# data[].attributes.body
The Hyracotherium was about 55 million years ago

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dawn horse: Dawn horse, (genus Hyracotherium), extinct group of horses that flourished in North America and Europe during the early part of the Eocene Epoch (55.8-33.9 million years ago). Even though these animals are more commonly known as Eohippus, a name given by the American paleontologist Othniel Charles

# data[].attributes.body
17,000 years ago in France. Human societies named many things after the beautiful horse.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Recommendations for the future?

Comparisons have repeatedly been made with medicine, concerning diseases that Lascaux suffers from or has suffered from. It is true that all those who know the underground setting well know that it behaves just like a living organism, with its adaptation and self-regulation abilities or even the ability to regenerate when certain aggressions and changes remain within certain limits. To refer back to this comparison, it is necessary to adopt the most basic saying used by medical doctors, that of the Hippocrates oath, Primum non nocere.

Transposed to the actions in the cave, this implies two main principles: never directly touch fragile decorated walls; run impact studies before the implementation of any new curative policy. In the right-hand side of the cave, we know that the surfaces are crumbly and that any brushing action, even with a very fine brush, will lead to a loss of substance. Such actions are to be forbidden in the decorated areas, since they will cause irreversible damage and will have unpredictable results (infestations can occur again).

The impact studies to test the proposed therapeutic methods, rightly recommended by UNESCO, must be the rule. Some of them can be conducted in a laboratory, but the creation of the laboratory-cave described above would greatly facilitate these studies.

Microbiologists have repeatedly insisted on the fact that spraying biocide can have harmful secondary effects, for example in eliminating the microorganisms which can limit the proliferation of harmful mushrooms, or even in creating organic elements or detritus that some can feed on.

Studying the genome of the microorganisms living on the walls, which can now be done with powerful and quick methods

Exploring the path of bacteriophage viruses

Testing various radiations which could stop the observed proliferations, or even reduce the melanin

Among the practical measures, it has been suggested (R.-J. Koestler) to re-install the airlock - known as the Bauer Airlock - isolating the right-hand side of the cave from the Hall of the Bulls and the Axial Gallery.

As a logical follow-up to this Symposium and in keeping with its open and interdisciplinarity spirit, one can hope that there will be more communication between specialists and that this will be made easier, either on a personal or institutional level. The vast amount of information collected must be correlated, which presents the problem of an improvement of collaboration systems between specialists and of data management. To avoid the recurrence of misunderstandings, I suggest a health report of Lascaux be established every six months or once a year, and be made available to the public. Moreover, it would most definitely be favourable to plan for the organization of another Symposium in three years, so as to evaluate the situation regarding actions which have been taken in the meantime and their results, which we all hope to be positive.

Lascaux is the tragic illustration of human errors, when fluctuating age-old equilibrium is suddenly broken. Efforts must now be concentrated on the future, in coming out of the other side of the crisis that began a few years ago and to find a new climatic and biological equilibrium, never again that which has for a long time prevailed but still one which will ensure the durability of the paintings and engravings.

Good can result from something bad. Our Spanish colleagues have told us that they benefited from the precedence of Lascaux's problems in order to make decisions regarding the management of Altamira. Furthermore, thanks to the presence of our colleagues from other continents, specialists in other cultures and in other types of rock art, we have been able to widen the conclusions to be drawn from this crisis to other types of rock art sites worldwide.

Rock art as a whole is one of the most important cultural heritage assets in the history of Humanity. Lascaux is certainly one of its jewels, but the most humble of the decorated sites is a witness of ancient cultural beliefs and practices, and therefore it must be protected. Lascaux strongly reminds us of the reasons why preservation is a necessity: above all to limit the effects of human activity on any decorated sites, and on their surrounding environment. That is the main condition for their survival.

Jean CLOTTES
President of the Symposium

→ Lascaux Cave Introduction
→ Lascaux Cave Paintings Symposium | Page | | 2 |
→ Lascaux Cave Symposium Conclusions
→ Lascaux Cave Symposium Results
→ Lascaux Cave Paintings - The Future

Like us on Facebook & Follow us on Twitter to receive news & updates:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Recommendations for the future? Comparisons have repeatedly been made with medicine, concerning diseases that Lascaux suffers from or has suffered from. It is true that all those who know the underground setting well know that it behaves just like a living organism, with its adaptation and self-regulation abilities or even the ability to regenerate when certain aggressions and changes remain within certain limits.

# data[].attributes.body
Horses Cross the Bering Land Bridge about 10,000 from America to Asia. Conclusions came horses disappearance caused by climate change

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Bering Land Bridge Theory - Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The continent of North America has been inhabited by humans for at least 16,500 years. As early as the 1500s, early settlers and European thinkers were interested in discovering how humans had come to populate North and South America. One theory suggested the migration of Norsemen across Greenland i…

# data[].attributes.body
13th centry in Asia. European armors were like early tanks

# data[].attributes.headline
Spanish RE-introduction to the New World

# data[].attributes.subject
Spanish RE-introduction to the New World

# data[].attributes.body
The spaniards reintroduced horses after columbuses voyages. they started in mexico and came to North America. The horses bred quickly in the wild alone.

# data[].attributes.headline
Horses & the Persian Empire’s Royal Road

# data[].attributes.subject
Horses & the Persian Empire’s Royal Road

# data[].attributes.body
5th centry in Central Asia  They can carry a message 1700 miles in 7 days where it took 90 on foot

# data[].attributes.body
The stable has been in modern day Kazakhstan is from 5000 B.C.E

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Luxury Kazakhstan | Asia Ultra-Luxe Bespoke Tours | Remote Lands

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Let Remote Lands, the world's foremost luxury Asia travel designer, guide you to the mountains, history, nature and exclusive hotels & resorts of Kazakhstan

# data[].attributes.body
4000 years ago in Asia. Fossils show worn-down horse teeth which shows riding bits were placed in the horse's mouth.

# data[].attributes.body
the saddle was invented 2000 years ago in China. The horse loving spaniards reintroduced the horse into North America.