims and troops.

At the age of 12, schoolboys became junior cadets.

Girls made clothes for the troops and war victims.

School rolls of honour listed the names of former pupils and teachers who had gone to the war.

Children were taught that all Allied countries were good while the Central Powers were monsters.

RECRUITING CAMPAIGNS

In 1914 there were many more volunteers than the army could accommodate.

As Britain requested ever more Australian troops, recruiting campaigns were used to encourage or shame men into enlisting.

By mid 1916 the campaigns were failing to attract the numbers the government wanted.

In 1918 recruiting officers even visited schools in order to urge children to encourage their family members to enlist.

WOMEN AND THE WAR EFFORT

Some 3000 Australian women travelled overseas with the Australian Army Nursing Service.

These nurses worked under extreme conditions tending the wounded after battles.

Several nurses were wounded and 13 were killed.

However, the Australian government refused to allow women to serve in any direct roles in the armed forces.

As the men went off to war, many women entered the paid workforce.

Thousands more helped with recruiting campaigns, fund-raising and charity work.

VOLUNTARY  WORK

Thousands of women helped troops by providing extra clothing, tobacco, medicines and other comforts that the army failed to provide.

Many other women cared for returning invalids through the Red Cross.

They met returning hospital ships and provided kitchens and rest homes.

The Red Cross raised 12 million pounds during the war to pay for this work.

WOMEN FOR AND AGAINST THE WAR

Women were among the war's fiercest supporters. They helped in recruiting campaigns, issuing posters and pamphlets and speaking at rallies.

Women were also among the war's strongest critics. Vida Goldstein was among those who formed peace organisations and campaigned against conscription.

The greatest contribution of women, however, would hardly ever be spoken of.

sons and brothers who returned with terrible physical, emotional and mental wounds from the horrors of war.

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conscription issue
Of all the armies fighting in World War I, only the AIF was formed entirely from volunteers. But by mid 1916 recruiting campaigns were no longer convincing enough men to enlist. When Labor prime minister William Morris Hughes decided that Australia should follow Britain's example by introducing conscription, divisions in Australian society became very bitter. The Australian Labor Party  was against conscription, but Hughes went against party policy and tried to win public support for conscription through two bitterly fought referendum campaigns in 1916 and 1917.

Conscription was among the most divisive issues in Australia's history. Divisions between social classes and between those holding different religious and political beliefs became more intense. Supporters of conscription argued that Britain was in peril and many Australians were already fighting and dying, so others who had not stepped forward should be forced to do their duty. They called those who had not volunteered traitors and cowards or accused them of being supporters of Sinn Fein or the IWW, or even of Germany.

Opponents argued that there should there be no conscription of working men when there was no conscription of the wealth of the privileged classes. Many feared that conscription would be used by employers to destroy rights won by Australian workers. They described 251supporters of conscription as destroyers of democracy, murderers and war profiteers. Most Australian Catholics were of Irish descent, and many became bitterly resentful when Britain executed several Irish rebel leaders after crushing the Irish uprising of Easter 1916. Melbourne's Catholic Archbishop, Daniel Mannix, quickly became the most outspoken leader of the anti-conscription movement.

Conscription was defeated in the referendum of October 1916 (1 087 557 Australians voted in favour of conscription but 1 160 033 voted against it). ‘Patriots’ blamed Catholics and Australian Germans and demanded that Mannix be deported. The Labor Party was split. Hughes and his supporters left the party in November 1916, before it could expel them, and merged with the Liberal Party to form the Nationalist Party. Led by Hughes, the Nationalists won the federal election of May 1917. However, at a second referendum of December 1917, conscription was again defeated, this time by 1 181 747 against to 1 015 159 in favour.

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Analysing Photographs

why is it useful to analyse photographs?

- photographs are a helpful primary source

- it is very important you know how to analyse them

- photographs today are a lot different

- back then they had different ways to affect peoples opinion on the photo

world war 1 photographs

- there was more than 10,000 photographs taken at world war 1

- soldiers were courtmartialed if they were caught taken photos of the battlefront.

- a large number of photographs were taken for war record purposes of the battlefront.

- most of the best photographs from world war 1 were taken by official war photographers, like Australia's Frank Hurley.

- a lot of original photographs from world war 1 have been altered for propaganda.

what questions should should you ask

- photographer

- location

- editing

- composition

- subject

- motive

- evidence

how to analyse a world war 1 photograph

- ask all the questions above eg. photographer

- be descriptive

- make sure you don't miss anything

example

http://content.jacplus.com.au/secure/ebooks/07303/0730337634/images/8_source-25.jpg

-  Soldiers of the Australian 45th Battalion wearing gas respirators in a trench in the Menin Road area, near Ypres, Belgium, on 27 September 1917. The picture was taken by Frank Hurley, the official Australian war photographer. It now belongs to the Australian War Memorial photographic collections.